英漢語言對比抽象與具體

1、Part VAbstract vs. Concrete I English: Abstract II Chinese: Concrete Abstract style is used widely in English, especially in Social Science Works Official Articals Newspaper Remarks Leagal Style Commercial Letters Translate the following sentences: 1 管理體制需要改革，這已越來越清楚了。 2. 行政管理工作已變得越來越困難了，每年都證明確實如此。

2、3只要有什么惡作劇，總免不了有彼得在內(nèi)。 4我知道他在申請公司的一個職位。 5要是你媽媽看到你的褲子撕破了，你準(zhǔn)得吃苦頭。 6如果這次買賣可以賺到錢，我打算湊一份 7因為喬治向老師報告鮑勃考試作弊，鮑勃就對喬治懷恨在心。 Abstract English Main Characteristics: 1 Norminalization 2 Preparation 1 Norminalization 1.1 prefix and suffix 1.2 lexicalization 1）讀寫能力 literacy 2）把-從其所處的環(huán)境（語境）中分離出來 decontextualization 3）

3、冒險把危急局勢推到局限，玩弄邊緣政策的手法 brinkmanship 4）不用腦子，愚笨，無知；不注意，粗心大意；無需動腦筋 mindlessness 5）保護消費者利益運動；（主張以消費刺激經(jīng)濟的）消費主義 consumerism 6）新聞節(jié)目主持人的語言風(fēng)格或用語 anchormanese An excessive reliance on the noun at the expense of the verb will, in the end, detach the mind of the writer from the realities of here and now, from wh

4、en and how and in what mood the thing was done, and intensibly induce a habit of abstraction, generalization and vagueness. 這類名詞含義概括，指稱籠統(tǒng)，覆蓋面廣，往往有一種“虛、泛、隱、暗、曲”的魅力，因而便于用來表達復(fù)雜的思想和微妙的情緒。 1). 管理體制需要改革，這已越來越清楚了。 It is becoming clear that the administrative system must be modified The signs of the times p

5、oint to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration. 2). 行政管理工作已變得越來越困難了，每年都證明確實如此。 Every year shows again how true it is that- No year passes now without evidence of the truth of the statement that the work of government is becoming increasingly difficult. 2 Preparation 介詞本來就是

6、虛詞，在英語里十分活躍。介詞可構(gòu)成各種各樣的短語或成語，其意義有時虛幻得難以捉摸。1) 只要有什么惡作劇，總免不了有彼得在內(nèi)。be in atIf any mischief was going forward, Peter was sure to be in at it.2) 我知道他在申請公司的一個職位。be in forI understand hes in for a job in the company3) 要是你媽媽看到你的褲子撕破了，你準(zhǔn)得吃苦頭。be in for itWhen your mother sees your torn trousers, youll be in fo

7、r it 4) 如果這次買賣可以賺到錢，我打算湊一份。 in on If theres any profit to be got out of the deal, Im going to be in on it. 5)因為喬治向老師報告鮑勃考試作弊，鮑勃就對喬治懷恨在心。 have it in for somebody Bob has it in for George because George told the teacher that Bob cheated in the exam. Why Abstract style is so popular in English? I Abstr

8、act Mind 1 Logical and rational-abstract As O. Jesperson pointed out: An Englishman does not like to commit himself by being enthusiastic or too distressed, and his language accordingly grows sober, too sober perhaps, and even barren when the object is to express emotions. 2 Abatract mind is regarde

9、d as superior mind which is a mark of civilized man.As O. Jesperson pointed out: Civilization means among other things increase of abstrct terms and decrease of superfluous special words. The more advanced a language is, the more developed is its power of expressing abstract or general ideas. 1)The

10、absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. (= No news is good news) 沒有消息即表明有令人滿意的進展。 2)Was this the realization of an anticipated liability? (=Did you expect you would have to do this?) 你有沒有預(yù)料到你必須做這件事？ 3)必須等到有了這批新設(shè)備，才能購買這批貨 The purchase should not be completed until the n

11、ew facilities are available. The actual date of the completion of the purchase should coincide with the availability of the new facilities. 4)醫(yī)院某些醫(yī)護人員在手術(shù)前后都非常粗心 Some of the hospital staff were very careless both before and after the operation. A high degree of carelessness, pre-operative and post-op

12、erative, on the part of some of the hospital staff, took place. 5)缺乏數(shù)據(jù)會使準(zhǔn)確的統(tǒng)計變得很困難。 Lack of figures may make it difficult to produce accurate statistics The lack of figures may prove to be an obstacle to the efficiency of the whole of the proposed statistical content of the exercise. II Application

13、of abstract words can avoid subjective mood. 1) Survival of the Fittest Those individuals of a species are preserved that are best adapted for their enviroments 2) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 3) Beauty is Truth, Truth Beauty III Many abstract nouns which are derived fro

14、m adjectives and verbs can produce miniaturization of complex structures. Jesperson said this is handy expressions for complex thoughts. 最基本禮貌的缺乏會導(dǎo)致一個憤怒與混亂的社會。 The fact that we lack manners which are standardized results in an often angry, chaotic society. The lack of standadization of manners resul

15、ts in an often angry, chaotic society. (College English) Conclusion: Abstract style is used excessively in English. Some stylists recommend mixed diction The concern with abstraction characteristic of ancient Greek philosophy has no counterpart in Chinese philosophy. Chinese philosophers quite expli

16、citly favored the most concrete sense impressions in understanding the world. In fact, the Chinese language itself is remarkably concrete. Concrete Chinese 1.漢語的哲學(xué)背景是儒、道、佛的悟性。悟性有直覺性和形象性的特征，因而中國人自古以來就擅長直覺思維和形象思維。采用意象-聯(lián)想-類比來替代概念-判斷-推理的邏輯論證。 They put greater emphasisi on sense, feeling,impression,imagi

17、nery,figuration,metaphorization,imagination, association etc. rather than reason, rationality, logic, concept, judgement, inference, etc. 2.漢語是意象性語言，文字符號具有象形，會意和形聲的特點。 2.1漢字模擬自然現(xiàn)象和客觀事物。 2.2成語、諺語、典故、歇后語有豐富的形象色彩。 2.3疊詞生動逼真地表現(xiàn)聽覺、視覺、嗅覺、味覺和觸覺 林語堂： 將英語的科學(xué)論文翻譯為漢語是最難的，因為充滿抽象詞語。將漢語的詩歌，優(yōu)美的散文，翻譯成英語也是最難的，因為每個名詞

18、都是一個意象。 I 漢譯英時可采用如下手段來表達英語的抽象意義。 1動詞取代抽象名詞 2用范疇詞使抽象概念具體化。 3用具體的詞語闡釋抽象的詞義。 4用形象詞語使抽象意義具體化(figuration)。 1 動詞取代抽象名詞動詞取代抽象名詞 英語大量的行為抽象名詞(action-noun)表示行為或動作意義，由這類名詞構(gòu)成的短語相當(dāng)于主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或動賓結(jié)構(gòu)。 漢語若用相應(yīng)的名詞表達，不自然，不通順。在英漢轉(zhuǎn)換中，漢語可以充分利用其動詞優(yōu)勢，以動代靜，以實代虛。 1) I marveled at the relentless(無情的) determination of the rain. 雨無情地下

19、個不停，我感到驚異。 2) He had surfaced（表面） with less visibility in the policy decisions. 在決策過程中，他已經(jīng)不那么拋頭露面了。 3)High blood pressure is a contraindication（禁忌癥侯） for this drug. 高血壓患者忌服此藥。 4) These problems defy（不服從，藐視，違抗） easy classification. 這些問題難以歸類。 5)In handling the materials of history, each act of selecti

20、on is also an act of judgment, and therefore the charge of bias is never completely answerable. 在處理歷史資料時，每選一項資料就是作出一種判斷，因此不能說完全沒有偏見。 2 用范疇詞使抽象概念具體化。用范疇詞使抽象概念具體化。 范疇詞(category words)用來表示行為、現(xiàn)象、屬性等概念所屬的范疇，是漢語常用的特指手段。 complexity relativity display corrosive jealousy arrogance eccentricity lightheartedne

21、ss 1) We have winked at these irregularities too long 我們對這些越軌行為寬容的太久了。 2) He was described as impressed by Dengs flexibility. 據(jù)說他對鄧的靈活態(tài)度印象深刻。 3) What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties 那時他們最渴望的就是結(jié)束這搖擺不定的局面。 4) He discussed greatness and excellence 他探討了偉大和杰出的含義。 5) He spoke with firmness, b

22、ut his face was very sad and his eyes at times were dim. 他講話時，態(tài)度堅定，但面帶愁容，時而眼神暗淡。 6) This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of greatness which can build a new and a better world. 現(xiàn)在該是我們兩國人民為締造一個嶄新的、更加美好的世界而攀登這一偉大境界高峰的時候了。 3 用具體的詞語闡釋抽象的詞義。用具體的詞語闡釋抽象的詞義。 英語抽象詞的含義比較籠統(tǒng)、概括、虛泛，在漢語里往往找不到

23、對應(yīng)的詞來表達，這時常要借助具體的詞語來解釋其抽象的詞義。 As Peter Newmark pointed out : As a last resort, explanation is the translation. 1) No country should claim infallibility（絕無錯誤，絕對可靠） 任何國家都不應(yīng)自稱一貫正確。 2)The stars twinkled in transparent（透明的，顯然的，明晰的） clarity 星星在清澈的晴空中閃爍。 3) This rambling propensity（傾向） strengthened with ye

24、ars 歲月增添，游興更濃 4) To help myself live without fault, I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues. These virtues are 1 Temperance 2 Self-control 3 Silence 4 Order 5 Firmness of mind 6 Savings 7 Industry 8 Honesty 9 Justice 10 Cleanliness 11 Calmness 12 Morality 13 Humbleness 為了使自己生活中不犯錯誤，特列出我認為應(yīng)

25、該身體力行的13條守則。這些守則是： 1節(jié)制飲食 2 自我克制 3 沉默寡言 4 有條不紊 5 堅定信念 6勤儉節(jié)約 7工作勤奮 8忠誠老實 9辦事公正 10 衣履整潔 11 平心靜氣 12品行高尚 13 謙虛恭順 4 用形象詞語使抽象意義具體(figuration) 漢語雖缺乏抽象詞語，但形象性詞語（比喻、成語、諺語、歇后語）相當(dāng)豐富。漢語常借助這類生動具體的詞語表達英語抽象籠統(tǒng)的意義。 disintegration ardent loyalty far-sightedness perfect harmony impudence careful consideration total exh

26、austion feed on fancies with great eagerness offend public decency make a little contribution on the verge of destruction await with great anxiety lack of perseverance 1) He was open now to charges of willful（任性的） blindness. 這時人們指責(zé)他裝聾作啞 2)He waited for her arrival with a frenzied （狂熱的，激怒的）agitation（激動，興奮） 他等她來，急得象熱鍋上的螞蟻 3) I talked to him with brutal frankness. 我對他講的話，雖然逆耳，卻是忠