句子結(jié)構(gòu)學生

1、簡單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語五種基本句型列式如下：一： （主謂）二： （主系表）三： （主謂賓）四： （主謂間賓直賓）五： （主謂賓賓補）基本句型 一： （主謂）這類句子的謂語動詞都是不及物動詞，都不帶賓語，但可以帶狀語，常見的不及物動詞有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep,

2、 retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如: It is raining now. ( )We've worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種1) Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2)

3、 Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )3) He is smiling all over his face. ( )4) I did well in English. ( )5) He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )翻譯練習：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（ 主語 不及物動詞 ）1你應(yīng)當努力學習。 2她昨天回家很晚。 3那天早上我們談了很多。 4會議將持續(xù)兩個小時。 5在過去的十年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 6這種事情全世界各地每天都在發(fā)生。 7 1919年，在北京爆發(fā)了“五.四”運動。 8每天八時

4、開始上課。 9這個盒子重五公斤。 10五年前我住在北京?；揪湫?二： （主系表）系動詞主要是be. 但還有一些動詞在有些時候也可作系動詞，有人稱之為半系動詞。常見的半系動詞有：（1）表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；（2）表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；（3）表示狀態(tài)變化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。系動詞不能單獨作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語He is a student. ( )Y

5、our idea sounds great. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種, 并寫出該句的系動詞。1) His advice proved right. ( )2) The shop stays open till 8 oclock. ( )3) The machine went wrong. ( )4) All these efforts seem in vain. ( )5) These words sound reasonable. ( )6) The room soon became crowded. ( )7) The days are get

6、ting longer and longer. ( )8) He fell ill yesterday. ( )9) Trees turn green in spring. ( )10) What you said sounds great. ( )翻譯練習：主系表結(jié)構(gòu)（主語 系動詞表語 ）1我的兄弟都是大學生。 2冬季白天短，夜晚長。 3布朗夫人看起來很健康。 4十五歲他就成為有名的鋼琴家了。 5孩子們，請保持安靜。 6這本書是有關(guān)美國歷史的書。 7她的工作是在幼兒園里照看兒童。 8他失業(yè)了。 9樹葉已經(jīng)變黃了。 10這個報告聽起來很有意思。 基本句型 三： （主謂賓）此結(jié)構(gòu)是由“主語+及物

7、動詞（詞組）+賓語”構(gòu)成。賓語可以是名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞，動名詞、動詞不定式或詞組、the +形容詞、分詞以及從句等。如，She likes English.We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種1. My brother hasn't done his homework. ( )2. People all over the world speak English. ( )3. Jim cannot dress himself. ( )4. All of us belie

8、ve that Jack is an honest boy. ( )5. He did not know what to say. ( )翻譯練習：主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)（主語 及物動詞 賓語 ）1昨晚我寫了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你談?wù)劇?3這本書他讀過多次了。4他們成功地完成了計劃。 5你們必須在兩周內(nèi)看完這些書。 6那位先生能流利地說三種語言。7我收到了筆友從澳大利亞寄來的信。 8 Jim 還不會自己穿衣服。 9我們大家都相信Jack 是一個誠實男孩。 10他不知道說什麼好。基本句型 四： （主謂間賓直賓）有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個賓

9、語通常一個指人，為間接賓語；一個指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序為：動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：He give me a cup of tea. ( )強調(diào)間接賓語順序為：動詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動詞+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Bring it to me, please. (不能說 Bring me it, please。)常跟雙賓語的及物動詞有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, do(帶來）, give, grant,

10、hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等（需借助for 的）bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chi

11、nese Dictionary to me.She gave John a book= She bought a book for me.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。1. She ordered herself a new dress. ( )2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. ( )3. He brought you a dictionary. ( )4. He denies her nothing. ( )5. I showed him my pictures. ( )6. I gave my car

12、a wash. ( )7. I told him that the bus was late. ( )8. He showed me how to run the machine. ( )翻譯練習：雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)（主語雙賓動詞間接賓語直接賓語 ）1 Johnson 先生去年教我們德語。 2. 奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個有趣的故事。 3. Mary把錢包交給校長了。4. 請把那本字典遞給我好嗎？ 5. 他把車票給列車員看。 6. 這個學期我已經(jīng)給父母寫過三封信了。 7. 我父親已經(jīng)給我買了一輛新自行車。 8. Robinson Crusoe 給自己做了一只小船。 9. 請你給我弄一本新的，好嗎？10.

13、我替你叫輛出租汽車好嗎？基本句型 五： （主謂賓賓補）此句型的句子的特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語做出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。The war made him a soldier.（ 他成為一個士兵，構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）New methods make the job easy. （ ）I often find him at work. （ ）The teacher asked the students to close the win

14、dows. （ ） I saw a cat running across the road. 分析下列句子劃分成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種, 并指出是什么充當句子的賓語補足語1. They appointed him manager. （ ）2. They painted the door green. （ ）3. He pushed the door open. （ ）4. They found the house deserted. （ ）5. What makes him think so? （ ）6. We saw him out. （ ）7. He asked m

15、e to come back soon. （ ）8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）9. We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （ ）10. Ill have my bike repaired. （ ）11. We elected him monitor. （ ）12. Dont keep the lights burning. （ ）翻譯練習：復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)（主語 動詞 賓語 賓語補足語 ）1我們叫她Alice. 2他的父母給他取名為John. 3我們大家都認為他是誠實的。 4他們把門推開了。 5

16、他們把小偷釋放了。 6我們要使學校變得更美麗。 7他請我們參加做游戲。 8我要你把真相告訴我。 9衛(wèi)兵命令我們立即離開。 10明天我要找人來修理機器。 11每天早晨我們都聽到他大聲朗讀英語。 12痛苦使得他叫喊起來。 13我們不會讓她在晚上外出的。 14他每個月理一次發(fā)。 15我要請人把我的錄音機修理一下。 16那可怕的聲音把孩子們嚇壞了17她正在聽人家講故事。 18男孩子們都在看士兵們操練。 19我從來沒看見這個字這樣用過。 20他感到很難跟你交談。 21我想乘船去那里更舒服些。 22我認為有可能用另一種方法解題。 23學校定了一條規(guī)則，開始上課時學生要起立。 24我認為與那個人談話是無益的

17、。 6. There be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主語 + 狀語 構(gòu)成，用以表達某地存在有，它其實是倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導(dǎo)詞，并無實際意義?？键c1. Be 與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)上一致，有時態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如，現(xiàn)在有   there is / are     過去有   there was / were將來有   there will be/ there is / are going to be.現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有   there

18、has / have been可能有  there might be.   肯定有  there must be / there must have been.過去一直有  there used to be   似乎有  there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有  there happen / happens / happened to be 考點2. 此句型有時可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等詞代替be動

19、詞。Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for "help". There must have been a village here.There lies a book on the desk. There stands a tree on the hill.考點3. There be 與have 的區(qū)別There be 某地有某物，某時有某事have 表示某人擁有某物。且記：沒有 there has a book on the desk. There has

20、 a meeting this evening.這樣的表達方法There be 句型1今晚沒有會。 2這個村子過去只有一口井。 3這個學校有一名音樂老師和一名美術(shù)老師。 4客人當中有兩名美國人和兩名法國人。 5天氣預(yù)報說下午有大風。 6燈亮著，辦公室里肯定有人。 7戰(zhàn)前這兒一直有家電影院的。 8恰好那時房里沒人。 9從前，在海邊的一個村子里住著一位老漁夫。 10公共汽車來了。 11就只剩下二十八美元了。 12在這個山洞前面長著一棵高大的松樹。 13鈴響了。 14二月份有二十八天。 練習 ：劃分句子成分練習練習1. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。1) Tees t

21、urn green when spring comes.2) The old man was feeling very tired.3) His job is to train swimmers.4) Where he was buried remained unknown.5) What he said proved true.6) We must keep quiet.7) The shop stayed open until eleven.8) She appeared younger than she really was.9) His face went red.10) He fel

22、l ill last week.11) The cake I ate yesterday taste delicious. 從上面我們可以看出， 常見的系動詞有，_, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _等，它們后面一般跟_詞作表語。練習2. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。口譯，體會it的替代性用法。1) It is very plain to me that he is round and tall like a tree.2) It is a fact that English is being accepted as an internati

23、onal language.3) It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.4) The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting .5) She made it her duty to look after all the other peoples affairs in that town. 6) I don't think it possible to master a foreig

24、n language without much memory work7) He made it known to his friends that he didnt want to enter politics.8) I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it. 從上面我們可以看出，作形式主語和形式賓語一般用代詞_, 真正的主語或賓語通常是_或_, 放在后面。練習3. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種?？谧g，留意定語是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當，并留意定語的位置。1) Comrades in her g

25、roup often help her with grammar.2) The women on the left are making shirts for the neighbors.3) The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.4) After the third period there is a long break for rest and exercise.5) Any man with a little sense can see that he is exactly like a rope.6) People all over the wor

26、ld speak English.7) The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .8) We need a place twice larger than this one.9) The man downstairs was trying to sleep.10) Every night he heard the noise upstairs.11) She carried a basket full of eggs.12) Its a book worth no more than one dollar.13) Its a city fa

27、r from the coast.14) Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .15) He has money enough to buy a car.16) Do you have anything else to say?17) There is little time left.18) There were few people present at the meeting.19) Once there lived a king whose name was Midas.20) The film we saw last night

28、 was about the War of Liberation.21) The house that stands at the foot of the hill is a rest-home for the workers.22) He told us a story, which moved many of us to tears.23) The first thing I dug up was a piece of white cloth.24) Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the te

29、am.從上面我們可以看出，_, _, _和_ 作定語時常后置。練習4. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。1) What he said is true.2) We must do what the party told us to do.3) That is what interested her most.4) We must do whatever the people want us to do.5) Whoever smokes here will be punished.練習5. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。口譯，并說明

30、是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。1) I hope to see him as soon as possible. 2) He wouldnt mind being left alone. 3) We are considering making a new plan. 4) It just missed being caught. 5) She admitted having taken the key. 6) My brother regretted missing a lecture given by Professor Liu.7) I regret to inform you that we

31、 are unable to offer you a job.8) I stopped to take a break.9) She tried living alone. 10) These young trees require looking after carefully. 11) Missing the train means waiting for an hour. 12) I meant to have called you. 13) To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly.14) To save

32、money now seems impossible.15) Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.從上面我們可以看出，動詞原形不能作主語、賓語，要變?yōu)開或_之后才能作主語和賓語。練習6. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種?？谧g, 體會賓語與賓補之間的邏輯關(guān)系，并指出賓補是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當。1) She found it difficult to do the work. 2) They made him monitor of the class. 3) We w

33、ill make our school more beautiful. 4) All of us considered him honest. 5) They pushed the door open. 6) Then suddenly I saw a man lying on the ground. 7) His hunger had made him forget army discipline. 8) The old man asked us to sit down. 9) I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. 10) They saw Li Ming playi

34、ng football on the playground just now? 11) He noticed a man enter the room. 12) The director had her assistant pick up some hot dogs. 13) I will have my watch repaired tomorrow. 14) On his way home, he suddenly heard his name called. 15) By speaking slowly, he made himself understood. 16) We want t

35、hese trees planted soon. 17) Ill get my hair cut tomorrow. 18) He left me waiting there. 19) I left the bag lying on the ground. 20) I cant get my car running on cold morning. 我們可以看出，非謂語做賓語補足語時，如果賓補和賓語之間是主動關(guān)系，常用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式做賓補，如果賓補和賓語之間是被動關(guān)系，則用_作賓補。練習7. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。1) I will bring you

36、 the book when I come next time.2) He asked the ruler why only the four rich men blew trumpets. 3) My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 4) She showed us many of her pictures.5) Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. 我們可以看出，一些動詞后面可以跟兩個賓語， 一個表示人，叫做_賓語, 一個表示物，叫做_賓語.練習8. 分析下列句子成分，在后面

37、括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種?？谧g，說出是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，并體會定語和所修飾詞之間的邏輯關(guān)系。1) There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.2) There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light. 3) There are many clothes to be washed. 4) There were many houses burned in the fire. 5) The bell indicating

38、the end of the period rang, interrupting our heated discussion. 6) Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. 7) A boy calling himself John wanted to see you8) He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home9) Havent you seen the sign reading “NO PHOTO”? 10) The cars made i

39、n Japan are better than those in Germany11) Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. 12) With the governments aid, those affected by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements. 我們可以看出，非謂語作定語時， 如果和所修飾詞構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系， 用_; 如果和所修飾詞構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系， 用_; 如果表將來，多用_.練習9. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一

40、種。口譯，說出是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語語，并體會狀語和句子主語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。1) To kill the boring time, I began to read a book. 2) Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried . 3) Holding his head high, the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting. 4) He sat there doing nothing. 5) Mary said pointing to the notice. 6) He se

41、nt me an e-mail, hoping to get further information. 7) The teacher entered the classroom, followed by two students. 8) He sat on the platform, prepared to answer the question. 9) His parents died, leaving him an orphan. （SV，現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語，主動關(guān)系）10) Tasting wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.

42、 11) Driven by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. 12) Built hundreds years ago, the temple looked old. 我們可以看出，非謂語作狀語時， 如果和句子主語構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系， 用_; 如果和句子主語構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系， 用_; 如果表目的，多用_三.陳述句, 疑問句, 祈使句, 感嘆句句子按用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問句（

43、一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim, cant she?3）祈使句：表示命令或者請求. 又叫無主句，主語通常為you,省略.Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：how 后面加上的是形容詞副詞.what后面加上的是名詞.How clever the boy is! What a clever boy he is!四.簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。1）簡單句：只有一個主語

44、（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（劃線部分為并列謂語 ，只有一個主語，仍為簡單句。）2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。要注意喲,逗號是不可以連接句子的,這一點和漢語不同.e.g. You help him and he helps you.

45、The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。1、表示連接兩個同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while

46、, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.3）復(fù)合句：復(fù)合句含有兩個或兩個以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作另一個的成分。（而并列句的兩個

47、主謂結(jié)構(gòu)間是并列關(guān)系， 而不是從屬關(guān)系）。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。當簡單句的一個成分從詞或詞組變?yōu)榫渥訒r，整個句子就成為復(fù)合句了。1. It is wrong. （只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句） 2. What he said is wrong.（what he said,是一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he為主語，said為謂語，what是賓語。What he said is wrong. 是另外一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。What he said作主語，is wrong系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語。因此，本句是復(fù)合句。What he said是名詞性從句作主語）。3. The boy over there is my brother. （只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句）4. The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.（The boy is my brother.是一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu) who is wearing a hat也是一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，作了前一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中主語the boy的定語。因