機械設(shè)計外文文獻翻譯、中英文翻譯

1、Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply

2、 to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. A

3、pplications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design ；Rules for Design ；Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need

4、real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to

5、 design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must

6、 propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin

7、in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the

8、 several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and e

9、nergy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be

10、made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied,

11、tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most commo

12、n problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years,

13、many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unp

14、roven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating th

15、e direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the

16、 above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding. Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will underg

17、o certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some

18、 Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products. To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are sug

19、gested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions

20、.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing p

21、rocess and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly. Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading

22、analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading. 3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis. 4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery. 5. Discuss

23、es thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue. 6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques. 7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application 8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and

24、 stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing. 9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs. 10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners. 11. Introduces the design and specificatio

25、n of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, ma

26、terials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appear

27、ance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is de

28、sirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. T

29、he computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does

30、 the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact al

31、l is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation o

32、n the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the disc

33、overy and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need t

34、his kind of product.Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and

35、 the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can c

36、ause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the

37、time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasing

38、ly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.機械設(shè)計摘要：機器是由機械裝置和其它組件組成的。它是一種用來轉(zhuǎn)換或傳遞能量的裝置，例如：發(fā)動機、渦輪機、車輛、起重機、印刷機、洗衣機、照相機和攝影機等。許多原則和設(shè)計方法不但適用于

39、機器的設(shè)計，也適用于非機器的設(shè)計。術(shù)語中的“機械裝置設(shè)計” 的含義要比“機械設(shè)計”的含義更為廣泛一些，機械裝置設(shè)計包括機械設(shè)計。在分析運動及設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)時，要把產(chǎn)品外型以及以后的保養(yǎng)也要考慮在機械設(shè)計中。在機械工程領(lǐng)域中，以及其它工程領(lǐng)域中，所有這些都需要機械設(shè)備，比如：開關(guān)、凸輪、閥門、船舶以及攪拌機等。關(guān)鍵詞： 設(shè)計流程 ； 設(shè)計規(guī)則 ； 機械設(shè)計設(shè)計流程設(shè)計開始之前就要想到機器的實際性，現(xiàn)存的機器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的機器必需具有以前機器所能執(zhí)行的功能。在設(shè)計的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不要受到任何約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實際的想法，也會在設(shè)

40、計的早期，即在繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,還要提出幾套設(shè)計方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在這個計劃最后決定中,使用了某些不在計劃之內(nèi)的一些設(shè)想。一般的當(dāng)外型特點和組件部分的尺寸特點分析得透徹時，就可以全面的設(shè)計和分析。接著還要客觀的分析機器性能的優(yōu)越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且競爭力的成本也要考慮在分析結(jié)果之內(nèi)。每一個至關(guān)重要的部分要優(yōu)化它的比例和尺寸，同時也要保持與其它組成部分相協(xié)調(diào)。也要選擇原材料和處理原材料的方法。通過力學(xué)原理來分析和實現(xiàn)這些重要的特性，如那些靜態(tài)反應(yīng)的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像動力慣性、加速動力和能量；包括彈性材料的強度、應(yīng)力和剛

41、度等材料的物理特性，以及流體潤滑和驅(qū)動器的流體力學(xué)。設(shè)計的過程是重復(fù)和合作的過程，無論是正式或非正式的進行，對設(shè)計者來說每個階段都很重要。最后，以圖樣為設(shè)計的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并建立將來的模型。如果它的測試是符合事先要求的，則再將對初步設(shè)計進行某些修改，使它能夠在制造成本上有所降低。產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計需要不斷探索和發(fā)展。許多方案必須被研究、試驗、完善，然后決定使用還是放棄。雖然每個工程學(xué)問題的內(nèi)容是獨特的，但是設(shè)計師可以按照類似的步驟來解決問題。產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計人員和公司在選擇材料時，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個最常見的問題為：（a） 不了解或者不會使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；（b） 未

42、能預(yù)見和考慮材料的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計人員還應(yīng)進一步預(yù)測和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；（c） 所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其性能數(shù)據(jù)長期不更新；（d） 質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗證；（e） 由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。通過對上述五個問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由而存在的結(jié)論。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)而指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量

43、。從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對材料的性質(zhì)，特點和加工方法有一個全面而基本的了解。在隨后生產(chǎn)和售后服務(wù)的幾年中，要接受新觀念的變化，或者由試驗和經(jīng)驗為基礎(chǔ)，進一步分析并改進。設(shè)計規(guī)則在本節(jié)中，建議要運用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度來替代和改進。也許會創(chuàng)造出更實用、更經(jīng)濟、更耐用的產(chǎn)品。為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，下列是設(shè)計和分析的建議規(guī)則。前六個規(guī)則對設(shè)計者來說特別適用。1. 要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過程。2. 認(rèn)識負(fù)載產(chǎn)生的影響及其意義。3. 預(yù)測沒有想到的負(fù)載。4. 創(chuàng)造出對載荷更為有利的條件。5. 提供良好的應(yīng)力分布和最小的剛度條件。6. 運用最簡單的方程來優(yōu)化體積和面積。7. 選擇組合材料。8. 仔細選擇所備的原料和不可缺少的組件。9. 調(diào)整有效的設(shè)計方案，以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)過程和降低成本。10. 規(guī)定好準(zhǔn)確的位置條件為了使組件安裝時不干涉。機械設(shè)計包括一下內(nèi)容：1. 對設(shè)計過程、設(shè)計所需要公式以及安全系數(shù)進行介紹。2. 回顧材料特性、靜態(tài)和動態(tài)載荷分析，包