大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)講座

1、Introduction 關(guān)于語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)的幾個(gè)誤區(qū) (Misunderstandings about what grammar is) 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的目的 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)該達(dá)到什么程度? (How well should grammar be learned?) 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的范圍 如何學(xué)習(xí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法? (How is grammar learned?) 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的方法大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)中的常見(jiàn)誤區(qū)(1) 第一，把某一技能的學(xué)習(xí)變成單一的看待。 語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)不是孤立的，不應(yīng)該跟聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)譯(receptively and productively)等其他技能分離開(kāi)來(lái)。語(yǔ)法與聽(tīng)說(shuō)Now let

2、s learn grammar happily!語(yǔ)法與讀寫(xiě) 作文題 You have to write a story for your English teacher. Your story must have this title: Winning the Prize語(yǔ)法與讀寫(xiě)這幾篇都是華僑大學(xué)大一學(xué)生的原版作文，雖然很有想象力,卻也有很多語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤: One day, when I wander in the street without any goals, suddenly, I was taken roughly to a car, and then the strangers ca

3、ught me, and let my eyes hidden under a black mask so that I couldnt see anything. Some minutes later, I was aware that we go into a dark and cool room! And I heard some words of them: “Boss, we succeed, son of Bill Gates has been catched by us, ”. “Well done, we can have a large sum of money.” In t

4、he moment, I felt I was full of energy just like superman, then I beat them and took them to the police station. As a result, the government gave me New York as a prize! 語(yǔ)法與讀寫(xiě)One day, a lion named Jack was sleeping beside a tall tree. Just then, Jim, a cat, walk towards the lion, woke him up with a

5、light pat and said: “Why dont we have a game?” “Uh, thats a great idea. But what can I benefit from it?” “A delicious meal.” “OK.” Nodded the lion. Jack stand up and walk towards the forest. They then saw a crowd of pigs playing together. The cat whispered: “Go and see who will be the first one to c

6、atch them.” Jack rushed out at once and catch a small unlucky pig. “Ha Ha, I win the game!” “Dont be so eager. Now lets see who can climb the tree with that meat.” With those words, the cat grabbed the meat and climbed to the top. The lion struggled to climb the tree but he failed. “We have a tie, J

7、im. And whats the next?” “Ha ha, the next stage is who can enjoy the meat as quickly as possible!” laughed Jim. 語(yǔ)法與讀寫(xiě)One day, a teacher call us to have a exam in order to look our English level. The exam is difficult, especailly the last one. The problem is let us write a story for your English teac

8、her, but I dont know how to write. When I see the classmates have finished. I was nervous. At that moment, I think a ideal (idea), too. I write a good compitition (composition) to my English teacher. 語(yǔ)法與翻譯 Im going to be working all day tomorrow. 看樣子明天我要工作一整天了 I will/shall work all day tomorrow. 我打算

9、明天工作一整天 Im about to work all day. 我就要開(kāi)始這整整一天的工作了 (能看到,聽(tīng)到或感覺(jué)到立刻發(fā)生的事) the boiling water the boiled water the boiled sweet語(yǔ)法與翻譯 He was killed by a heavy stone. 他被一塊大石頭砸死了. He was killed with a heavy stone. 他被人用一塊大石頭砸死了.大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)中的常見(jiàn)誤區(qū)(2) 第二，把知識(shí)等同于技能。 語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)不僅是簡(jiǎn)單的知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)，也是一項(xiàng)技能。要學(xué)會(huì)一項(xiàng)技能，核心問(wèn)題是練。即“做中得學(xué)”，把知識(shí)變成技能

10、。 第三，把語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)看作是針對(duì)各類(lèi)考試的訓(xùn)練。 第四，速成心理。學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的目的 To gain a balanced view of grammar study, recognize the importance of accuracy in language use. 正確對(duì)待語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí),認(rèn)識(shí)到準(zhǔn)確使用語(yǔ)言的重要性. To acquire both knowledge of grammatical forms and skill in using the forms. 掌握不同的語(yǔ)法形式以及使用這些形式的技巧. To gain both receptive control and prod

11、uctive command of structures. 能夠接受和理解一定的語(yǔ)言規(guī)則,并運(yùn)用這些語(yǔ)言規(guī)則去遣詞造句. 彌補(bǔ)氛圍難以在短期內(nèi)培養(yǎng)一定語(yǔ)感的缺憾，比較經(jīng)濟(jì)地獲得英語(yǔ)整體的語(yǔ)感。學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的范圍 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的范圍，指的是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法需掌握的內(nèi)容程度。 求得對(duì)英語(yǔ)的整體感覺(jué)非常重要 。面不宜太寬，點(diǎn)不宜太深 ，但是要明確各類(lèi)實(shí)用語(yǔ)法的基本脈絡(luò)。學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的方法 沒(méi)有包治百病的醫(yī)生，要選擇好學(xué)習(xí)材料和學(xué)習(xí)方法。 語(yǔ)言是規(guī)律和例外的組合。 對(duì)語(yǔ)言的分析能力，實(shí)際上是以對(duì)語(yǔ)言的整體語(yǔ)感為基礎(chǔ)的，更是以對(duì)語(yǔ)言完整的整體語(yǔ)感為目的的。 要借助對(duì)母語(yǔ)的了解，琢磨漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)的異同之處，轉(zhuǎn)而

12、進(jìn)行兩種語(yǔ)言之間的由此及彼。 克服惰性心理和依賴(lài)心理。注意自學(xué)過(guò)程中的積累。 科學(xué)選擇和使用工具書(shū)。 加強(qiáng)自主學(xué)習(xí)：學(xué)生不是消極被動(dòng)接受知識(shí)的容器，變“要我學(xué)”為“我要學(xué)”。 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的方法注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題 看懂不代表學(xué)會(huì) 學(xué)會(huì)不代表用對(duì) 避免粗心大意 避免眼高手低 避免不求甚解看類(lèi)似的情況: Im thank you all the same.(畫(huà)蛇添足) Please sent it to me. I must to learn the book.不要眼高手低 I was at the point of telephoning him when his letter arr

13、ived. A: We are requiring extra help. Can you give us a hand? B: Sorry, I only do what is required for me. 不要眼高手低The most substances expand in volume when they are heated. To the finalists, Bob and I, the last high jump was the most difficult. 對(duì)決賽選手我和鮑伯來(lái)說(shuō)，最后的跳高項(xiàng)目是最為艱難的。不要眼高手低1.on the point of doing

14、是固定詞組，意思是“正要、打算” 2. Require不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài); 要求某人做某事是 “require sth. of sb.”3.most只有在表示形容詞最高級(jí)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)需加定冠詞，表示“大多數(shù)”沒(méi)必要加the. 4.應(yīng)把Bob and I改為Bob and me, 因?yàn)樗鼈兪莟he finalists的同位語(yǔ)，都作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)。不要眼高手低The clerk told his friend that in spite of his inefficiency his boss was always referring to his lack of qualifications. He w

15、ondered why he had been appointed. The clerk told his friend that his boss was always referring to his lack of qualifications, though the boss himself was inefficient. He wondered why the boss bad been appointed. His father hit him in his face. (the)When I walk in the street, I always take my mother

16、 by her arm. (the)1. Her mother helped her solve the problem.2. After she entered the room, Mary flung herself to the bed. 3. He bought pens, notebooks and such. 他買(mǎi)了鋼筆、筆記本等等。4. His parents believed that he was a clever boy, but he wasnt such in fact. 他的父母相信他是個(gè)聰明的孩子，但事實(shí)上他并非如此。5. I have that which you

17、 gave me. 我有你給我的那個(gè)。6. Virtue and vice are before you, this (= the latter) leads to misery, and that (= the former) to peace. 善與惡在你前面，后者導(dǎo)致不幸，前者帶來(lái)平安。 1句中helped之后若用herself則指的是her mother, 語(yǔ)義不同 2句中she指代的是主句中的Mary在主從句中，或有分詞狀語(yǔ)的句子中，代詞所代替的對(duì)象有可能在其后出現(xiàn), 要準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別 3.4句中指示代詞such具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。5 句中that

18、指物的單數(shù)形式6句為省略避免不求甚解例:1. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.2.One and a half apples is left on the plate. One and a half tons of rice are sold. One and a half hours are allowed for exam.3. The dog runs at me. The dog runs to me.4.介詞 with, by, inThe workers are paving a road with stone. 工人們正用石子鋪

19、路。(有形) Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy is a good opera. 是-出好戲。(無(wú)形) The length is measured in meter. This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 這個(gè)牌匾是銅鑄的，不是金鑄的有形with無(wú)形by，語(yǔ)言 、單位、材料ina prisoner in/with irons 戴/帶/拿著鐐銬的囚犯in rags衣衫襤褸in/with fear 恐懼恐懼(程度程度,狀態(tài)不同狀態(tài)不同)又如又如on the field 與與in the field When the

20、y leave home, they dont know what to do_themselves. 在沒(méi)有上下文的單句中，介詞for, with, by都是可以填的。意思分別是：離開(kāi)家之后，他們不知道能為自己做些什么。離開(kāi)家之后，他們不知道自己能做些什么 例：1995年6月四級(jí)第53題 The survival of civilization as we know is threat.A) within B) under C) towards D) upon 全句意思是：“當(dāng)今人類(lèi)文明的生存正在受到威脅”。在4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有B) under表示“在情況下”或“遭到”。is under th

21、reat相當(dāng)于is experiencing threat所以答案是B) within的意思是“在里面、在以?xún)?nèi)”。towards的意思是“向、對(duì)”。upon可以表示“在后立即”，但是不能與threat搭配表示“遭到”之意。 1997年1月四級(jí)第48題 _ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world. A) On B) By C) At D) Of 答案是C) At。介詞短語(yǔ)at one time的意思是“曾經(jīng)、一度”。其它的選項(xiàng)都不能與one time構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)。 介詞 +

22、反身代詞 1. above oneself 妄自尊大（多與get連用） 2. among oneselves 相互間，共同3. below oneself 情緒沮喪 4. beside oneself 非常激動(dòng)，控制不住自己5. between ourselves 只限于我們知道而不外傳，私下說(shuō)（主語(yǔ)一般為第一人稱(chēng)單數(shù)） 6. for oneself 為自己；親自；獨(dú)自（此義有時(shí)可與by oneself換用） 介詞 + 反身代詞7) in oneself 本身，內(nèi)心中，本質(zhì)上Australia is a continent in itself. 澳大利亞本身就是一個(gè)大陸。 8)of onese

23、lf 自行，自動(dòng)地（不受外界干擾） He had not even thought of saying this, but it was suddenly said of itself. 突然脫口說(shuō)了出來(lái)。9）on/upon oneself 負(fù)責(zé)，代行其職（多與take連用） You should not have taken it upon yourself to accept the invitation for the whole family. 你不該代表全家接受邀請(qǐng)。10）to oneself 暗中；單獨(dú)，獨(dú)自享用 Bill laughed to himself when John

24、fell down. 暗暗發(fā)笑。When one dines in a restaurant one likes a table to oneself. 獨(dú)占一張桌子。The teacher left Mary to herself to solve the problem. 避免不求甚解-例5代詞 人稱(chēng)代詞并列時(shí)，出于禮貌，通常第二人稱(chēng)居前，第三人稱(chēng)居中，第一人稱(chēng)在后。 You, Mary and I have already known about it. 但在下列情況下，說(shuō)話人一般把自己放在他人之前講。1.1.表示承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任，檢討工作時(shí)。 It was I and John th

25、at broke the window. I and he are to blame. 2. 代表國(guó)家或家庭時(shí)，突出元首或家長(zhǎng)地位。 I and all the ministers warmly welcome Your Highness. 我和全體大臣熱烈歡迎殿下。避免不求甚解-例5代詞3. 回憶往事，由自己聯(lián)想到別人時(shí)。 Remember the time I and you drove into my hometown. 你當(dāng)然還記得我跟你一同驅(qū)車(chē)進(jìn)入我的故鄉(xiāng)的情景吧。4. 別人與自己關(guān)系親密時(shí)。 Play snooker together every Wednesday, I and

26、George. 我和喬治每周三都在一塊玩彩色臺(tái)球。避免不求甚解-例5代詞each 和every 的用法each用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或事物中的每一個(gè)都各有自己的特用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或事物中的每一個(gè)都各有自己的特點(diǎn)，意為點(diǎn)，意為“各自，每人各自，每人”，即可作定語(yǔ)，也可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、同，即可作定語(yǔ)，也可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)。位語(yǔ)。every只用于三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物，意為只用于三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物，意為“任何一個(gè)任何一個(gè)”，只能作定語(yǔ)。都作只能作定語(yǔ)。都作“每一個(gè)每一個(gè)”解時(shí)，解時(shí)，each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，every強(qiáng)調(diào)整強(qiáng)調(diào)整體；體；each可跟可跟of短語(yǔ)，短語(yǔ)，ever

27、y只能作定語(yǔ)。只能作定語(yǔ)。I have read every book he lent me. 我讀完了他借給我的所有的書(shū)。我讀完了他借給我的所有的書(shū)。 Each of us has strong and weak points. 我們每個(gè)人都有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。我們每個(gè)人都有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。 Each has his own task. 每個(gè)人都有自己的工作。每個(gè)人都有自己的工作。 They each have different opinions about it. 他們對(duì)那事各有不同的看法。他們對(duì)那事各有不同的看法。避免不求甚解-例5代詞everyone 和every one的用法every one即可指

28、人也可指物，可跟即可指人也可指物，可跟of短語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)。everyone與與everybody同義，只能指人，不可跟同義，只能指人，不可跟of短語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)。Every one of us has to attend the meeting. 我們所有人都得參加那個(gè)會(huì)。Everyone over eighteen has a vote. 每個(gè)18歲以上的人都有選舉權(quán)。 避免不求甚解例6none指代可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 None of these electronic devices have/has ever been used.none other than 不外乎是，正是，

29、就是The man was none other than my husband. 那人（不是別人）正是我的丈夫。none + the + 形容詞比較級(jí) 仍然，依然For all his years, he is none the less vigorous and active. 他雖然年老，但仍然生氣勃勃，精力旺盛。none but 只有None but the aged and the sick stayed at home. 只有年老和生病的人留在家里。 內(nèi)容: 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)(Tense) 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)(Voice) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)名詞Geru

30、nd,不定式infinitive,分詞Participles) 主謂一致Tense The simple present; the present progressive; The simple past; the past progressive The present perfect; the present perfect progressive The past perfect; the past perfect progressive The simple future; the future progressive The future perfect; the future pe

31、rfect progressive The past future簡(jiǎn)單/一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般用法一般用法: :表經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣做的事表經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣做的事; ;長(zhǎng)期或固定的狀態(tài)長(zhǎng)期或固定的狀態(tài); ; 按按常理應(yīng)存在或現(xiàn)在仍然存在的情況常理應(yīng)存在或現(xiàn)在仍然存在的情況; ;討論書(shū)本電影的內(nèi)討論書(shū)本電影的內(nèi)容容; ;講故事講故事, ,做說(shuō)明做說(shuō)明, ,或現(xiàn)場(chǎng)報(bào)道或現(xiàn)場(chǎng)報(bào)道. . 特殊: 1. 在here comes, there goes結(jié)構(gòu)中現(xiàn)在時(shí)表 將來(lái):Look, here comes your sister! There goes the last bus. 2.客觀真理I learned in my

32、primary school that the Earth goes around the Sun.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般用法:說(shuō)話時(shí)正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,近期發(fā)展趨勢(shì)或正進(jìn)行的變化,剛發(fā)生的暫時(shí)的非永久性的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作 特殊特殊: : 1. 1.表將來(lái)表將來(lái), ,計(jì)劃安排好要做的事計(jì)劃安排好要做的事( (靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)) )Im leaving at noon tomorrow.2.與頻度副詞always, constantly, continually, forever等連用,表令人不滿或煩惱的事.在這個(gè)意義上,靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞也可有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí).Its always raining. You

33、are always seeing something strange.Im continually forgetting peoples names.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)3. 有些動(dòng)詞既有靜態(tài)意義又有非靜態(tài)意義,用作后者時(shí)可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí).l You appear to have made a mistake.l She is appearing in a new play.l I have a new car.1) Im having some problems.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)4. be及個(gè)別靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表一時(shí)的情況.Dont talk rot. Im being serious.別胡扯了,

34、我是說(shuō)正經(jīng)的.Hes being silly.他這是一時(shí)犯傻.Are you forgetting your manners?你是不是沒(méi)有禮貌了?一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1.used to表過(guò)去經(jīng)常,但would也有這樣的用法,也可以表過(guò)去經(jīng)?；蛑貜?fù)發(fā)生的情況. We used to/ would take the train to work every morning. 2. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)只表示短暫的動(dòng)作或情況,如果是談?wù)撻L(zhǎng)久的情況,用簡(jiǎn)單過(guò)去時(shí). It happened while I was living in Paris. 這事發(fā)生時(shí),我正住在巴黎. He lived in Paris d

35、uring his last years. 他晚年住在巴黎.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 為強(qiáng)調(diào)不久前剛發(fā)生的事情持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí).現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通常用來(lái)表示短暫的動(dòng)作或情況.談到長(zhǎng)久的情況時(shí),一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)就可以了. They have been waiting outside for two hours. National productivity has been declining. I have been working hard all day.過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1.如果兩件事情或兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊連著, 前一個(gè)動(dòng)作可以不必用過(guò)去完成時(shí). She stopped ta

36、lking when she saw me. 她看見(jiàn)我就不說(shuō)話了.2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)只有在敘述過(guò)去的事情中,需要追述到更早的一件事的時(shí)候才使用.如果按時(shí)間順序敘述一串事實(shí),不必用過(guò)去完成時(shí).He said something rude , and I was very upset about it.3.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用于強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去特定時(shí)間之前發(fā)生的事情存在了一段時(shí)間或一直持續(xù)著.也可表示較先發(fā)生的一個(gè)持續(xù)動(dòng)作. I had been expecting some change. Her eyes were red because she had been crying.簡(jiǎn)單將來(lái)時(shí)和將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)1.1.簡(jiǎn)單將來(lái)時(shí)表預(yù)測(cè)或打算.2.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表已決定的,肯定會(huì)發(fā)生的事,常與表將來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用.強(qiáng)調(diào)某事將來(lái)正在進(jìn)行或表未來(lái)某種暫時(shí)性的安排.其疑問(wèn)句是在提出請(qǐng)求時(shí)探問(wèn)對(duì)方是否方便. Dont call me after 7, because I will be studying at the library. Will you be using the car tomorrow?3.如果是指不確定的時(shí)間,將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)與簡(jiǎn)單將來(lái)時(shí)沒(méi)有多大差別.Dont get impatient. She will