音標(biāo)教學(xué)文件

1、Phonetic Phonetic symbolssymbols音標(biāo)音標(biāo)NicoleNicole國際音標(biāo)國際音標(biāo) 元音元音分類：分類：英語中共有英語中共有48個音標(biāo)，元音個音標(biāo)，元音20個，輔音個，輔音28個。個。單元音單元音雙元音雙元音前元音前元音中元音中元音后元音后元音/i:/, /, /e/, /:/, /, /u:/, /, /:/, /, /:/e/, /a/, /, /, /a/, /, /e/, / 輔音輔音爆破音爆破音磨檫音磨檫音 鼻音鼻音半元音半元音舌邊音舌邊音/ p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/f/, /v/, /, /3 /, / /,/ /, /s

2、/, /z/, /h/, /r/ , /t/, /d3/, /tr/, /dr/ ,/ts/, /dz/m/, /n/, /l/w/, /j/Vowels（元音）（元音） -pure vowels（單元音）（單元音）前元音：前元音： /i:/, /, /e/, /發(fā)單元音時(shí)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)：發(fā)單元音時(shí)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)：1.舌前部在活動舌前部在活動2.舌端抵下齒舌端抵下齒3.從從/i:/ /i/ /e/ /口形漸口形漸大大/i:/例詞：例詞： he s tree 短語：短語： green leaves deep sea clean street eat the meat 例句：例句： A: Would

3、you like coffee or tea? B: Tea, please. A: OK. I have tea, too./- /i/例詞：例詞： pin ship hill chicks短語：短語： a big ship fifty pictures Miss Smith interesting films例句：例句： A: Is Lily in? B: Lily is ill in bed. C: Oh, Im sorry./e/-/例詞：例詞： pen head leg well短語：短語： ten pence very well expensive cigarettes went

4、to America例句：例句： A: How did you spend your holiday? B: I went to Beijing. A: Was it expensive? B: Yes ,very./例詞：例詞： apple lantern hand parachute短語短語： black cat mad man traveling bag matter-of fact例句：例句： A: Ann is traveling to Japan. B: How happy she is ! A: She is very happy.Vowels（元音）（元音） -pure vow

5、els（單元音）（單元音）中元音：中元音： /:/, /, /發(fā)中元音時(shí)應(yīng)注意：發(fā)中元音時(shí)應(yīng)注意：1.舌中部隆起舌中部隆起2.舌端輕抵舌端輕抵 下齒下齒3./ :/ / /口形漸大口形漸大/:/- /:/例詞：例詞： girl bird work turn短語：短語： early bird Thursday work thirsty person perfect search例句：例句： A: He always arrives work early. B: But he wasnt early this morning. A: You werent early either./例詞：例詞：

6、teacher picture breakfast welcome短語：短語： a glass of water a quarter to seven brothers and sisters a book about China例句：例句： A: look at the clock！ B: whats the time? A: its a quarter to seven/例詞：例詞： cup run jump flood短語：短語： hurry up! trust us! rubbish number mustnt worry例句：例句： A: Its sunny today. B: Ye

7、s, isnt it. A: My uncle will go to London next Monday. B: How lucky he is!Vowels（元音）（元音） -pure vowels（單元音）（單元音）后元音：后元音： /u:/, /, /:/, /, /:/后元音發(fā)音要領(lǐng)：后元音發(fā)音要領(lǐng)：1.舌后部用力舌后部用力2.舌尖離開下齒齦舌尖離開下齒齦3. /u:/, /, /:/, /, /:/口形漸口形漸 大大/u:/例詞：例詞： zoo who food blue短語：短語： a tooth for a tooth Sue and Lucy fruit juice two

8、shoes例句：例句： A: Look at my new shoes? B: Oh, they are beautiful. A: Your boots are beautiful, too./例詞：例詞： foot wood book push短語：短語： good cook good book couldnt look pudding without sugar例句：例句： A: Where did you put the book? B: Which book? A: The book you bought yesterday./:/例詞：例詞： fork ball morning a

9、irport短語：短語： four balls score board morning glory sports reporter例句：例句： A: I see two children on the blackboard. B: He is short. A: She is shorter./- /例詞：例詞： cock shop job hospital短語：短語： hot coffee long job on the box drop the pot例句：例句： A: I have a bad cough. B: You must see a doctor. A: Yes, I must

10、 go to the hospital./:/例詞：例詞： car garden star guitar短語：短語： fast car half park heart transplant stars and bars例句：例句： A: You look very smart today. B: Thank you. C: What a marvelous dancer you are. Let me take a photograph of you. Vowels（元音）（元音） -diphthongs（雙元音）（雙元音）/e/, /a/, /, /, /a/, /, /e/, / 雙元音發(fā)

11、音要領(lǐng)：雙元音發(fā)音要領(lǐng)：1.口形、舌位有變化口形、舌位有變化 發(fā)單元音時(shí)口形、舌位自始至終保持不發(fā)單元音時(shí)口形、舌位自始至終保持不變。雙元音是由兩個不同的元音組成的，例如變。雙元音是由兩個不同的元音組成的，例如/ai/,從第一個元從第一個元音音/a/過度到過度到/i/,口形和舌位都有變化：由口形較大、舌位較低口形和舌位都有變化：由口形較大、舌位較低的的/a/音過度到口形較小、舌位較高的音過度到口形較小、舌位較高的/i/音。其它七個雙元音音。其它七個雙元音也一樣，發(fā)音時(shí)口形舌位都有不同成度的變化。也一樣，發(fā)音時(shí)口形舌位都有不同成度的變化。2.前長后短前長后短 雙元音中兩個元音的長度（音長）也不相

12、等。第雙元音中兩個元音的長度（音長）也不相等。第一個比第二個長些，約為三比一。一個比第二個長些，約為三比一。3.前重后輕前重后輕 發(fā)第一個元音時(shí)要多使點(diǎn)勁兒，但必須注意不要發(fā)第一個元音時(shí)要多使點(diǎn)勁兒，但必須注意不要把兩個元音分裂成一個強(qiáng)音、一個弱音來念，而是由強(qiáng)而漸把兩個元音分裂成一個強(qiáng)音、一個弱音來念，而是由強(qiáng)而漸弱。弱。雙元音發(fā)音要領(lǐng)：雙元音發(fā)音要領(lǐng)：4.兩音密合，一氣呵成兩音密合，一氣呵成 由第一個元音到第二個元音是一個滑由第一個元音到第二個元音是一個滑動的過程，中間不容停頓，不可把兩個音分開來念。動的過程，中間不容停頓，不可把兩個音分開來念。5.前音清楚，后音模糊前音清楚，后音模糊 雙

13、元音中的第一個元音發(fā)音清楚響亮，雙元音中的第一個元音發(fā)音清楚響亮，向第二個音滑動時(shí)，在尚未到達(dá)第二個元音的發(fā)音部位時(shí)滑向第二個音滑動時(shí)，在尚未到達(dá)第二個元音的發(fā)音部位時(shí)滑動即可停止，不必把第動即可停止，不必把第二個音象單獨(dú)發(fā)音時(shí)念得那么二個音象單獨(dú)發(fā)音時(shí)念得那么 清楚。清楚。這一點(diǎn)非常重要。常聽到一些同學(xué)把這一點(diǎn)非常重要。常聽到一些同學(xué)把/ai/念成念成“阿姨阿姨”，就是，就是因?yàn)榘岩驗(yàn)榘?i/ 念得太清楚了，甚至跑過了頭，越境而入念得太清楚了，甚至跑過了頭，越境而入/i:/的領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)域了。了。/e/-/ei/例詞：例詞： face rain cake wait短語：短語： eight cak

14、es waste paper railway station wait for the mail例句：例句：A: Its my birthday today.B: Happy birthdayA: Thank you. Come to my birthday party. And dont be late./a/-/ai/例詞：例詞： sky kite write bicycle短語短語: : white lie high tide eye for eye silent night例句：例句：A: Its a fine day today. The sun is shining brightl

15、y.B: Yes, I feel hot. I like an ice-cream now.A: Yes, I do, too./-/i/例詞：例詞： boy boil noise coin短語：短語： a spoilt boy a noisy toy an annoying voice Joyces boyfriend例句：例句： A: Look at my toy gun. B: Oh, what a good toy! A: Shall we join our friends in the garden? B: Yes, lets go./-/v/例詞：例詞：coast throw bo

16、at toe短語：短語： Joes coat go to the window load and unload throw a snowball例句：例句： A: Look! He has a boat. B: Is he going to row? A: I think so./a/-/av/例詞：例詞： cow house mouth trousers短語：短語： shout out brown mouse down town round flower例句：例句： A: Is she milking the cow? B: Yes, she is. A: Is the cow in he

17、house? B: No. She is on the dairy farm./-/i/例詞：例詞： ear idea zero beard短語：短語： the atmosphere here queer 古怪的skier Weary疲 乏 mountaineer experienced engineer例句：例句： A: Lets have some beer here. B: What a good idea! A: What shall we do after having beer? B: We shall go to the theatre./e/-/例詞：例詞： hair bare

18、 pear chair短語：短語：millionaires theirs mayors parentssquare chairs careful librarian例句：例句：A: Where is my pen?B: Its over there on the chair.A: Thank you. Its really there./-/v/例詞：例詞： tour poor sure gourd /g d/葫蘆葫蘆短語：短語： poor tourists tour from China carm jury陪審團(tuán) European jewel例句：例句：A: I received a let

19、ter from my uncle. Hes sick with influenza.B: Im sorry. Is he still in Europe.A: Yes. Hes still working in London.B: He must speak fluent English.Consonants（輔音）（輔音） 英語輔音的發(fā)音特點(diǎn)英語輔音的發(fā)音特點(diǎn) 1.氣流受阻，從肺部呼出的氣流在通氣流受阻，從肺部呼出的氣流在通過口腔或鼻腔時(shí)遇到阻礙（元音發(fā)音過口腔或鼻腔時(shí)遇到阻礙（元音發(fā)音不受阻礙）。不受阻礙）。2.氣流較強(qiáng)（元音氣流較弱）氣流較強(qiáng)（元音氣流較弱）3.阻礙部分肌肉緊張（元音發(fā)

20、音時(shí)均阻礙部分肌肉緊張（元音發(fā)音時(shí)均衡地保持緊張）衡地保持緊張）4.有清濁之分。有清濁之分。 英語輔音的發(fā)音可以分別從英語輔音的發(fā)音可以分別從”發(fā)音部發(fā)音部位位”和發(fā)音方法和發(fā)音方法”兩方面來學(xué)習(xí)。兩方面來學(xué)習(xí)。 1.發(fā)音部位：所謂發(fā)音部位：所謂”發(fā)音部位發(fā)音部位”是指是指氣流受到阻礙的地方，也就是兩個發(fā)氣流受到阻礙的地方，也就是兩個發(fā)音器官為了影響氣流而構(gòu)成的各種阻音器官為了影響氣流而構(gòu)成的各種阻礙的部位。例如：發(fā)礙的部位。例如：發(fā)/p/ /b/時(shí)雙唇先時(shí)雙唇先要緊閉，形成阻礙，發(fā)要緊閉，形成阻礙，發(fā)/f/ /v/時(shí)下唇接時(shí)下唇接觸上齒形成阻礙等等。觸上齒形成阻礙等等。 英語輔音按發(fā)音部位可

21、分成：英語輔音按發(fā)音部位可分成：雙唇音：雙唇音：/ p, b, m, w/唇齒音：唇齒音：/ f ,v/舌齒音：舌齒音：/ , /舌齦音：舌齦音：/ t ,d ,s ,z ,n ,l/齒齦后部音：齒齦后部音：/ , , , r, j/舌后軟腭音：舌后軟腭音：/ k, g，/聲門音：聲門音：/h/ 2.發(fā)音方法：是指氣流通過阻礙時(shí)所發(fā)音方法：是指氣流通過阻礙時(shí)所使用的不同方法（及其造成的聽覺印使用的不同方法（及其造成的聽覺印象）。例如：發(fā)象）。例如：發(fā)/p ,t ,k/時(shí)氣流通過阻時(shí)氣流通過阻礙部位時(shí)所發(fā)出的爆破聲，發(fā)礙部位時(shí)所發(fā)出的爆破聲，發(fā)/s ,z ,f/時(shí)氣流從阻礙部位的縫隙中擠出，發(fā)時(shí)

22、氣流從阻礙部位的縫隙中擠出，發(fā)出摩擦的聲音等等。出摩擦的聲音等等。 英語輔音按發(fā)音方法可分成：英語輔音按發(fā)音方法可分成： 爆破音：爆破音： /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ 摩擦音：摩擦音： f/, /v/, /, /, /s/, /z/, /, /, /h/, /r/破擦音：破擦音：/, /鼻音：鼻音： /m/, /n/, /舌側(cè)音：舌側(cè)音： /l/ 半元音：半元音： /j/, /w/ Consonants（輔音）（輔音） -plosives（爆破音）（爆破音）/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ /p/p/例詞：例詞： pig people pu

23、ll put短語：短語： pick up a pepper pot a piece of pork a pen and a pencil例句：例句： A: Do you collect stamps? B: Yes, I do. A: Will you show me your stamp album? B: Yes, they are upstairs. Let me go and fetch them./b/例詞：例詞： bus bed breakfast banana短語：短語： Big Ben a big bottle beautiful baby blue butterflies例句

24、：例句： A: Is this your handbag? B: No, it isnt my handbag is not brown. A: What color is your handbag? B: Its black./t/例詞：例詞： table tall take telephone短語：短語： ten teachers travel by train want a rabbit two trees例句：例句：A: Im hungry. I want something to eat.B: What about some tomatoes? Lets go to the rest

25、aurant!A: Yes, lets go./d/例詞：例詞： door doctor head would短語：短語： dear daughter red door played cards listened to the radio例句：例句：A: What did you do last night？B: I studied last night.A: Did you study all night?B: No, I didnt. I listened to the radio for some time./k/例詞：例詞： car duck clock park短語：短語： the

26、back of the car ask question a quarter to six a cool cleaner例句：例句： A: I like cheap cakes.B: You do? Do you often have cheap cakes?A: Yes, I do.B: If you want to keep fit, dont eat too many cheap cakes./g/例詞：例詞： bag dog goat green短語：短語： good girl go to the grandpas as good as gold get a girl例句：例句：A:

27、Can you play the guitar?B: Yes, I played my guitar in the garden and song again and again with my friends last night.A: You must have had a good time last night.Consonants（輔音）（輔音） -fricatives（摩擦音）（摩擦音）/f/, /v/, /, /, /s/, /z/, /, /, /h/, /, /, /r/f/例詞：例詞： friend fat fish family短語：短語： five flowers fa

28、st food fathers face feel fine例句：例句： A: Look at Freda! She is fifty. B: Her hat is funny. A: Look at her fur coat. Its famous./v/例詞例詞: : drive village very vest短語：短語： lovely view village vet 獸醫(yī) leaving arriving leaves of the vine藤、葡例句：例句： A: Whos driving the van? B: I think victor is.獲勝者 A: Who is v

29、ictor? B: He is my new neighbor, he has lived here for only a few months./例詞例詞： thank month thin thirty短語：短語： three thinkers Marthas birthday healthy author thirty mathematicians例句：例句： A: My father is a mathematician. B: No wonder you are good at mathematics. A: To tell you the truth, my father neve

30、r teaches me math./例詞例詞： father there that this短語：短語： smooth leather get together better than others another brother例句：例句： A: Lily is taller than Mary. B: But Mary is slimmer than Lily. A: Look at them. Theyre doing physical exercise together./s/例詞：例詞： sun small horse bicycle短語：短語： sleep soundly exp

31、ensive cigarettes some books sit in the sun例句：例句： A: These are cups. B: Those are saucers.茶碟 A: Theyre nice cups and saucers./z/例詞：例詞： zoo prize bees nose短語：短語： jazz music close the windows these days zero animal例句：例句： A: Lets go to the zoo. B: Good. I like looking at the zebras. C: I like the monke

32、ys there. Lets go./例詞：例詞： fish sugar shoe shop短語：短語： fashion shops friendship association社團(tuán) British shoes washing machine例句：例句： A: This shop sells washing-machines. B: Do they sell air-conditioners, too. A: Sure./例詞：例詞： garage pleasure measure collision短語：短語： an unusual collision measure a garage a

33、great decision my pleasure例句：例句： A: Lily likes clothes for casual隨便的 wear. B: Clothes for casual wear are comfortable, A: I like to wear them in my leisure time./h/ 例詞：例詞： hat hard hen high 短語：短語： heart and hand high heels head-to-head happy honeymoon蜜月期 例句：例句： A: There was a car accident here last

34、Sunday. B: Oh, its horrible! A: Were you here when the accident happened? B: No, I only heard about it./例詞：例詞： cheek chicken church watch短語：短語： Chinese chess which butcher chicken and chips change much例句：例句： A: Where are the two children? B: Theyre having lunch. A: Here are some cherries 櫻桃for them.

35、 B: Thank you very much./例詞：例詞： jeep jar orange bridge 短語：短語： a large jeep injured passengers adjust the engine orange juice 例句：例句： A: I have an orange. B: Oh, your orange is large. Look! Ive got a large sandwich. A: Yes, it is a very large one./r/例詞：例詞： rose lorry卡車 rubber rocket短語：短語： American wai

36、tress a married secretary grown up children French restaurant例句：例句： A: Rose works as a secretary at the railway station. B: She does? She is a very pretty girl. A: Yes, very.Consonants（輔音）（輔音） -nasals（鼻音）（鼻音）/m/, /n/, / /m/例詞：例詞： moon home medicine mountain短語：短語： man-made make a mistake come tomorro

37、w middle name例句：例句：A: Mum has come back home.B: Marvelous.A: Mom says well go and see a movie tonight.B: Yes, we certainly will./n/例詞：例詞： neck tin night noise短語：短語： neat brandy白蘭地酒 a negative answer telephone number harden the neck例詞：例詞：A: What a nice postcard of the Grand Canyon!B: They are wonderf

38、ul.峽谷A: Who sent it to you?B: A friend of mine./例詞：例詞： ink ring sing monkey短語：短語： ring-ding開朗的 rising diphthong雙元音 strong string playing ping-pang例句：例句：A: Do you like drinking tea?B: Yes, I do.A: We are advised to drink more tea than coffee.B: Tea is good for health.Consonants（輔音）（輔音） -lateral（舌側(cè)音）（舌側(cè)音）/l/l/例詞：例詞： black light jelly全身發(fā)軟 lemon短語：短語： early for lunch leg of lamb a glass of lemonade檸檬汽水 yellow jelly例句：例句： A: Mum, is lunc