名詞的基本用法

1、(一一)名詞名詞 對名詞的考查通常在試題中占對名詞的考查通常在試題中占10%左右左右,主要主要是名詞的數(shù)的變化是名詞的數(shù)的變化 (特別是不規(guī)則變化的名詞復特別是不規(guī)則變化的名詞復數(shù)數(shù))、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的區(qū)別以及名詞所、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的區(qū)別以及名詞所有格的運用。在完型填空中?？疾煸~義的分辨。有格的運用。在完型填空中?？疾煸~義的分辨。 一、名詞的分類一、名詞的分類 二、常用不可數(shù)名詞二、常用不可數(shù)名詞 三、可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式和名詞所有格三、可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式和名詞所有格 四、名詞的構成四、名詞的構成 專有名詞與普通名詞專有名詞與普通名詞名詞可分為兩大類：名詞可分為兩大類：*專有名詞專有

2、名詞(proper nouns)*普通名詞普通名詞(common nouns)專有名詞主要指人名、地名或某類人或事物的名稱，專有名詞主要指人名、地名或某類人或事物的名稱，如：如：*人名：人名：Diana，Einstein，Miss Brown，President Bush；*地名：地名：Asia，Kensington Gardens，the Yellow River，*某些人的名稱：某些人的名稱：Americans，Chinese，Japanese，*某些抽象事物的名稱：某些抽象事物的名稱：Buddhism，Geneva Conference, *月份、周日及節(jié)日名詞：月份、周日及節(jié)日名詞：J

3、une，Monday，Easter，*書名、電影及詩歌名：書名、電影及詩歌名：A Tale of Two Cities， Gone with the Wind，Ode to the West Wind(西風頌西風頌)，*對家人的稱呼：對家人的稱呼：Mum，Dad，Auntie，Uncle Tom專有名詞開頭的字母要大寫。專有名詞開頭的字母要大寫。 普通名詞可分為四類：普通名詞可分為四類：*個體名詞個體名詞(individual nouns)；*集體名詞集體名詞(collective nouns)；*物質名詞物質名詞(mass nouns)；*抽象名詞抽象名詞(abstract nouns)。其

4、中個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)來數(shù)的，稱為其中個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)來數(shù)的，稱為 可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞(countable nouns)；物質名詞和抽象名詞是無法以數(shù)計的，稱為物質名詞和抽象名詞是無法以數(shù)計的，稱為 不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞(uncountable nouns)。 個體名詞個體名詞個體名詞指作為個體而存在的人或東西，可以個體名詞指作為個體而存在的人或東西，可以指具體東西，如：指具體東西，如： She has three brothers.她有三個哥哥。她有三個哥哥。也可指抽象的東西，如：也可指抽象的東西，如： Hes been here for a month.他在這里待一他在這里待

5、一星期了。星期了。 下面是一些常見的個體名詞：下面是一些常見的個體名詞：accident actor baby bank battle beach camp captain star station task teacher tent thought woman集體名詞集體名詞集體名詞是由個體組成的集體的名稱，下面集體名詞是由個體組成的集體的名稱，下面是一些常見的集體名詞：是一些常見的集體名詞： army audience committee community company crew enemy family flock gang government group herd media n

6、avy police public staff team 這些詞本身有復數(shù)這些詞本身有復數(shù) (注明者除外注明者除外)，帶復數(shù)，帶復數(shù)動詞，表示多個集體。動詞，表示多個集體。 單數(shù)集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復單數(shù)集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復數(shù)看待。一般說來，作為整體時作單數(shù)看待，數(shù)看待。一般說來，作為整體時作單數(shù)看待，想到它包含的成員時作復數(shù)看待。想到它包含的成員時作復數(shù)看待。 公眾支持它的可能性不大。公眾支持它的可能性不大。 The public was unlikely to support it. 公眾受到報紙的蒙騙。公眾受到報紙的蒙騙。 The public were decei

7、ved by the newspapers. 敵人受到重大損失。敵人受到重大損失。 The enemy has suffered heavy losses. 敵軍正在攻打該城。敵軍正在攻打該城。 The enemy were attacking the town. 觀眾自始至終欣賞這次演出。觀眾自始至終欣賞這次演出。 The audience enjoys every minute of the performance. 觀眾有形形色色的穿著。觀眾有形形色色的穿著。 The audience are dressed in a variety of ways. 物質名詞物質名詞 物質名詞指不可分

8、成個體的物質。下面是一物質名詞指不可分成個體的物質。下面是一些常見的物質名詞：些常見的物質名詞： beer cheese cloth coal cotton jam jellyjuice meat medicine oil paint paper perfume plastics poison salad snow tea whisky wine wood yoghurt *有些物質名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示有些物質名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份一份”，“一杯一杯”等：等：A dozen beers，please. 請來一打啤酒請來一打啤酒 *有些物質名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示有些物質名詞可用作可

9、數(shù)名詞，表示“一種一種”：It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms. 這是一種特別的茶，有橘子花味。這是一種特別的茶，有橘子花味。 抽象名詞抽象名詞 抽象名詞主要指一些抽象概念的名稱，它抽象名詞主要指一些抽象概念的名稱，它們一般是不可數(shù)的，沒有復數(shù)形式，前面也不們一般是不可數(shù)的，沒有復數(shù)形式，前面也不能加冠詞能加冠詞a，an。下面是一些常見的抽象名詞：。下面是一些常見的抽象名詞： angerbeauty childhoodcomfort confidence courageexperience failure faith fash

10、ion fear freedom fun growth respect safety silencetruth violence waste wealth 在多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞都用于單數(shù)形式，在多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞都用于單數(shù)形式，并不加任何冠詞：并不加任何冠詞： Knowledge is power. 知識就是力量。知識就是力量。(諺諺)二、常用不可數(shù)名詞：二、常用不可數(shù)名詞： 主要是物質名詞和抽象名詞主要是物質名詞和抽象名詞 advice 忠告主意忠告主意 age 年齡年齡 baggage 行李行李 beauty 美麗，漂亮美麗，漂亮 bread 面包面包 beer 啤酒啤酒 campin

11、g 露營露營 cloth 布布 coffee 咖啡咖啡 courage 勇氣勇氣 cream 奶油奶油 damage 損害損害 death 死亡死亡 dust 塵土塵土 experience 經驗經驗 fear 擔心擔心 furniture 家具家具 glass 玻璃玻璃 gold 黃金黃金 help 幫助幫助 hope 希望希望 hair 頭發(fā)頭發(fā) homework 作業(yè)作業(yè) horror 恐懼恐懼 ice 冰冰 information 消息信息消息信息 jam 果醬果醬 juice 飲料飲料 knowledge 知識知識 luggage 行李行李mercy 仁慈仁慈 money 金錢金錢

12、oil 油油 paper 紙紙 pity 同情同情 shopping 購物購物 soap 肥皂肥皂 steak 牛排牛排 stone 石頭石頭 suspicion 猜疑猜疑 silver 銀銀 tea 茶茶 water 水水 weather 天氣天氣 wind 風風 wine 葡萄酒葡萄酒 wood 木頭木頭 work 工作工作 不可數(shù)名詞量的表達不可數(shù)名詞量的表達a piece of news 一條消息一條消息 a box of milk 一盒牛奶一盒牛奶 a cake of soap 一塊肥皂一塊肥皂 a drop of oil 一滴油一滴油 a grain of sand 一粒沙子一粒沙

13、子 a pane of glass 一塊玻璃一塊玻璃 a piece of advice 一條忠告一條忠告 a pot of jam 一罐果醬一罐果醬 a sheet of paper 一頁紙一頁紙 a glass of beer 一杯啤酒一杯啤酒 三、可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式：三、可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式： 有規(guī)則和不規(guī)則兩種。有規(guī)則和不規(guī)則兩種。 A. 規(guī)則變化規(guī)則變化(1) 一般在詞尾加一般在詞尾加 -s。如。如:dog dogs(2) 以以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞加結尾的名詞加 -es。 如如: bus buses, box boxes, watch watches, wish wish

14、es (3)以以“輔音字母輔音字母+y”結尾的名詞結尾的名詞,變變y為為i加加-es。 如如:country countries, city cities 特別提示特別提示 如果名詞以如果名詞以“元音字母元音字母 + y”結尾結尾,則直接在則直接在名詞的后面加名詞的后面加-s構成復數(shù)。如構成復數(shù)。如: toy toys, day days(4)以以o結尾的名詞多數(shù)直接加結尾的名詞多數(shù)直接加-s, 只有只有 potato, tomato, Negro, hero 等少數(shù)名詞等少數(shù)名詞加加-es構成復數(shù)。構成復數(shù)。(5)以以f, fe結尾的名詞結尾的名詞, 變變f, fe為為v 再加再加 -es。

15、 如如: knife knives, shelf shelvesB. 不規(guī)則變化不規(guī)則變化(1)少數(shù)名詞的變化是不規(guī)則的。少數(shù)名詞的變化是不規(guī)則的。 如如: tooth teeth, man men, woman women, child children (2)在表示某國人的名詞中在表示某國人的名詞中,Chinese和和Japanese這兩個詞這兩個詞 的單、復數(shù)形式相同。的單、復數(shù)形式相同。 如如: a Chinese two Chinese (3)還有其它一些單、復數(shù)相同的名詞。還有其它一些單、復數(shù)相同的名詞。 如如: deer deer, sheep sheep, fish fish

16、(fish表示不同種類的魚時表示不同種類的魚時,其復數(shù)形式也可以為其復數(shù)形式也可以為fishes) (4)有些名詞只以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。如有些名詞只以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。如:clothes, trousers, glasses 這些名詞做主語時這些名詞做主語時, 謂語動詞要用復數(shù)。謂語動詞要用復數(shù)。 如如: My clothes are newer than yours.(5) 有些名詞看似復數(shù)形式有些名詞看似復數(shù)形式,實際上是單數(shù)。實際上是單數(shù)。 如如:maths, physics，politics (6)有些復合名詞變成復數(shù)時有些復合名詞變成復數(shù)時,只將復合名詞的主體詞變?yōu)橹粚秃厦~的主體詞變?yōu)閺?/p>

17、數(shù)。但當復數(shù)。但當man, woman作定語構成的復合名詞變復數(shù)時作定語構成的復合名詞變復數(shù)時,前后兩部分都要變復數(shù)。如前后兩部分都要變復數(shù)。如: a boy student two boy students a woman doctor six women doctors (7)一些集體名詞以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)一些集體名詞以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實際上為復數(shù)。但實際上為復數(shù)。 如如:people, police等本身就是復數(shù)等本身就是復數(shù),不能說不能說a people, a police, 但可以說但可以說 a person, a policeman。特別提示特別提示 family也是一個集體名詞也是一

18、個集體名詞,指一個家庭的整體時指一個家庭的整體時,用作用作 單數(shù)單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;強調家庭成員個體時強調家庭成員個體時, 用作復數(shù)用作復數(shù),謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。如: His family is a happy one. The family are enjoying themselves at the party. 名詞所有格名詞所有格 用來表示名詞在句子中的所屬關系。用來表示名詞在句子中的所屬關系。1. 名詞所有格一般由下列方法構成名詞所有格一般由下列方法構成:(1)一般情況下在名詞后加一般情況下在名詞后加“s”。如。如:Toms book(2

19、)若是以若是以s結尾的復數(shù)名詞結尾的復數(shù)名詞,在在s后加后加“ ”即可。即可。 如如: Teachers Day 不以不以s結尾的復數(shù)名詞的所有格結尾的復數(shù)名詞的所有格, 則仍按慣例加則仍按慣例加“s”。如。如:Childrens Day2. 關于名詞所有格關于名詞所有格, 應掌握以下幾點應掌握以下幾點: (1)名詞所有格表示地點時名詞所有格表示地點時,后面的名詞?？梢允∪?。如后面的名詞?？梢允∪?。如: to my uncles (去我叔叔家去我叔叔家), at the doctors (在診所在診所)(2)表示兩人共同擁有表示兩人共同擁有,在最后一個名詞后加在最后一個名詞后加“s”即可。即可

20、。 如如: Lucy and Lilys room (兩人共同的房間兩人共同的房間) 如果表示兩者各自所屬關系如果表示兩者各自所屬關系,應該在每個后面加應該在每個后面加“s”, 這時所修飾的名詞要用復數(shù)。如這時所修飾的名詞要用復數(shù)。如: Lucys and Lilys rooms (兩人均有自己的房間兩人均有自己的房間)(3)名詞表示無生命的東西時名詞表示無生命的東西時,其所有格形式一般其所有格形式一般 由由 “名詞名詞+of +名詞名詞” 構成。如構成。如: a map of China (4)名詞的雙重所有格。名詞的雙重所有格。 “of + 名詞名詞s” 這種形式這種形式 稱為名詞的雙重所

21、有格稱為名詞的雙重所有格,常用來表示整體中的常用來表示整體中的 一部分。如一部分。如: He is a friend of Li Mings. (他是李明的朋友。他是李明的朋友。) （一）、只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞語有（一）、只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞語有: many, many a(n), a good / great many, a (great / large) number of, scores of, dozens of 等。等。 （二）、只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞語有（二）、只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞語有: much, a great deal of, a great / large amount

22、of 等。等。 （三）、既能修飾可數(shù)名詞又能修飾不可數(shù)名（三）、既能修飾可數(shù)名詞又能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞語有詞的詞語有: a lot of, lots of, plenty of (以上三個以上三個詞語后謂語動詞的數(shù)依詞語后謂語動詞的數(shù)依of 后的名詞的單復數(shù)后的名詞的單復數(shù)而定而定), a great / large quantity of (其后謂其后謂語用單數(shù)語用單數(shù)), quantities of (其后謂語用復數(shù)其后謂語用復數(shù))。 1、花園里還有許多雪。、花園里還有許多雪。 There is still lots of snow in the garden.2、大廳里放了很多鮮花。、大

23、廳里放了很多鮮花。 A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall.3、櫥柜里有許多食物。、櫥柜里有許多食物。 There are large quantities of food in the cupboard. 4、很多學生都游覽過長城。、很多學生都游覽過長城。 Many a student has (=many students have) visited the Great Wall. (謂語動詞用單數(shù)謂語動詞用單數(shù))5、開張后的頭幾天、開張后的頭幾天,很多人去了那兒。很多人去了那兒。 A large number of peopl

24、e went there in the first few days after its opening.四、名詞的構成四、名詞的構成 主要有主要有三三種：種： 合成合成、派生派生與與轉化轉化。. 合成合成 : 由兩個或更多的詞合成一個詞。由兩個或更多的詞合成一個詞。class + room = classroom (名詞名詞+名詞名詞)black+ board= blackboard (形容詞形容詞+名詞名詞)friendship，greenhouse， fire-fighter，bus-stop， son-in-law (女婿女婿)，editor-in-chief (總編總編)， fire

25、 station (消防站消防站)，music lessons (音樂課音樂課)，drinking water(飲用水飲用水)，sleeping-pills(安眠藥安眠藥) sunbathing(日光浴日光浴)，weightlifting(舉重舉重) a black sheep(敗家子敗家子)，a green house(溫室溫室) breakdown(失敗失敗) 2、轉化、轉化stop v. 停止停止 - n.車站車站love v. 愛愛 - n. 愛愛watch v. 觀看觀看 - n. 手表手表look v. 看看- have a look n. 看看 walk v. 散步散步,走走-

26、take a walk n.散步散步love v. 愛愛- your love n. 愛愛3、派生、派生-tion education, invitation, prediction-ment development, movement, disappointment -er teacher, worker, runner, singer -or visitor, sailor, tutor, actor -ist ( 人人,名詞后綴名詞后綴) scientist, terrorist -ese ( 民族民族,語言語言,名詞后綴名詞后綴) Chinese, Japanese -ness hap

27、piness, sadness, carelessness -ity ability, possibility 名詞單句改錯專題訓練名詞單句改錯專題訓練 A級級 1. What a lot of works I have to finish today! 2. Both Marx and Engels were Germen.3. What a beautiful weather we are having recently!4. Most of them are woman doctors.5. He wrote a three-hundred-words report.workGerman

28、swomenword6. There are four baskets of apple in that room.7. This computer cost me eight thousands yuan.8. Mr. Zhang looks very happy today. He has got many good news from here.9. This hat of my fathers is rather old.10.He made many mistakes in his composition because of careless.applesthousandmuchc

29、arelessnessB級級 1. Will you please make a room for the lady outside?2. The number of the students in our school are increasing.3. She has made some progresses in English.4. His work is better than anyone else.5. Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no way but to take a taxi.isprogresselseschoi

30、ce6. He dropped the coffees cup and broke it.7. He gained his wealths by printing works of famous writers.8. I spent last weekend with the Palmers.9. My brother has had one of his tooth taken out.10.Youll find this map of great valuable in helping you to get round London. coffeewealthteethvalue一、語法填

31、空之名詞基礎練習一、語法填空之名詞基礎練習 1Father went to his doctor for_ (advise) about his heart trouble 2. There are ten_ (woman) teachers and two hundred _(girl) students in the school 3. Facing cut-throat(激烈的激烈的) _ (compete) in all subjects, students must devote as much of their time as possible. 4. I shall never

32、fear difficulty and I shall never know the _ (exist) of the word “failure”. 5. Youll want to know your body language is saying and how to interpret other _(people). advicewomengirlcompetitionexistencepeoples6. Not long ago he sent _(word) that he would return with his family. 7. She was in London an

33、d spent her _(young) in China. 8. The _ (erupt) of Mount Kilauea, one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii, is always taking people by surprise. 9. His _ (curious) made him wonder about clouds. 10. Except for some short songs and poems included in his plays, all of _ (Shakespeare) greatest poems a

34、re sonnet( 十十四行詩四行詩). Word(消息消息)youtheruptioncuriosityShakespeares11. The number of languages is getting smaller all the time because of the steady _ (grow) of bigger languages. 12. Tight jeans and trousers, short skirts and even sensible flat shoes may all cause _ (ill). 13. Reduce the amount of it

35、 if you suffered from restlessness or _ (sleep) after taking the medicine. 14. I saw many _ (Japan) seated in the corner and reading something. 15. You should take more _(exercise). Dont always sit at the desk busy doing your _(exercise). growthillnesssleeplessJapaneseexerciseexercises二、高考與各地模擬題中語法填

36、空中的名詞考點二、高考與各地模擬題中語法填空中的名詞考點 1Mr Chen has taught me English since Junior 1, and to show my_ (appreciate) I decided to get her a present. (07廣州一模廣州一模) 2. You have done well and made great achievement in the _ (entertain) field. (08惠一?；菀荒? 3. These people have made great _ (contribute) to China with t

37、heir work.（08茂名茂名二模）二模） appreciationentertainmentcontributions4. As far as I am concerned, my _ (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English within easy reach. (08惠二?；荻? 5. I took out my guide book in which there was a lot of information about the citys well-known touris

38、t _ (attract) and started to read. (08廣一模廣一模)6. But some have put forward the idea that the remains date from this period because of their _ (similar) to those found elsewhere. (08廣二模廣二模) suggestionattractionssimilarities7. She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her wor

39、ld; a world of smiles, love and _ ( warm ) (08深圳一模深圳一模) 8. We convey either by words or by actions that failure is something to be ashamed of and that nothing but top performance meets with our _ (approve). (08深圳二模深圳二模) 9. Some things looked as if they had not been cared for a long time, but I knew

40、their _( beautify) was still there beneath their own surface. (09深圳一模擬深圳一模擬) warmthapprovalbeauty A cat called Mayor Stubbs is celebrating 15 years in charge of the town of Talkeetna, Alaska. Stubbs was 1._ (elect) mayor as a joke by the towns 900 2._ (resident) just after he was born, and has been

41、in charge ever since. He does all the things mayors are supposed to do, 3._ (sell) the town to outside investors by appearing in local and national 4._ (magazine) and news articles, meeting the 5._ (vote) as they visit him in the local shops, and receiving official correspondence 6._ the form of car

42、ds and letters from well wishers. Stubbs job 7._ (come) with some benefits - food and a chalice (a wine glass with his name 8._ (write) on it). The towns unusual 9._ (choose) of mayor has made 10._ something of a sensation（轟動一時的事情）（轟動一時的事情）in the US.electedresidentssellingmagazines votersincomeswrittencho