英美文學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)資料所有作家作品流派總結(jié)

1、一、文學(xué)術(shù)語*41.Epic敘事詩,史詩A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Twoof the most famous epics of W

2、estern civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The Divine Comedy(神曲by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton's Paradise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Natu

3、ralism自然主義(文學(xué)、藝術(shù)以反映現(xiàn)實(shí)為宗旨Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the19th and early yea

4、rs of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902was the dominant practitioner(習(xí)藝者,專業(yè)人員 of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent(鼓吹者,倡導(dǎo)者,擁護(hù)者;能手,大師of its doctrines.The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical(徹底的break with Realism,rather the new style is a logical extension of it

5、.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provid

6、ed subjects worthy of serious literary treatment.Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack Lon

7、don,Stephen Crane and Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and social situation limit one's character.3.Modernism現(xiàn)代派(盛行于20世紀(jì)的文學(xué)風(fēng)格Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,o

8、riginating about the end of the19th century and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentrate more on the private th

9、an on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled(混合together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism超驗(yàn)主義It was a

10、reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importan

11、ce of the individual.To them the individual was the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.I.Major Literary Terms in

12、 The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings and queens,

13、knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical(格律romances ever written.2.Ballad(民謠,敘事歌謠:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.I

14、n many centuries,the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the eve

15、ryday life of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge,sudden disaster and deeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain(疊詞,incremental repetition(疊句 and code language(特定語言.A later form of ballad is the liter

16、ary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The most famous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(老水手之歌.二、選擇&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its_tales of_and_,in marked contra

17、st of_and _of Anglo-Saxon poetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness(昏暗;冷靜Geoffrey Chaucer1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_tales,of which two are left unfinished.242.The_provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of

18、vivid pictures of various medieval figures.Prologue序言3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in_Couplets.Heroic(英雄雙韻體4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named_.Canterbury5.In The

19、 Canterbury Tales,from the character of_,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.the Wife of Bath(巴斯夫人:齊叟筆下一個(gè)結(jié)過5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and_are generally regarded as Sha

20、kespeare's four great tragedies.Macbeth2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_.Queen Elizabeth3._wrote his_in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.Thomas More,UtopiaThe literatu

21、re of the17th century1.After_'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_.Oliver Cromwell;Restoration2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_1688.3.Paradise Lost tells how_rebelled against God and how_and_were driven out of Eden.Satan;Adam,Eve.4.Bunyan'

22、;s most important work is_,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_and dream.The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言the18th century literature1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel_.Robinson Crusoe2.The18th century in Eng

23、lish literature is an age of_.prose3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is_.Gulliver's Travels4.William Blake's work_(1794are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.The Songs of Experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌5.The greatest of_poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.Scottishthe19th century literat

24、ure1.With the publication of William Wordworth's_with S.T.Coleridge,_began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.Lyrical Ballads抒情歌謠集,Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_died.Walter Scott3.The greatest historical novelis

25、t_was produced in the Romantic Age.Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of_,_,_,_,_,and_.Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科爾里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are_.Scott and Austen6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at

26、the_and_of the language.simplicity,purity7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_.Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_.John Keats9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_relationships.personal.Victor

27、ian Age1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of _.Critical realism,1840s and1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_and _character

28、 of critical realism.Democratic,humanitarian3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_and_in the time of revolution.London,Paris4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_,which marks the peak of his literary career.Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_.Dramatic mo

29、nologue戲劇獨(dú)白20th century British Literature1._had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman's burden”by dominating all“l(fā)esser breeds without the law.”lmperialism2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost

30、 representative of him as both a and a critical realist writer.Naturalistic3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece_The Forsyte Saga福爾賽世家4.Lawrence finished_,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years,which was positive

31、ly taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.Sons and Lovers5._and_are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.James Joyce,Virginia Woolf.6._is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.To the LighthouseExercises on Amer

32、ican Literature1.In the17th century,the English settlements in_and_began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.Virginia,Massachusetts2.Washington Irving's_became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.Sketch Boo

33、k3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the_.Leatherstocking Tales4._was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.Ralph Waldo Emerson5.A superb book entitled_came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden

34、 Pond.Walden6.The book_is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.Moby DickBook two chapter one1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,_gave America its first genuine epic poem.Walt Whitman2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,_e

35、njoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.Mark Twain3._was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.Henry James4.The identification of potency(影響with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,_.An American TragedyThe20th century1.Pound was th

36、e leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_Movement”.Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_.The Waste Land3._of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.The Jazz Age4.Hemingway's novel_painted

37、the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.The Sun Also Rises5._wrote about the disintegration(瓦解of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modem people,both black and white.William Faulkner三、True or False1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to inv

38、ade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.F(William the Conqueror2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination(頂點(diǎn)of the romances about Charles the Great.F(King Arthur and his knights3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish go

39、vernment to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.T6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most origi

40、nal.T7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.(true8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true10.David Copperfield is Thackera

41、y's masterpiece.F(Dickens11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art&

42、#39;s sake”.T14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writ

43、ers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literary renaissance.T18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist21.“The Cop and the Anthem”

44、was written by Jack London.F(O Henry22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F(Martin Eden 23.Between the mid-19th and the fi

45、rst decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T 24.The decade of the1910s

46、,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literary scene.T 26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-wa

47、r era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as students'classic.F(Jerome David Salinger(J.D.Salinger四、連線題作家流派/文體作品Literature StyleChaucer heroic couplet英雄雙韻體Romance of the Roseschiefly under the influenceof French poetry of theMiddle AgesThe House of Fame-名譽(yù)堂Troylus and Criseyde特羅伊勒斯和克萊西德Th

48、e Legend of Good women-良婦傳說The Parliament of Fowls-百鳥堂under the spell of the greatliterary geniuses of earlyRenaissance Italy:Danteand Petrarch andBoccaccioThe Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集Produced his works ofmaturity free from anyforeign influence.WilliamLanglandPiers the Plowman農(nóng)夫皮爾斯Alliteration(頭韻Thom

49、as More托馬斯.莫爾Humanism人文主義Utopia烏托邦Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根The Advancement of Learning學(xué)術(shù)的推進(jìn)Of Studies論讀書;Of wisdom論智慧EssayJohn Lyly Eupheus written in a peculiar style known as EuphuismThomas Wyatt 托馬斯.懷亞特first introduced the sonnet into English literatureEarl of Surrey薩利伯爵created blank verse Edmund Spe

50、nser埃德蒙.斯賓塞The Fairy Queen仙后Lyrical poetryBen Jonson瓊生Every Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox;The Alchemist;Bartholomew Fair.ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.馬洛Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亞Hamlet(哈姆雷特,Othello(

51、奧賽羅,King Lear(李爾王,The Tragedy of Macbeth(麥克白37plays;blank verseJohn Donne 約翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄學(xué)派詩人Death be not proud死神莫驕妄Songs and Sonnets歌謠與十四行詩The RelicA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning離別辭:莫憂傷1.Extraordinary frankness,penetrating realism,cynicism.2.Novelty of subjectmatter and point of view.

52、3.Novelty of form.John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓三個(gè)John都是the Puritans清教徒派Defense for the English People為英國(guó)人辯護(hù)Paradise Lost失樂園Samson Agonistes力士參孫Paradise Regained復(fù)樂園Sonnet-On His Blindness1.The use of blank verse.2.Grand style.3.Inheritance fromtraditional works such as失明述懷Sonnet-On His Deceased Wife夢(mèng)之妻Bible.Joh

53、n Bunyan 約翰.拜揚(yáng)Pilgrims ProgressThe Holy War圣戰(zhàn)The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanGrace Abounding豐盛恩惠1.Written in theold-fashioned,medievalform of allegory anddream.2.His language is chieflyplain,colloquial,and quitemodern.Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛福realistic novel現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說Robinson Crusoe魯賓遜漂流記Jonathan Wild喬納森.威爾德Mo

54、ll Flanders摩爾.弗蘭德斯Henry Fielding 亨利.菲爾丁Father of modernfictionJoseph Andrews約瑟夫.安德魯斯The History of Tom Jones,a foundling棄嬰湯姆.瓊斯的故事The History of Jonathan Wild the Great偉大的喬納森·王爾德Humor&satiristJonathan Swift 喬納森.斯威夫特satirist反諷prose poetryGullivers Travels格列佛游記A Modest Proposal一個(gè)溫和的建議A Tale o

55、f a Tub1697一只桶的故事The Battle of the Books1698書籍之戰(zhàn)The Drapiers Letters1724布商來信Joseph Addlson The Tatler閑談?wù)逿he Spectator旁觀者Joseph Addison&Richard Steele;their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Alexander pope the Pastorals(1709(田園詩歌the Essay on Criticism (1711(論批評(píng)The Rape o

56、f the Lock(1714(卷發(fā)遇劫記“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady”;“Eloise to Abelard,Samuel Richardson塞繆爾.理查森epistolarynovel(書信體小說,Englishdomestic novel(英國(guó)家庭小說Pamela帕美勒Clarissa Harlowe克拉麗莎Sir Charles Grandison查爾斯格蘭迪森的歷史psychological analysisRichard B.Sheridan理查德.B.謝爾丹comedySchool for Scandal造謠學(xué)校the

57、Rivals(情敵the only important Englishdramatist of the18thcenturyOliver Goldsmiths奧利佛.哥爾德斯密斯The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲爾德的牧師,小說novelShe Stoops to Conquer委曲求全,歡樂喜劇rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村,詩歌The Traveller旅行者poems,詩歌The Citizen of the World世界公民essay以上6位都是18世紀(jì)Classicism(古典主義、revival of romantic poetry(新興的浪漫主義詩歌、beginnings