英語語法(01語法層次)概要課件

1、What is Grammarothe whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics. -Oxford online dictionarySimpler put:oGrammar is the system of a language. People sometime

2、s describe grammar as the rules of a language; but in fact no language has rules. If we use the word rules, we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved in

3、to words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call grammar is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time.Unit 1: Levels of English GrammarIssues of this unit:Levels of grammar unitsmorpheme, word, phrase, clauses學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容預(yù)告：學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容

4、預(yù)告： 本單元之后，請(qǐng)預(yù)習(xí)：本單元之后，請(qǐng)預(yù)習(xí)：第第4、5講：名詞和名詞詞組、名詞屬格講：名詞和名詞詞組、名詞屬格 The subject of this course:Language system:Sound system, for phonology (音系學(xué)音系學(xué))Meaning system, for semantics (語義學(xué)語義學(xué))Rule system, for grammar study This course studies the syntactic rules.Different levels of forms in English:（Discourse Text）S

5、entenceClausePhraseWordMorpheme A）Morphemes (詞素詞素) English morphemeFree morphemeBound morpheme (自由詞素) (粘附詞素)e.g. man friende.g. im- -y take luck pre- -ess (as roots, stems，詞根、詞干) (as affixes，詞綴)Affixes： （詞綴的結(jié)構(gòu)分類詞綴的結(jié)構(gòu)分類）1 prefix (前綴前綴)： pre-war, antibody, impossible 2 suffix (后綴后綴)： careful, farmer,

6、nicely, homely3 infix (中綴中綴)： foot feet, statesman 詞綴的功能分類：詞綴的功能分類： 一些詞綴是句法性的句法性的(syntactic)，如：-ed標(biāo)示動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)，-s則標(biāo)示名詞的復(fù)數(shù)或動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)等；它們被稱為“Inflectional affix (屈折詞綴)；其他如：-s -ed -est ”另一些詞綴則是語義性的語義性的(semantic) ，例如：-er作為名詞詞尾，表示“one who ”的含義；它們通常被稱為“Derivational affix (派生詞綴)” Next, lets look more closely at

7、some examples of stems, affixations and their roles in forming English words.（I have prepared a list of the stems, prefixes and suffixes of English words, which is in a Word file. If you are interested, you can copy it after class.）1）Examples of Prefixes: a-, an- / without, lacking, not /asymmetric,

8、 apolitical bi-/ two / bicycle, bilateral 形式有差異，但意義相同的詞綴： （詞綴變體，由不同的語音導(dǎo)致的變化）： com-, con-, col-, cor-, co- / together, with / combine contract colleaguecorrespond cooperation 形式相同，但意義不同的詞綴： im-, in-, il-, ir- / in, into, on / immigrant, income, illustration, irrigation (通常為名詞、動(dòng)詞) im-, in-, il-, ir- /

9、 not / impossible, inconvinent, illegal, irresponsible （通常為形容詞）反義詞綴：反義詞綴： inter- / between / international, interpersonal, intra-, intro- / within / intragroup, introductionsub- / under / submarine, subsonicsuper- / above, greater/ supersonic, superpower 反義詞綴：反義詞綴： macro- / big / macrocontrol, macro

10、economy micro- /small / microcontrol, microeconomy 同義、近義詞綴：同義、近義詞綴： anti- / against / antisocial, antifascist contra- / against / contradiction, contrastcounter- / against / counteract, counterpart, 同義、近義詞綴：同義、近義詞綴： demi- / a half or a part of / demi-god semi- / half, partly / semiconductor, semifin

11、al, hemispherefore- / before, in front of / forehead, forerunnerpre- / before / prewar, prepare, preschool 2）Examples of Suffixes:有些后綴僅僅具有句法意義有些后綴僅僅具有句法意義： -ness /added to adjectives to form nouns/carelessness, goodness, laziness, -sumption / noun form for verbs ended with -ume/ assumption, consumpt

12、ion, resumptionassume assumption有些后綴則既有句法意義，也有語義意義有些后綴則既有句法意義，也有語義意義： -able, -ible / adj. capable of, fit for / eatable, considerable, sizable, feasible 有些后綴具有不同的意義（例如相反意義）：有些后綴具有不同的意義（例如相反意義）： -er, -or, -eer / n. one who / interviewer, employer, operator, actor, engineer -ee / n. one who (usu. in p

13、assive sense)/ interviewee, employee, testee 3）Examples of Stems: -anim- / spirit / animal, unanimous -aqua- / water / aquatic sports, aquarium -auto- / self / autobiography, automobile -cap-, -capit- / head, chief / capital, captain, -dict- / say, speak / dictation, dictionary, contradiction -son-

14、/ sound / consonant, resonant, ultrasonic 小貼士：詞根的典故：Cesar: Veni, Vidi, Vinci! -ven-, -vent- / come / intervene, prevent, convention -vid-, -vis- / see / visualize, vision, vista -vinc-, -van- / conquer / victory, invincible, vanquish, vanity Just a small quiz, before we go on:Do you know these words

15、 and if not, can you figure out their meanings: netizen ultramodern retrospect transplant Now lets go to the next level of grammar：the word level. B) Words: Types of English Words In terms of function （按功能分）（按功能分） Closed class words (封閉類詞，虛詞封閉類詞，虛詞) Open class words (開放類詞，實(shí)詞開放類詞，實(shí)詞)Closed class word

16、s (function words, 封閉類詞，虛詞封閉類詞，虛詞)這類詞無詞形變化，數(shù)量小這類詞無詞形變化，數(shù)量小Preposition, pronoun, determiner, conjunction, auxiliaryand in the they shallOpen class words (content words, 開放類詞，實(shí)詞開放類詞，實(shí)詞) noun, adjective, adverb, main verb, numerals (cardinal, ordinal)這類詞有詞形變化，數(shù)量很大這類詞有詞形變化，數(shù)量很大boy boys good bestthree th

17、irty borrow borrowed borrowing Types of English Words In terms of structure （按結(jié)構(gòu)分）（按結(jié)構(gòu)分） 1）simple words（簡單詞）（簡單詞） 2）derivative words（派生詞）（派生詞） 3）compound words（復(fù)合詞）（復(fù)合詞）1) Simple word （簡單詞）（簡單詞）Also called “morpheme word，單詞素詞，單詞素詞”（不能再分為更小的詞素）（不能再分為更小的詞素）e.g.: foot, head, car, near, by, in 2) Deriva

18、tives (派生詞派生詞) ：Formed by: stem + affixese.g.: uncover; harmless; education 【e- -duc- -at -ion】 Review:Syntactic affixes: worked, redden, gracefulSemantic affixes: superman, cooker, antibody須注意：須注意：syntactic和和semantic的區(qū)分不是絕的區(qū)分不是絕對(duì)的，句法性詞綴也可能有語義價(jià)值：對(duì)的，句法性詞綴也可能有語義價(jià)值： employer vs. employee trainer vs. tr

19、aineeinterviewer vs. interviewee而有的語義性詞綴也可以有不同的詞性：而有的語義性詞綴也可以有不同的詞性：beautiful vs. handfulpsychotic / neurotic antibiotic / army medic 3) Compounds (復(fù)合詞復(fù)合詞) ：In English, many words are formed by combining two or more words together and these words are called compound words. Content words such as noun

20、s, verbs and adjectives can all be formed in this fashion.Compounding: the combination of different words or word parts to form a new word: A) Compound Nouns: n. + n. workshop, bookshelf, lifesaver, color-film pron. + n. she-wolf, he-bear, he-man n. + v. sunrise, sunset, shoplift, power-cut v. + n.

21、scarecrow, telltale, breakfast, turncoat a. + n. greenhouse, red-tape, busybodyB) Compound Adjectives: a. +n. + ed. smooth-tongued, cold-blooded, narrow-minded, high-nosed n. + v. + ed. heart-broken, weather-beaten, home-made, heartfeltn. + v. + ing. peace-keeping, law-abiding, time-saving, truth-te

22、lling, fact-findingn. + a. blood-thirsty, ice-free, snow-white, homesick a. + n. high-grade, first-class, long-range, new-type, second-hand a. + a. bloody-red, bittersweet, dead-alive, white-hot v. + a. failsafe, diehard, talk-big prep. + n. indoor, overhead, aboveboard, onlinehyphen conj. out-of-do

23、or, life-and-death, wait-and-seeC) Compound Verbs: adv. + v. to overtake, to uplift, to uproot, to underline, to downplay, to uploadn. + n. to brainstorm, to streamline, to dog-ear, to windsurf, to showcasen. + v. to air-drop, to eavesdrop, to breastfeed, to nose-dive, to masterminda. + v. to safegu

24、ard, to whitewash, to blindfold Just a small quiz, before we go on:Can you figure out the meanings of these compounds: think-tank, kill-joy, apple-polisher half-hearted, honey-mouthed, far-reaching, ill-fitting to cold-shoulder, to mass-produce The answer to the quiz:think-tank (智庫智庫), kill-joy (掃興的

25、人掃興的人/事事), apple-polisher (馬屁精馬屁精) half-hearted (不熱心的不熱心的), honey-mouthed (甜言蜜語的甜言蜜語的), far-reaching (影響深遠(yuǎn)的影響深遠(yuǎn)的) ,ill-fitting (不合身的不合身的) to cold-shoulder (讓讓吃閉門羹吃閉門羹), to mass-produce (規(guī)?；a(chǎn)規(guī)?；a(chǎn)/批量生產(chǎn)批量生產(chǎn)) Other patterns of word formation：There are also other ways to form English words, which const

26、itute several patterns of English word-formation.Next, lets take a look at these patterns.Pattern I. Phrase-hyphen, most of the words formed this way are adjectives: a damned-if-they-do, damned-if-they-dont choice a not-so-strong team; the no-war, no-peace stalemate; the cards-on-the-table approach;

27、 the ends-justify-means philosophy; Also nouns, such as： forget-me-notPattern II. Conversions, the shift of the parts of speech of a word:n. v. to knife, to house, to water, to eyeball, to wine and dinev. n. give somebody a push, this years pick, a cheat, to give it a rethinka. n. the old, the rich,

28、 the accused, through thick and thin, Pattern III. Blending, the merge of word parts to form a new word: head + ending: smog, motel, heliport, brunch word + ending: workaholic, lunarnaut head + word: medicare, psywar, cyberpolice head + head: comsat, AmerindPattern IV. Clipping, removing some part o

29、f a word to make it shorter while keeping the meaning: A: tail-clipping: ad, lab, math, gym, biz, bikeB: head-clipping: shute, phon, plane, quakeC: head and tail clipping: fridge, flu, tecPattern V. Acronym, the formation of a new word from the initial letters of a phrase: radar : radio detecting an

30、d ranging laser: light-wave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation AIDS: acquired immunity deficiency syndrome 知 道 這 些 詞 是 哪 些 詞 的 縮 寫 嗎 ：知 道 這 些 詞 是 哪 些 詞 的 縮 寫 嗎 ： U F O , UNESCO, VIP, WHO, NATO, OPEC, ASEANPattern VI. Formation of words from proper nouns: watt, hertz, volt, ampere, cha

31、mpagne, waterloo, water-gate, xerox, Reaganomics, Thatcherism to clinton to lewenski Next, lets go to the next level of grammar：the phrase level.C) Phrases (短語、詞組短語、詞組)Phrases of English NPVP AdjP AdvP PrepP“P” means “phrase”. 1. NP (noun phrase 名詞短語)：中心語為名詞 (det.) + (modifier) + Noun + (modifier)e.

32、g.: a lazy boy still asleep the earthquake of Richter magnitude 7 with the epicenter at Yaan the hottest hotpot that I have ever tasted since I came to Sichuan NPs that might be misinterpreted： dead president sweat water blind date handwriting on the wall dry goods NPs that might be misinterpreted：

33、dead president ：美鈔美鈔 sweat water ：淡水淡水 blind date ：男女初次會(huì)面男女初次會(huì)面（他人安排）（他人安排） handwriting on the wall ：不祥之兆不祥之兆 dry goods ：(美美)紡織品；紡織品；(英英) 谷物谷物 2. VP (verb phrase 動(dòng)詞短語)：中心語為動(dòng)詞 simple VP: Main Verb + (modifier)e.g.: I hate English grammar deeply. complex VP: Auxiliary + Main Verb + (mod.)e.g.: I slept

34、 away the class. I would have been to Wenchuan as a volunteer worker, if I had not had to go to school now.Finite VP: (affected by tense, or person) e.g.: The boy eats the stone. The boy ate the stone. The boys have eaten the stone.Infinite VP: (unaffected by tense, or person) e.g.: You are the last

35、 person I want to see. Kissed by mosquitoes, I feel /felt itchy. VPs that might be misinterpreted：to pull ones legto bring down the houseto knock ones socks offHe is easily taken in.See the following page for the answers. VPs that might be misinterpreted：to pull ones leg ：開某人的玩笑開某人的玩笑to bring down t

36、he house ：震耳欲聾的聲響震耳欲聾的聲響to pull up ones socks ：鼓起勇氣鼓起勇氣He is easily taken in. ：他極易他極易上當(dāng)受騙上當(dāng)受騙。 3. AdjP (adjective phrase 形容詞短語)：(modifier) + Adjective + (compliment) e.g.: The College Entrance Examinations of this year were extremely easy. English grammar learning is too boring to be enjoyable. I am

37、 more than happy to accept your invitation to dinner. 4. AdvP (adverb phrase 副詞短語)：(modifier) + Adverb + (modifier) e.g.: We live far away from downtown Chengdu.Good table manner means that you have to eat in such a way that no noise emits.5. PrepP (prepositional phrase 介詞短語)：(modifier) + preposition + compliment e.g.: Dont be a giant of words, but a