高中英語語法被動(dòng)語態(tài)

1、高中英語語法被動(dòng)語態(tài)5 / 4被動(dòng)語態(tài)一、語態(tài)的基本概念和種類語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用來表明主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。英語動(dòng)詞有 兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者， 被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。 謂 語動(dòng)詞為主動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子叫主動(dòng)句， 謂語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子叫被動(dòng)句。 一般來 說，主動(dòng)語態(tài)側(cè)重于行為者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)側(cè)重于動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或動(dòng)作本身。如：主動(dòng)句：They built this bridge.他們修的這座橋。被動(dòng)旬：This bridge was built by them這橋由他們建造。二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“ be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成，助動(dòng)詞 b

2、e有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài) 的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為系動(dòng)詞的變化完全一樣。英語主動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)共有十六種，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)只有十種。、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)分三步走：第一步是將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的賓語放在句 首，第二步是將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的謂語變成被動(dòng)形式， 第三步是將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語放在被動(dòng)句的謂語之后，在前面再加上介詞by,引出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。簡(jiǎn)言之, by。主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),主語與賓語交換位置,謂語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)形式,執(zhí)行者前加主動(dòng)語態(tài)：WespeakChinese.（主語）（謂語）（賓語）Chinese is spoken by us.（主語）（謂語）（賓語）主動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)分三種情況: 第

3、一種句型：主語+謂語+賓語，主語與賓語交換位置。例如：I sent an email last night昨天夜里我發(fā)了一封電子郵件。（主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）An email was sent （by me） last night. 一封電子郵件昨天夜里（由我）發(fā)出了。 （被 動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）第二種句型：主語+謂語+賓語+賓語，將其中任意一個(gè)賓語與主語交換位置。例 如：My parents bought me a new compute成的父母親給我買了一臺(tái)新電腦。（主動(dòng)結(jié)A new computer was bought for meW人給我買了一臺(tái)新電腦。 （被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）I was bought a new c

4、ompute有人給我買了一臺(tái)新電腦。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）第三種句型：主語+謂語+復(fù)合賓語，將其中的賓語提到句首，而將賓語補(bǔ)足語仍留在原來的位置。例如：We found him lying under the tree我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他躺在樹底下。（主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語補(bǔ)足 語為現(xiàn)在分詞。）He was found lying under the tree他被發(fā)現(xiàn)躺在樹底下。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語補(bǔ)足語lying under the tree在此變成了主語補(bǔ)足語。）四、八種常用時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)舉例1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)is/am/are doneA lot of books are kept in our school l

5、ibrary 我們學(xué)校圖書館有許多藏書。Radio is used in everyday life收音機(jī)用于日常生活。2、一般過去時(shí)was/were doneA thief was caught last night個(gè)小偷昨晚被抓了。They were asked to speak at the meetin他們被邀請(qǐng)?jiān)跁?huì)議上講話。3、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is/am/are being doneA new library is being put up in their school now 他們學(xué)校正在建新圖書館。The watch is being repaire退塊表正在修理。4、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)wa

6、s/were being doneThe door was being painted at that time. B 時(shí)門還在油漆。The equipment was being examined at this time yesterday 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)間正在檢 查設(shè)備。5、一般將來時(shí)shall/will be doneThe class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoons 會(huì)下周六下午召開。The thieves will be arrested這些小偷將被逮捕。6、過去將來時(shí)should/would be doneThey said

7、 the work would be finished the next day.他們說這項(xiàng)工作第二天就能完成。7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been doneMy bag has been stolen 的包被偷了。Many stamps have been collected by me since last year 從去年開始我收集了 許 多郵票。8、過去完成時(shí)had been doneShe said this airport had never been us蒯說這個(gè)機(jī)場(chǎng)沒有使用過。五、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法1、當(dāng)不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：His bike has be

8、en stolenftfc的自行車被人偷走了。This window was smashed last nigh虺扇窗戶昨天晚上被打破了。2、在沒有必要或不想指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：China was liberated in 1949中國是一九四九年解放的。.I was told you were late this morning 我聽說你今天早晨遲到了。3、強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：The plan has already been made. 戈 U 已經(jīng)制定好了。Wu Ying may be elected secretary of the Par

9、ty committee.吳英可能當(dāng)選為黨委 書記。用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，如需同時(shí)指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，可用“介詞by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者（賓格）這一結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Midnight was written by Mao Dun. 子夜是茅盾寫的。This picture can't have been drawn by him® 張畫不可能是他畫的。六、使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)1、及物動(dòng)詞能構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，不及物動(dòng)詞不能構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：English is spoken in every country in the world. 英語在世界各國都有人使用。(及物)Children sleep

10、soundly小孩子睡的香。(不及物)某些不及物動(dòng)詞與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成不可分割的短語時(shí)，如有賓語，可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：The speaker was listened to carefull隊(duì)們聆聽發(fā)言人的講話。This lesson must be gone over agaicfi 課書必須再復(fù)習(xí)一遍。2、把主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，句中謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，及物動(dòng)詞的賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。某些動(dòng)詞(如：give, send, pay, tell, lend, offer, show, throw, hand, bring,buy, get, make, leaved)有時(shí)帶兩個(gè)賓語，有形成兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的

11、可能。例如：Someone gave me a bookt人給我一本書。變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)可能是：I was given a book (by someone).(比較常用)A book was given to me (by someone).3、帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞”。例如：The question needn't be discussed. 個(gè)問題不必討論。The classroom must be cleaned at once. 個(gè)教室應(yīng)該立即打掃。4、帶有不定式的一般被動(dòng)語態(tài)是“ to be+過去分詞”。例如：A new hotel is go

12、ing to be built near the station 站附近要建所新旅館。Your bike needs to be repaired.的自行車需要修理。5、動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)賓語時(shí)大多把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，保留直接賓語。例如：He was asked a number of questions by the teacher1師問他許多問題。6、成語動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)不可丟掉其后的介詞或副詞。例如：He was often made fun of by his classmates 上同學(xué)經(jīng)常開他玩笑。This must be paid attention to 這一點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)注意。7、“介詞i

13、n, on, under等+名詞”構(gòu)成介詞短語即可表示被動(dòng)意義又可表示主動(dòng) 意義。( 1) 表示主動(dòng)的常見詞組有：be at desk(=be studying); be at work(=be working);be at a meeting(=be having a meeing); be at table(=be having a meal); be at PC(=be operating PC)( 2) 表示被動(dòng)的常見詞組有：be under discussion(=be being discussed); be underconstruction(=be being construc

14、ted); be under consideration(=be being considered); be under repair(=be being repaired); be past repair(=can't be repaired); be past understanding(=can't be understood); be beyond recognition(=can't be recogniz edy 般來說，“past或beyond+有動(dòng)詞意義的名詞”表示“不能被 ”) 七、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的兩個(gè)重要句型英語里，如果賓語是that從句，那么變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)

15、時(shí)就有兩種變法，即兩個(gè)重要的被動(dòng)語態(tài)句型。例如：They know that he is a good English teache他們認(rèn)為他是個(gè)優(yōu)秀的英語教師。(主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))It is known that he is a good English teacherA們認(rèn)為他是個(gè)優(yōu)秀的英語教師。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)第一種句型，it 為被動(dòng)句的形式主語。）He is known to be a good English teache他被認(rèn)為是個(gè)優(yōu)秀的英語教師。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)第二種句型，主動(dòng)句中賓語從句的主語變成主動(dòng)句的主語，賓語從句的謂語變成不定式短語。）類似的句型還有：It is said that.據(jù)說.；

16、 It is reported that.據(jù)報(bào)道.； It isbelieved that.人們相信.； It is though that.人們認(rèn)為.； It is well known that.眾所周知.。八、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的情況1、動(dòng)詞want, need, require, deserve作“需要”解釋時(shí)，后接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式 表示被動(dòng)意思，這時(shí)動(dòng)名詞和句中的主語存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。例如：As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need repairing.2、 “系動(dòng)

17、詞 look, sound, feel, taste, smell, prove, appear+容詞”構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)， 主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)意思。例如： I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend. Sounds good.3、表示主語的某種屬性特征的動(dòng)詞，如“ write, read, sell, keep, dry, eat, wash+ 詞”，常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)；act, keep, lock, move, open, shut, sta也表示被動(dòng)意思。4、形容詞worth 后接動(dòng)名詞，主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)意思。例如：This book is

18、30 dollars, but it is worth reading.5、不定式to blame表示被動(dòng)意思。例如：Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one to blame.6、某些動(dòng)詞不能構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)：A.動(dòng)詞leave, enter, reachl的賓語是表示住所、地點(diǎn)等時(shí)；B. 表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞become, benefit, cost, contain, equal, fit, fail, have, lack, last,mean, seem, resemble, suit, look like；C. 下列不及物動(dòng)詞和短語動(dòng)詞appear, die, disappear, happen, lie, occur, rise,agree with, belong to, break out, consist o