大學(xué)英語(yǔ)課后答案

1、Translation第五單元A1、一個(gè)地方，不論多么荒涼，條件多么惡劣，人們都能把它變成戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。此處谷地正是一處軍事絕地。只需五十人把守住山谷的出口，就能切斷里面軍隊(duì)的給養(yǎng)，迫使他們投降。眼下，北方聯(lián)邦軍的五個(gè)步兵團(tuán)就隱藏在谷中的樹林之中。懸崖上，巖石的最外沿，在藍(lán)天的映襯下，嘉立著一座莊嚴(yán)而又令人敬畏的雕像，一動(dòng)不動(dòng)。雕像造型是一個(gè)人端坐在一匹馬上，腰板挺直，頗具軍人風(fēng)度，同時(shí)又兼有石雕神像般的安詳?；疑能姺c背景十分協(xié)調(diào)，由于陰影而顯得柔和恬淡。一直卡賓槍橫放在馬鞍上，他右手緊握著槍柄，左手牽著馬韁繩，從這一側(cè)看不見。騎馬人的頭微微偏向一邊，只看得見鬢角和胡子的輪廓；他正俯視谷底。Noc

2、ountryissowildanddifficultbutmenwillmakeitatheatreofwar;concealedintheforestatthebottomofthatmilitaryrat-trap,inwhichhalfahundredmeninpossessionoftheexitsmighthavestarvedanarmytosubmission,layfiveregimentsofFederalinfantry.thegrip;Onthecliff,motionlessattheextremeedgeofthecappingrockandsharplyoutlin

3、edagainstthesky,wasastatueofimpressivedignity.Thefigureofthemansatthefigureofthehorse,straightandsoldierly,butwiththereposeofagodcarvedinmarble.Thegrayuniformharmonizedwithitsbackground,softenedandsubduedbytheshadow.Acarbinelayacrossthesaddle,keptinplacebytherighthandgraspingitatthelefthand,holdingt

4、hebridlerein,wasinvisible.Thefaceoftherider,turnedslightlyaway,showedonlyanoutlineoftempleandbeard;hewaslookingdownwardtothebottomofthevalley.2.Longbeforetheemergenceofthewrittenword,ballads,accompaniedbymusicanddance,andmyths,passedaroundbywordofmouth,werewidelypopular.Chineseliteraturefindsitsorig

5、insinthesetraditions.However,balladswerewhatpeopleimprovisedoutofdailylife,andduetolackofmeanstorecordandpreservetheminancienttimes,theyquicklydisappearedwithoutleavingmuchofatrace.Today,wecanonlydeducetheirexistencefromancientbooks,whichrecordedsometime-honoredballads,thoughmostofthesearebelievedto

6、bederivativesoflatergenerations.BalladsintheBookofSongsaretheearliestwritingsthatcanbedated.Fromthispointofview,ancientmythologyobviouslyhashadagreatinfluenceonChineseliterature.與舞蹈和音樂(lè)相伴的歌謠以及口頭流傳的神話，遠(yuǎn)在文字出現(xiàn)之前就已大量產(chǎn)生。中國(guó)的文學(xué)正是發(fā)端于此。不過(guò)歌謠本是人們?cè)谏钪须S興而發(fā)的東西，上古時(shí)代也沒(méi)有保存和記載它們的手段，因之也就很快湮滅，不留痕跡。我們只能從一些古籍書中推斷它們的存在。古書中

7、記載了一些據(jù)稱是年代非常久遠(yuǎn)的歌謠，但是大多出于后人的偽托，能夠斷定朝代的歌謠要到詩(shī)經(jīng)里才能看見。從這點(diǎn)來(lái)看，古代神話對(duì)中國(guó)文學(xué)的影響更為顯著。B、1、要說(shuō)到去世后才大放異彩的作家，這個(gè)快樂(lè)的結(jié)局也一樣源于是少數(shù)派固執(zhí)的堅(jiān)持。他們不能夠，也不會(huì)忘記他。他們一直在品鑒他，討論他，購(gòu)買他的作品。他們一直對(duì)他保有激情。他們對(duì)自己的判斷非常確信，以至于到了最后大多數(shù)人習(xí)慣了這位作家的名字，平靜地接受他是一位天才。實(shí)際上他到底是不是一流作家，多數(shù)派并不是很在意。2.Poetry,onemightsay,istoprosewhatdancingistowalking.Thoughsometimeswest

8、rollforpleasure,ordinarilywalkingisameanstoanend.Wewalk,scarcelyawareofthephysicalsensationofwalking,inordertogetsomewhere.Thesoonerthebetter.Butwedancetostaywhereweare,enjoyingtherepetitiveyetvariedflowingofonemovementintoanother,andenjoyingtheharmonybetweenourmovementandthatofthemusicandofourpartn

9、er.第六單元ABeingabletodieathomeisamajorpartoftheappealofhospice,butpatientsandfamilymembersmaynotseeitthatwayatfirst."Alotofpeoplestillviewhospiceasgivingupandlettingthediseasewin,"saysCampbell.That'swhythedecisiontocallinhospicecarecanbeanincrediblydifficultoneforafamilytomake.Oncetheydo

10、,though,mostpatientsandtheirfamiliessoonunderstandthevalueofhavingateamofdedicatedprofessionals-includingsocialworkers,healthaides,chaplains,andnurses-worktogethertoprovidenotonlyphysicalbutalsoemotionalandspiritualsupport.America'sfirsthospicewasfounde(in1974,andtheideaspreadrapidly.HalfofallAm

11、ericanswillnowusehospicecareatsomepointintheirlives,andaround75%ofdeathsinAmericanhospitalsoccurafteranexplicitdecisionnottointervene.InEurope,too,therehasbeenarevolutioninattitudestocareforpeoplewhoarenearingtheendoflife,andinpeople'swillingnesstobroachtsubject.Yetforallitssuccesses,thehospicem

12、ovementfaceschallengesthatwillfaroutstriptheresourcesnowdedicatedtopalliativecare,evenintherichestcountries.1、能夠在家中逝去是人們選擇臨終關(guān)懷的主要原因之一。但是病人和他們的家屬起初并沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)?？藏悹栒f(shuō)：“很多人把臨終關(guān)懷視為放棄治療并且向疾病屈服?！边@正是為什么對(duì)于家人來(lái)說(shuō)做出選擇臨終關(guān)懷這個(gè)決定有如此艱難的原因。然而，一旦他們做了這個(gè)決定，大多數(shù)病人和家人很快就會(huì)理解其中的意義所在，即一支由社工、健康師（助理）、牧師和護(hù)士組成的專業(yè)人士通力合作為病人和家屬提供身體上、感情上

13、和精神上的支持與幫助。2. America'fsrsthospicewasfoundedin1974,andtheideaspreadrapidly.HalfofallAmericanswillnowusehospicecareatsomepointintheirlives,andaround75%ofdeathsinAmericanhospitalsoccurafteranexplicitdecisionnottointervene.InEurope,too,therehasbeenarevolutioninattitudestocareforpeoplewhoarenearingt

14、heendoflife,andinpeopleswillingnesstobroachthesubject.Yetforallitssuccesses,thehospicemovementfaceschallengesthatwillfaroutstriptheresourcesnowdedicatedtopalliativecare,evenintherichestcountries.Hospicesaregenerallyassociatedwithcancer,whereafteracertainstagelifeexpectancyisshortandfairlypredictable

15、.Buttreatingpeopleastemporarilyimmortalordyingthecurrenthabit.Animportantcategoryofpeople,alreadyhugeintherichworldandsoontogrowindevelopingcountries,consistsofelderlypeoplewhowillneverbewell,buthavenoideawhentheywilldie.Thereisnosingleanswer:hospitals,nursinghomesandfamilycarewillallplayarole.Looki

16、ngaftertheoldisboundtobecomplicated;elderlypeoplewithseveraldiseasescanalltooeasilyfindthemselvesbouncedfromfamilydoctortohealthadvisertospecialistsinonefieldafteranother.Butdependingontheirmedicalandpoliticalculture,differentcountriesaretacklingtheproblemindifferentways美國(guó)的第一家臨終關(guān)懷院成立于1974年。此后，臨終關(guān)懷的理

17、念迅速流行。如今，半數(shù)美國(guó)人在關(guān)懷院度過(guò)人生最后時(shí)光。美國(guó)75%勺絕癥患者選擇放棄治療，聽?wèi){天命。對(duì)于如何關(guān)心臨終病人，歐洲人的態(tài)度也大有改觀，不再回避這個(gè)話題。但臨終關(guān)懷運(yùn)動(dòng)仍面臨挑戰(zhàn)，使得目前用于緩?fù)醋o(hù)理上的資源投入大量流失，即便是在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，此種情況也有發(fā)生。臨終關(guān)懷的對(duì)象多數(shù)是癌癥患者。癌癥惡化到一定階段后，患者一般都去日無(wú)多。但目前對(duì)病人的救治，要么把他們看作不死，要么把他們看作必死。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，存在著大量健康狀況不佳，但并未患絕癥的老年人口，這一人群在發(fā)展中國(guó)家也將逐漸擴(kuò)大。這一問(wèn)題只有通過(guò)醫(yī)院、養(yǎng)老院和家庭三方的共同努力才能解決。照顧老年人并不簡(jiǎn)單；那些身患多種疾病的老年人經(jīng)常在

18、家庭醫(yī)生、健康顧問(wèn)或是?？漆t(yī)生之間無(wú)所適從。對(duì)此，依據(jù)本國(guó)醫(yī)療及政治環(huán)境的不同，各國(guó)有著不同的解決途徑。B、1、在歐盟是什么驅(qū)使人們?yōu)槠鞴僖浦簿栀?zèng)器官，盡管醫(yī)療科技的進(jìn)步很大程度上提高了器官移植的成功率，但是嚴(yán)重的器官短缺就意味著很多病患在等待移植器官的名單中就已經(jīng)逝去。在西歐，2003年就有將近4萬(wàn)人等待腎臟移植。在美國(guó)，對(duì)器官的需求遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了供應(yīng)。部分原因是因?yàn)閮H有百分之四十二的合法器官捐贈(zèng)者最終會(huì)選擇捐助器官。努力擴(kuò)大可用的器官供應(yīng)對(duì)于解決對(duì)器官的需求已經(jīng)變得越來(lái)越重要。然而，這通常需要依靠各國(guó)制定針對(duì)各國(guó)實(shí)際的法令以及民眾對(duì)這項(xiàng)法令的認(rèn)識(shí)。WhatDrivesPeopletoDonat

19、eOrgansforTransplantintheEuropeanUnion?Althoughprogressinmedicalscienceandtechnologyhasvastlyimprovedsuccessratesfororgantransplants,asevereshortageofdonatedorgansmeansthatmanypatientsdiewhileonthewaitinglist.InWesternEurope,nearly40,000patientswerewaitingforakidneytransplantin2003.IntheUS,demandfor

20、organsoverstretchessupplypartlybecauseonly42percentofeligibleorgandonorsendupactuallydonating.Effortstoexpandtheavailableorgansupplyhavebecomeincreasinglycrucialformeetingtransplantdemand.However,thisusuallydependsoncountry-specificregulationsaswellaspeople'awarenessofthislegislation.3. Britonsarebeingaskedifpeopleshouldgetcashincentivestodonateeggsandsperm,andwhetherthefuneralexpensesoforgandonorsshouldbepaidinabidtoaddressasevereshortage.Themedicalethicsthink-tank,theNuffieldCouncilonBioethicshaslaunchedapublicconsultationtolookatwhetherpeoplethinkitisrightthatdonorsshouldreceive