寫作課件 Clear Thinking and Writing (3)

1、Chapter Two: The Writing ProcessWriting a paper is a process. Here are three helpful prewriting techniques to help you get started writing a paper: Freewriting Questioning List making1 GETTING STARTED PREWRITINGFreewriting is just sitting down and writing whatever comes into your mind about a topic.

2、 1 GETTING STARTED PREWRITINGFreewritingWrite without stopping and without worrying about spelling, grammar, and the like. Questioning means that you generate details about your topic by writing down a series of questions and answers about it. 1 GETTING STARTED PREWRITINGQuestioningYour questions ca

3、n start with words like what, when, where, why, and how. Here are some of the questions that Carla might have asked while developing her paper. 1 GETTING STARTED PREWRITINGQuestioning Who was bullied? Who were the bullies? When did bullying take place? Where did it happen? Were there different kinds

4、 of bullying? Why were some kids teased and bullied?Example of QuestioningList making is also known as brainstorming. You make a list of ideas and details that could go into your paper. 1 GETTING STARTED PREWRITINGList MakingTry to think of as many details as possible. Dont worry about putting them

5、in any special order. After Diane did her freewriting, she made up a list of details. Refer to the example of her list making on page 24.1 GETTING STARTED PREWRITINGList MakingTraffic is bad between my house and theatrer. . . .By the time Diane had finished her list, she was ready to plan an outline

6、 and to write her first draft. Example of List Making2 GETTING STARTED PREWRITINGClusteringClustering is another strategy that can be used to generate material for an essay.It is a way to think on paper about how various ideas and details relate to one another.It is helpful to do thinking in a visua

7、l way. See A Student Model on page25It shows, at a glance, the point of the paragraph and the support for that point. 3 PREPARING A SCRATCH OUTLINEA scratch outline is a brief plan for a paragraph. As Diane was working on her list of details, she discovered what the plan of her paragraph could be. S

8、he wrote it down as a scratch outline. Going to the movies offers some real problems. 1. Inconvenience of going out 2. Tempting snacks 3. Other moviegoers Diane was now ready to write the first draft of her paper. Example of a Scratch OutlineDont worry yet about grammar, punctuation, or spelling. Yo

9、ur goal in your first draft is to develop the content of your paper with plenty of specific details. 3 WRITING THE FIRST DRAFTWhen you do a first draft, be prepared to put in additional thoughts and details that didnt show up in your prewriting. Here are a few lines of Carlas first draft. Diane is n

10、ot worried about spelling, grammar, and punctuation at this stage. She is concentrating on developing the content with specific details. Example of a First Draft3 WRITING THE FIRST DRAFTA typical revision means writing at least one or two more drafts, adding and omitting details, organizing more cle

11、arly, and beginning to correct spelling and grammar. 4 REVISINGRevising means that you rewrite a paper, building upon what has been done, to make it stronger and better. Here are a few lines of Carlas second draft. Diabe has added transitions (First of all and Another). She has also removed details

12、that were not relevant. And she has added supporting details in the form of examples for types of bullies. Example of a Second Draft4 REVISINGWhen you are satisfied that your point is clear, your supporting details are good, and your paper is well organized, you will be ready to edit your paper. 5 E

13、DITINGEditing means checking the paper carefully for spelling, grammar, punctuation, and other errors. Chances are that you will find sentence mistakes at every spot where your paper does not read smoothly and clearly. 5 EDITINGAn important part of editing is to read your paper out loud. This will h

14、elp you pick up grammar and punctuation problems. 5 EDITINGThis is very important: to find mistakes in your paper, read it out loud. PrewritingFreewriting Questioning List MakingScratch OutlineFirst DraftRevising - Drafts 2, 3, etc.EditingTHE FIVE STEPS OF THE WRITING PROCESSHere are four questions

15、to ask yourself to help you decide if your paper is finished. A WRITING CHECKLIST Does my paper or essay have a clear point, stated in one sentence? Is there enough detailed support for my point? Do I use transitions such as first of all, in addition, and finally to help organize my support? Does th

16、e final draft of my paper flow smoothly and clearly when read aloud? RevisingGetting Started through PrewritingWriting the First DraftPreparing a Scratch OutlineTHE WRITING PROCESSEditingStep5Step1Step2Step3Step4Remember: CHAPTER 8: WRITING ASSIGNMENTSChapter 8 (pages 35-40) suggests a variety of writ