高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)材料

1、 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié) 第一章 主謂一致 (一) 語(yǔ)法一致原則: 即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù). 以下為注意事項(xiàng):1. 單數(shù)主語(yǔ)即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(像), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù).如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì).No one except two serv

2、ants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒(méi)有一個(gè)人遲來(lái)用餐。2. 用and連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù). 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了.(一個(gè)人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3. 不定式(短語(yǔ)), 動(dòng)

3、名詞(短語(yǔ)), 或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 如:Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.When well go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。4. 用連接的并列主語(yǔ)被each, every 或no修飾時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meetin

4、g. 沒(méi)有老師也沒(méi)有學(xué)生開(kāi)會(huì)缺席.Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。5. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Each of us has something to say. 我們每個(gè)人都有話要說(shuō)。6. 若主語(yǔ)中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù). 如:Many a boy likes playing basketba

5、ll. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late. 不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。7. none 做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:None of us are (is) perfect. 人無(wú)完人。None of this worries me. 這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必

6、須用復(fù)數(shù). 如:His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù).如:A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。9. 形復(fù)意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國(guó)名如: the United States; 報(bào)紙名如: the New Times; 書(shū)名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談> 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國(guó)> 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。10. “a

7、 +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。(二) 內(nèi)容一致原則: 1.主語(yǔ)中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:The

8、 rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車， 今天出售。60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋(píng)果都是爛的。Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于

9、量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書(shū)已運(yùn)到。A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的一部分被豬吃光了。3. 加減乘除用單數(shù).如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。4. 表示時(shí)間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。5. (1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包

10、括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如: The British police have only very limited powers.(2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:The committee has/have decided to dismiss

11、him. 委員會(huì)決定解雇他。6. the +形容詞/過(guò)去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如:The injured were saved after the fire.(三) 就近原則1. 由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中, (有時(shí)主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致.如:Here comes the bus 公共汽車來(lái)了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while y

12、ou are away?你不在這兒的時(shí)候, 你愛(ài)人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？2. 用連詞or, either. or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等連接的并列主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。 如：Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中, 定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：Mary is one of t

13、hose people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是唯一一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。 第二章：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式（infinitive）、分詞（participle）、動(dòng)名詞（gerund）是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ)。以下表格列出了他們各自在句中的作用。（表示可以在句中擔(dān)任的語(yǔ)法成分，×則表示不可以。）作用種類主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀

14、語(yǔ)不定式動(dòng)名詞××分 詞××非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中的特點(diǎn)、性質(zhì)、用法、區(qū)別及使用注意事項(xiàng)分述如下：第一節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)可作主語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)形式為：不定式和動(dòng)名詞。其表達(dá)形式為：不定式：主動(dòng)態(tài) to do; 被動(dòng)態(tài) to be done; 動(dòng)名詞：主動(dòng)態(tài) doing; 被動(dòng)態(tài) being done。 例1：To act like that is foolish. 例2：It is impossible for me to buy the car with cash. 要我用現(xiàn)金買那輛車是不可能的。 例3：Walking is a good form of exe

15、rcise for both young and old. 例4： What made you so late for work today ? Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of heavy traffic.因?yàn)榻煌〒頂D，今早開(kāi)車上班非常慢。 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，動(dòng)名詞和不定式作主語(yǔ)，可以互換，其意義沒(méi)有多大差別，但須注意以下兩點(diǎn)：1表示具體的，尤其是未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，傾向用不定式（如例2）。 表示無(wú)時(shí)限的泛指動(dòng)作（如例3）或描述當(dāng)時(shí)的情況（如例4），傾向用動(dòng)名詞。2在下列句型用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ) It is no good d

16、oing.（沒(méi)有用） There is no doing. （不可能） It is no good arguing with him. 和他爭(zhēng)論沒(méi)有用。 There is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to know what may happen.練習(xí) 1（改錯(cuò)）As is known, learn a foreign language well requires great efforts.2（改錯(cuò)）Though flying balloons are easy, balloonists must watch the weat

17、her carefully.3（選擇）_ to sunlight for too much will do harm to ones skin. A. Exposed to B. Exposing C. Having exposed D. Being exposed答案1learn learning 原形動(dòng)詞不能作主語(yǔ)。 2are is 單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 3.答案D。句義：遭太陽(yáng)暴曬對(duì)皮膚有害。本題考查動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，待選項(xiàng)在句中作主語(yǔ)，又因?yàn)槿伺cexpose為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選D。第二節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)可作表語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為：不定式，動(dòng)名詞。 1Your tas

18、k this morning is to deliver the mail to Professor Smith. 你今天上午的任務(wù)是把這個(gè)郵件送給史密斯教授。（不定式解釋主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容）2My hobby is collecting stamps. （動(dòng)名詞解釋主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容）練習(xí)1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _it more difficult.（99全國(guó)）A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make2.分析句子是否正確: What we do is

19、 prepare our students to face fierce competitions when they enter society.答案1、B。is后有兩個(gè)表語(yǔ)，兩者必須在結(jié)構(gòu)上對(duì)稱。第一個(gè)表語(yǔ)為不定式to make life easier，則第二個(gè)表語(yǔ)也應(yīng)該為不定式，所以選B。 2、正確。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do 時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略to; 若沒(méi)有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do,表語(yǔ)中to不能省略。第三節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ) 可作賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為：不定式和動(dòng)名詞。 1不定式作賓語(yǔ) 例1He demanded to know the truth. 例2The car failed to s

20、top at the red light. 那輛轎車看到紅燈沒(méi)有停。英語(yǔ)中有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的動(dòng)詞，只能以不定式作賓語(yǔ)。如： agree（同意），decide, refuse, pretend（假裝），manage（設(shè)法），promise, seem, happen, hope, wish, offer to do（表示愿望）afford to do（買得起，承擔(dān)得起），bother todo（特意），choose to do（愿意或決定） attempt / seek to do（試圖） learn to do（學(xué)習(xí)或?qū)W會(huì)）短語(yǔ)would like（love）to do，would prefer t

21、o do（更愿意），be about to do（即將）, 介詞 but / except to do 例1）I have no choice but to give up the plan. 2）There was nothing we could do except wait.注：but / except前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do, 其后to必須省去請(qǐng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1）疑問(wèn)代詞如what，which；疑問(wèn)副詞如when, whether（why除外）引導(dǎo)的不定式可作know, decide等的賓語(yǔ)，在意義上相當(dāng)與一個(gè)未曾發(fā)生的賓語(yǔ)從句。例1We havent decided what steps t

22、o take next. We havent decided what steps we should take next.2I really dont know whether to write to her or give her a phone call. I really dont know whether I should write to her or give her a phone call. 這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ) 例1What to do next remains to be discussed. 下一步該怎么辦有待于討論。 例2Our difficulty is wh

23、ere to get enough money.2）為了避免重復(fù)，不定式可省去與前邊重復(fù)的動(dòng)詞原形，而保留“to”。 例： Would you like to go for a picnic with me ? Id love to, but I cant spare any time at present.（to后省略了go for a picnic with you）3）不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)：主 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài)被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài)形 式時(shí) 間 概 念形 式時(shí)間概念to do (一般時(shí))1）未發(fā)生2）和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)to be done同 左to be doing (進(jìn)行時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，正在進(jìn)行to

24、have done (完成時(shí))發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前to have been done同 左 不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成時(shí)常用在下列句型中： seem / appear（似乎）to happen（碰巧）to pretend to be said（據(jù)說(shuō)）to be reported（據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)）tobe thought / supposed / considered/ believed（據(jù)認(rèn)為）to be known（知道）to 請(qǐng)注意：考查不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)。I happened to be standing next to him when he fell dow

25、n.The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylightyesterday. 據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)紙指導(dǎo)，這家銀行昨天在光天化日之下遭到搶劫。He is known to have been arrested by the police. 人們都知道他曾被警察逮捕過(guò)。 4）was / were to have done ；would like to have done wished（hoped / wanted / intended / meant）to have done 表示當(dāng)時(shí)想做，而實(shí)際不

26、能做到 I was to have picked you up at the airport, but I forgot about it. I intended to have helped you out but I had no money then. 我當(dāng)時(shí)真想幫助擺脫困境，可是我那時(shí)身無(wú)分文。2動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)I cant imagine marrying a girl of that sort. 我很難想象與那種女子結(jié)婚后的情形。I narrowly missed being killed in the car accident. 在那次車禍中我死里逃生。He admitt

27、ed having stolen my bicycle. 他承認(rèn)偷了我的自行車。There is no point in arguing any further.再爭(zhēng)議下去毫無(wú)意義。 1）下列動(dòng)詞必須帶動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)： understand（理解），admit（承認(rèn)），keep（on）（繼續(xù)），practise（練習(xí)），finish（完成），imagine（想象），miss（錯(cuò)過(guò)，避免），avoid（避免），escape（逃避），suggest（建議），dislike（討厭），enjoy（喜歡），delay（推遲），excuse（原諒），mind（介意），appreciate（感激），opp

28、ose（反對(duì)）。另外，有的詞既可帶動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，亦可帶不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)區(qū)別清楚。如： allow doing（比較：allow sb. to do） advise doing（比較：advise sb. to do）2）下列短語(yǔ)必須帶動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)： be worth（值得），pay attention to（注意），object to（反對(duì)），cant help（不自禁），devote oneself to（致力于），put off（推遲），be / get used to（習(xí)慣于），feel like（想要），look forward to（盼望），get down to（開(kāi)始做，

29、認(rèn)真做某事），how / what about（怎么樣），There is no point (in) doing sth (做某事毫無(wú)意義)3下列動(dòng)詞可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，也可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但有明顯的語(yǔ)義差別。 remember doing 回憶起過(guò)去做過(guò)的事 remember to do 記住要做的事 forget doing 忘記了曾做過(guò)的事 forget to do 忘記該做的事 regret doing 對(duì)已發(fā)生的事表示后悔 regret to do 對(duì)現(xiàn)在要發(fā)生的事表示抱歉 mean doing 意味著，意思是 mean to do 打算，想要 try doing 試一試某種方法

30、 try to do 設(shè)法去做一件事 比較1I dont mean to give up the plan. 我不打算放棄這個(gè)計(jì)劃。 A break down on our way would mean our walking for hours. 汽車半路拋錨意味著我們要步行幾個(gè)小時(shí)。比較2I have always deeply regretted selling（having sold）the farm.我一直為賣掉這個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)而后悔不已。 We regret to tell you that you owe the bank &100. 我們很遺憾地告訴你，你欠銀行100英鎊。第四

31、節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ) 作狀語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為：分詞和不定式1現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別1）現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，譯為“令人”；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，譯為“感到這”是兩者最重要的區(qū)別 The weather of this summer is disappointing. My parents will be disappointed with me if I fail the exam. 描述事物或事情的性質(zhì)一般用現(xiàn)在分詞。描述人的情感一般用過(guò)去分詞。 I dont think it surprising for such a bad man to have been punished.（it指“象這樣的

32、壞人受到懲罰”這件事） There was a surprised expression in her eyes.她的眼里流露出驚訝的神情。（人的表情是情感的具體表現(xiàn)，故應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞來(lái)修飾expression）2）現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；過(guò)去分詞通常表示動(dòng)作已完成。 Power stations employ falling water to produce electricity. The ground is covered with fallen leaves.2現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)主 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài)被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài)形 式時(shí) 間 概 念形 式時(shí) 間 概 念doing1）正在進(jìn)行2）與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

33、作同時(shí)being done動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行having done分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前having been done同左3分詞表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、伴隨或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明等 a）分詞做時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)的表達(dá)形式如下：doing done having done S（主語(yǔ)）+ V having been done S（主語(yǔ)）+ V （主動(dòng)關(guān)系） （被動(dòng)關(guān)系）Not understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher to explain the word.（表原因：understanding與句子主語(yǔ)he之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，同謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞asked同

34、時(shí)發(fā)生）Having made a decision, they immediately set out to work.（表時(shí)間：make a decision與句子主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系且發(fā)生于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞set out之前）Having been experimented many times, this new product will be put into mass production. 由于這一新產(chǎn)品已實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)多次，不久將投入批量生產(chǎn)。（表原因：experimented與主語(yǔ)product為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞put之前發(fā)生）詞作上述狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主語(yǔ)之后。

35、例：They, having made a decision, set out to work.選擇：The research is so designed that once_nothing can be done to change it.（02全國(guó)） A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun本題考查狀語(yǔ)從句的省略，難度較大。若時(shí)間、原因、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)相同，且從句部分有be時(shí)，可省略從句主語(yǔ)及be。省略后的形式如下：(1) when（while, until, once, as, if, though等）+ doi

36、ng 從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)關(guān)系（2) when（while, until, once, as, if, though等）+ done從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)關(guān)系表示“某一事件的開(kāi)始”，begin既可用主動(dòng)態(tài)，也可以用被動(dòng)態(tài)。狀語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)形式：（1）Once it beings。這種形式，不具備省略條件。 （2）Once it is begun。具備省略條件（有be）。省略后的形式為：Once begun。所以本題選D。b）分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 其形式為：（1）doing（2）done。究竟用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞，取決于該動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系“We cant going out i

37、n this weather,” said Bob, looking out of the window.（04重慶） The boy sat in the dark room, frightened and trembling. 男孩一個(gè)人做在黑洞洞的房間里，嚇得渾身發(fā)抖。注意：作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的分詞，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)。這是判斷一個(gè)動(dòng)詞是否作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的主要尺度。請(qǐng)注意下列固定短語(yǔ)在作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的表達(dá)形式： Generally speaking 一般地說(shuō) Strictly speaking 從嚴(yán)格意義上說(shuō) Judging from / by 根據(jù)判斷 Given / Allowing for 考慮到Giv

38、en their inexperience, they have done a good job. 在缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)的情況下，他們的工作算是做得不錯(cuò)。4不定式用作表目的，結(jié)果，方式和形容詞原因狀語(yǔ) 1）目的 To win over the undecided voters, they are working twice as hard. 為了把尚未拿定主意的選民爭(zhēng)取過(guò)來(lái)，他們正在加倍努力工作。 He got up early not to miss the first bus.（not to也可用so as not to或in order not to這一強(qiáng)調(diào)形式） 2）結(jié)果 不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)

39、結(jié)構(gòu)有： too adj / adv to do ; too adj + a + n to do so adj / adv as to do ; such + n as to do The boy is too young to dress himself. He was too shrewd（精明的）a businessman to accept our offer. 他是個(gè)非常精明的商人，不會(huì)接受我們的開(kāi)價(jià)。 Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio ? 請(qǐng)把收音機(jī)開(kāi)小一點(diǎn)。 He cant have done such a terribl

40、e thing as to keep you waiting so long. 他不可能做出這樣糟糕的事，讓你等這么長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。 注意：表示一種事先沒(méi)有預(yù)料的結(jié)果，用不定式。不定式前可用only來(lái)加強(qiáng)意想不到的語(yǔ)氣。如：(04福建卷)The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only to be told the film stars had left. 然而，要表示在事情發(fā)展過(guò)程中必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，就要用分詞來(lái)表達(dá)。分詞前可加thus, 加強(qiáng)必然的語(yǔ)氣。The new machine will work twice as fast, thus gre

41、atly reducing costs. 新機(jī)器的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。 3）方式狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)： S（人，物）be + adj to do特點(diǎn)（1）句子的主語(yǔ)在邏輯關(guān)系上為不定式動(dòng)作的賓語(yǔ)（2）形容詞為：easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, dangerous等。 1.Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn. 有些書(shū)讀起來(lái)很有趣，但學(xué)起來(lái)很討厭。 2.The telephone number is easy to remember. 他的電話號(hào)碼很難記。 3.That man

42、is difficult to deal with. 那個(gè)人很難對(duì)付。 4.The river is dangerous to swim in. 注意：以上句子，盡管句子的主語(yǔ)和不定式動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，但只能用主要形式；若不定式動(dòng)詞為不及物，應(yīng)加上適當(dāng)介詞，如例4。 4）形容詞原因狀語(yǔ)。這類形容詞通常是表示情感或評(píng)價(jià)行為表現(xiàn)的形容詞。 I am shocked to hear the news of his sudden death.You were silly not to have locked your car. (04湖南)第五節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不定式和

43、分詞。英語(yǔ)中有相當(dāng)一批動(dòng)詞必須以不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)。My parents dont allow me to stay out late.She waited impatiently for him to make up his mind.這些動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)為： wish, want, ask, require / request（要求）；order, warn（警告） allow / permit, forbid（禁止）, expect, remind（提醒），encourage, inspire（激勵(lì)）call on（號(hào)召，要求）， depend on, long for sb. to do（渴

44、望）請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e記住下列動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)形式，表達(dá)的意義及判斷的依據(jù)。 1 make（使）+ O + C + do 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 done 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 S + be made to do 主語(yǔ)與不定式動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 done 主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。注：句型“O”代表賓語(yǔ)，為名詞或代詞；“C”代表賓補(bǔ)。例：Those who wont work should be made to work. 那些不愿工作的人應(yīng)強(qiáng)制他們?nèi)スぷ鳌?He couldnt make himself heard. 他無(wú)法讓別人聽(tīng)到他說(shuō)的話。2Keep（leave）+ O + C doing 賓語(yǔ)與

45、賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。（使處于某種狀態(tài)） done 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 S + be + kept（left） doing 主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 done 主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 例：Now students are kept burying themselves in books all day. 現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生被迫整天埋頭讀書(shū)。 His work was left undone. 他丟下工作不去干。3 find（發(fā)現(xiàn)）+ O + C doing 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 done 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 S + be +found doing 主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。

46、done 主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 例：（03全國(guó)）A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. 4 doing 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系 with + O + C done 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系 to do（動(dòng)作未發(fā)生） 例：1.He lay on the grassland with his jacket covering his stomach. 他躺在草地上，把上衣蓋在肚子上。2.With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newl

47、y-elected president is having a hard time. （02上海春季）由于很多棘手的問(wèn)題要解決，那為新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)處境艱難。5catch sb. doing ; be caught doing 該句型表示（偶然或突然）撞見(jiàn)、發(fā)現(xiàn)。 例：He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger. （04北京春季）他向四周看，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)人把手伸進(jìn)一個(gè)旅客的口袋 6 do 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。讓某人做某事。 have（使）+ O + C doing 賓語(yǔ)與賓

48、補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。讓某一動(dòng)作一直進(jìn)行。 done 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 (表示：1)讓某事由別人做。2)表達(dá)主語(yǔ)的遭遇。） 例: 1.Whom would you like to have handle the complication problem?2. Paul had his hand burned seriously while cooking dinner. 保羅在做飯時(shí)，手被嚴(yán)重燙傷。 7. get+ O + C to do賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。Get sb to do = have sb. do。 done賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。get sth done = hav

49、e sth. done。 例：Youll never get her to agree. When are going to get your hair cut ? 8感官動(dòng)詞hear, listen to, see, look at, notice, watch, observe, feel等。 do 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作全過(guò)程已結(jié)束，或經(jīng)常hear + O + C 性發(fā)生 doing 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 done 賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 to do主語(yǔ)與不定式動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作全過(guò)程已結(jié)束或經(jīng)S + be +heard 常發(fā)生 doing主語(yǔ)與分

50、詞動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 done 主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例：He has never heard her sing so well before. I didnt notice you carrying a pack when you came in. Never before had he felt himself so powerfully attracted to the scientific idea. 改錯(cuò)： 1）Now more talented young people are hoped to go to work in Western China. A B C

51、 D 2）I demand you all to take your work quite seriously. A B C D 3）His appearance immediately made all the children becoming excited. A B C D 4）This song has never been heard to be sung so well. A B C D 5）With much work remained to be done, we have to put off the trip until next week. A B C D 答案：1）B

52、錯(cuò) are hoped are wished hope sb. to do典型病句 2）B錯(cuò) to take （should）take demand句型：1）demand to do 2）demand that (should)do 3）C錯(cuò) becoming become 現(xiàn)在分詞doing不能做make的賓補(bǔ)。 4）C錯(cuò) to be sung sung 5）B錯(cuò) remained remaining。 remain “剩下”是不及物動(dòng)詞，只有主動(dòng)形式。 注意：以上動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)形式的考查是高考的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。第六節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ) 1不定式作定語(yǔ) 在三種情況下需用不定式作定語(yǔ)：1） 動(dòng)作未發(fā)生

53、，被修飾的名詞在邏輯關(guān)系上是不定式動(dòng)作的賓語(yǔ)。不定式用主動(dòng)形式還是被動(dòng)形式，由句子的主語(yǔ)與不定式的邏輯關(guān)系決定。It seems to me that I have nothing to take home to my children. 在我看來(lái)今天我們沒(méi)有東西可以帶給孩子了 She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role to play in making the earth a better place to live（03上海春季）她會(huì)告訴我們?yōu)槭裁此龔?qiáng)烈地認(rèn)為在使地球成為更好住處這一點(diǎn)上，我們每個(gè)人都有可以發(fā)揮的作用。 若作定語(yǔ)的不定式動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，需加適合介詞。如：Now I feel very lonely because I cant find anyone to talk with. 2）被修飾的詞為抽象名詞，如need, way, reaso