第五講完整作文

1、完整的作文完整的作文如何寫作四種常用文體的作文如何寫作四種常用文體的作文 完整的作文 寫作步驟 總體規(guī)劃 提綱類型 打初稿 修訂初稿 定稿 組織結(jié)構(gòu) 文章類型寫作步驟 1總體規(guī)劃 寫作猶如蓋房，建筑工人通常在動工前手頭都有藍(lán)圖并準(zhǔn)備好了足夠的材料。習(xí)作者也應(yīng)事先有個(gè)規(guī)劃，同時(shí)要收集足夠的資料，然后再下筆。 有了寫作題目后，我們應(yīng)首先考慮與題目有關(guān)的各個(gè)方面，隨想隨記，不必在意先后次序。與此同時(shí)，還要想想文章選什么主題為好。主題確定后，要重新審查列好的清單，刪去與之無關(guān)或意義不大的細(xì)目，然后把剩下的順序重新排列，寫出一個(gè)提綱。 比如說作文題目是校圖書館，大家可能首先想到并寫出以下幾條： A la

2、rge number of useful books All kinds of dictionaries and reference books The reading-rooms spacious and quiet Newspapers and magazines The librarians patient and helpful Closed on Sundays and holidays Very crowded in the evening Students leave books on chairs to reserve seats Very few newspapers fro

3、m abroad Students are not allowed to take schoolbags into the First Reading-Room Seniors would not be able to write their graduation papers without using the library Teachers go to the library frequently 作文的主題可能是： （1） The library is a nice place to work in. （2） The library plays a very important par

4、t in a students life. （3） The work of the library needs improvement. 如果我們選定（2）為主題，在重新審查上面的清單時(shí)，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)有的細(xì)目與主題無關(guān)或不十分重要，刪去這些部分后，就可以準(zhǔn)備提綱了： 題目：The School Library 主題：The library plays a very important part in a students life. 提綱： I.A student has to borrow books from the library. A.He needs reference books fo

5、r his elective courses. B.He may want to read novels, stories and plays. II.He reads newspapers and magazines in the library. A.Many new magazines are on display in the First Reading-Room. B.There are newspapers from all provinces. C.Back numbers may be borrowed at the counter. III.He needs the libr

6、ary all the more in his junior and senior years. A.The library provides him with books for his research. B.He would not be able to write his graduation paper without using the library.請描寫某人，他/她可能是：一本書、一部電影或一個(gè)電視節(jié)目中的人物，也可以是你自己。字?jǐn)?shù)不限，請按照本期的方法來構(gòu)思提綱完成作文。Ex. Todays Recommend： I want to speak up for mothers

7、 who are fighting for good schools, safe neighborhoods, clean air, and clean airwaves; for older women, some of them widows, who have raised their families and now find their skills and life experiences are not valued in the workplace; for women who are working all night as nurses, hotel clerks, and

8、 fast food cooks so that they can be at home during the day with their kids; and for women everywhere who simply don抰 have time to do everything they are called upon to do each day. Speaking to you today, I speak for them, just as each of us speaks for women around the world who are denied the chanc

9、e to go to school, or see a doctor, or own property, or have a say about the direction of their lives, simply because they are women. The truth is that most women around the world work both inside and outside the home, usually by necessity. -Hillary Rodham Clinton 主題（中心思想） I簡介 II主要觀點(diǎn) A從屬觀點(diǎn) B從屬觀點(diǎn) 1.闡

10、明觀點(diǎn)的細(xì)節(jié) 2.闡明觀點(diǎn)的細(xì)節(jié) a.實(shí)例1 b.實(shí)例22. 提綱類型上一期的提綱將作文的中心思想分成若干部分，每一部分由若干段落組成。英文提綱一般按羅馬數(shù)字、阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字以及英文字母排列： III主要觀點(diǎn) A從屬觀點(diǎn) B從屬觀點(diǎn) 1.闡明觀點(diǎn)的細(xì)節(jié) 2.闡明觀點(diǎn)的細(xì)節(jié) 3.闡明觀點(diǎn)的細(xì)節(jié) C從屬觀點(diǎn) IV結(jié)論 常見的提綱有兩種(Page 139)：題目式提綱和句子式提綱。題目式提綱由名詞及其修飾語組成，或由與名詞作用相當(dāng)?shù)膭用~短語、動詞不定式短語組成；句子式提綱則由完整的句子組成。前者簡單明了，后者比較詳細(xì)。 另外，寫提綱時(shí)以下幾點(diǎn)值得注意： （1）不要列單一的分項(xiàng)。如果提綱中有I，則下面至

11、少還有II；如果有A，則必有B，以此類推。 （2）不要混合使用兩種提綱。在同一提綱中不要既用短語又用句子。 （3）同一等級的標(biāo)題要用相同的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。大標(biāo)題下的小標(biāo)題不但應(yīng)該同等重要，而且要與大標(biāo)題有關(guān)聯(lián)，并按邏輯順序排列。 （4）主題應(yīng)該用完整句；用肯定陳述句而不是疑問句，也不要用短語或從句。 Todays Recommend： One day thirty years ago Marseilles lay in the burning sun. A blazing sun upon a fierce August day was no greater rarity in southern F

12、rance than at any other time before or since. Everything in Marseilles and about Marseilles had stared at the fervid sun, and been stared at in return, until a staring habit had become universal there. Strangers were stared out of countenance by staring white houses, staring white streets, staring t

13、racts of arid road, staring hills from which verdure was burnt away. The only things to be seen not fixedly staring and glaring were the vines drooping under their loads of grapes. These did occasionally wind a little, as the hot air barely moved their faint leaves. -節(jié)選自Charles Dickens A Summer Day

14、打初稿 修訂初稿 定稿Page141-143二組織結(jié)構(gòu) 1.原則 一篇作文大多包括幾個(gè)段落，每一段落都有其中心思想。安排段落大有講究，段落之間的過渡應(yīng)該自然，各段銜接起來應(yīng)該成為一個(gè)有機(jī)整體，如何安排則取決于文章的內(nèi)容或類型。辦法之一是按照觀點(diǎn)的重要性來排列，把次要的放在前面，最重要的放在最后面，也就是用遞進(jìn)的方法使文章在高潮中結(jié)束。 寫文章猶如繪畫，掌握比例極為重要。主要的觀點(diǎn)、論據(jù)應(yīng)多著筆墨。文章最主要的部分是中間的正文，這部分占全文的十分之七八左右較為適宜。開頭和結(jié)尾的段落固然也重要，但應(yīng)該寫的簡短些。 2.開篇 寫文章時(shí)，開篇往往是最難的。作者必須想好從何處說起，再向何處展開。文章的開

15、頭并非千篇一律。此處因篇幅所限，僅列出以下幾種可行的手法，但所有的段落都可以用來作為論述1941年希特勒對蘇聯(lián)的侵略的開篇。 （1）使用統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字： The attack on the Soviet Union was the largest and fiercest of all that Hitler had launched. He threw in 190 divisions, 3000 tanks, over 5000 planes, and altogether 5.5 million men. （2）使用問句： What made Hitler decide to leave Br

16、itain for the time being and turn east to attack the Soviet Union? What made him so sure of a quick victory in that vast country where Napoleon had lost almost all his troops? （3）敘述事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)： On the morning of June 22, 1941, along the entire 1 800-kilometer-long Soviet frontier, from the Baltic to

17、the Black Sea, the fascist German forces attacked. 3.結(jié)尾 文章的結(jié)尾很重要，因?yàn)檫@部分給讀者的印象最深。結(jié)尾段落主要是重申或總結(jié)討論過的要點(diǎn)，不再提出心得觀點(diǎn)或問題。收尾部分應(yīng)內(nèi)容充實(shí)，簡短有力，應(yīng)能畫龍點(diǎn)睛，發(fā)人深省。 開頭和結(jié)尾段落往往可以互相呼應(yīng)。比如，在開頭的段落提出一個(gè)問題，在結(jié)尾的段落給出答案。 Todays Recommend： I was saved from sin when I was going on thirteen. But not really saved. It happened like this. Ther

18、e was a big revival at my Auntie Reeds church. Every night for weeks there had been much preaching, singing, praying and shouting, and some very hardened sinners had been brought to Christ, and the membership of the church had grown by leaps and bounds. Then just before the revival ended, they held

19、a special meeting for children, to bring the young lambs to the fold. My aunt spoke of it for days ahead. That night I was escorted to the front row and placed in the mourners bench with all the other young sinners, who had not yet been brought to Jesus. -選自Langston Hughes Salvation，為該文的開頭第一段。 文體，即文

20、章體裁，是按不同的表達(dá)方式劃分的文章類型。常用的文體有四種：記敘文、描寫文、說明文和議論文。每種文體各有特色。但實(shí)際上，很少有純粹屬于哪一類體裁的文章。 文章類型一、描寫文（一、描寫文（description） 描寫就是用形象生動的語言把人、事、物、景刻畫出來，使它們的形象得以再現(xiàn)，讓讀者如見其人、如聞其聲、如臨其境。它是用富有表現(xiàn)力的文字描繪客觀事物的一種表現(xiàn)形式。運(yùn)用描寫，可以展現(xiàn)地域、環(huán)境、自然景物的畫面；也可以形神兼?zhèn)涞卣故緞又参锏纳駪B(tài)；還可以繪聲繪色地表現(xiàn)人物的外貌、個(gè)性、行為和心理等。作者將自己所感受到的事物通過語言文字傳達(dá)出來，期望能感染讀者，給讀者留下深刻的印象。 1描寫文寫作

21、的注意事項(xiàng)描寫文寫作的注意事項(xiàng) 總體來說，我們在進(jìn)行描寫文寫作時(shí)，主要應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 第一，要選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)拿鑼懡嵌取?第二，描寫必須形象逼真。 第三，所有細(xì)節(jié)的描寫要為文章的中心 服務(wù)。 2描寫文的分類描寫文的分類 描寫的方法多種多樣，根據(jù)描寫的對象不同，我們通常將描寫文分為三類：人物描寫、景物描寫和場面（地方、情景）描寫。 （1）人物描寫 描寫人物時(shí)，我們可以描寫人物的外貌特征、穿著打扮、語言行為，還可以描寫心理活動等。關(guān)鍵是要抓住人物的典型特征和與眾不同之處，展示人物獨(dú)特的性格特征和思想感情，塑造栩栩如生的人物形象。 人物外貌特征描寫： Here come four of them. Su

22、e has blonde hair with a wispy (小束狀的)fringe(劉海).She has a beauty spot on her cheek and a pointed chin. John is lightly tanned（曬黑）with wavy light yellow hair and a roman nose（高鼻梁）. He has stubble（短茬發(fā)）,a double chin and wears half moon spectacles. Kaori has straight shoulder-length hair, a side partin

23、g（偏分）and a short fringe. She has dark brown eyes and high cheek bones. Eduardo is a clean-shaven with gray hair and a receding hairline. He has a small scar on his jaw and a dimple（酒窩）in his chin. They are all good friends. 人物心理活動描寫： A girl was coming toward him. Her figure was long and slim; her bl

24、ond hair lay back in curls over her delicate ears. Her eyes were as blue as flowers, her lips and chin had a gentle firmness. In her pale-green suit, she was like springtime come alive. He felt as though he were being split into two, so keen was his desire to follow the girl, yet so deep was his lon

25、ging for the woman whose spirit has truly companioned and upheld his own; and there she stood. He could see her pale, plump face was gentle and sensible; her gray eyes had a warm winkle. He did not hesitate. His fingers gripped the worn copy of Human Bondage which was to identify him to. This would

26、not be love, but it would be something precious, a friendship for which he had been and must ever be grateful （2）景物描寫 景物描寫有動態(tài)和靜態(tài)之分。描寫時(shí)同樣必須抓住其特征。同時(shí)還要明確景物描寫的目的。 不包含作者主觀感情色彩的例子： My HometownMy hometown, Suzhou, is a beautiful city. It is already more than 2500 years old. The countless small bridges and

27、rivers may be the first things to catch your attention when you visit it. The rivers are all less than ten meters wide and they wind their ways around the entire city. The bridges over the rivers are pure white. Some of them are really high and some are just above the water. Traditional wooden house

28、s are built along the rivers and the cobbled roads stretch to them city is quiet and peaceful. There are also some delicate parks where one would find small ponds spotted with water-lilies and trees sheltering quiet paths. Visitors from all over the country come to visit these parks. I am proud of m

29、y home town. 富含感情色彩的例子： Autumn It is autumn. The sky is clear and cloudless. The summer heat is gone. The autumn wind brings up cool. At once the version comes to my mind. The laurel trees（月桂樹）give off fragrance. The perfume makes its way straight into my nose. The bright red cannas(美人蕉)are standing

30、 behind rows of tall plane trees. I am waiting for their leaves to turn yellow. Then I can trample on the fallen leaves on both sides of the ground. At times the autumn rain keeps falling silently on the trees, flowers and the ground. It washes everything clean. When the sun comes out, the droplets

31、shine bright on the yellow leaves. What a beautiful painting! Autumn is the season for harvest; no pains, no gains. I must study hard so that I can have a big harvest in all my subjects. （3）場面描寫場面的描寫指對一個(gè)特定場所的描寫或一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)內(nèi)人物活動的場所背景的描寫。 A Market Scene Afternoon is a very busy time in the market which

32、 is only a couple of blocks away from my house. The whole place was full of people when I last visited it a week ago. I arrived at about four oclock in the afternoon and found big crowds of people jostling with each other in front of stalls. Everywhere people were buying, selling, bargaining. Some l

33、ooked very pleased with themselves, having made a good bargain. I could hear all kinds of noises in the market. Hawkers shouted to attract would be customers while patient vegetable vendors stood bargaining and haggling prices with customers. The meat stall was doing a roaring business. The fat man

34、in charge just kept on cutting out pieces of meat to the amounts the customers asked for. Eventually I arrived at a clearing place where there was an old man playing the violin. Beside the man was a red cap. The monkey was going through various antics on a stand. It was a big attraction for children

35、. 而在另一方面，描寫按性質(zhì)可分為主觀描寫和客觀描寫。 二、記敘文（二、記敘文（narration） 記敘文是以寫人、敘事、繪景為主要內(nèi)容，以記敘為主要表達(dá)方式的一種文體。記敘的內(nèi)容可以實(shí)寫，也可以虛寫。記敘文的范圍很廣，故事、傳記、歷史事件、新聞通訊、報(bào)告文學(xué)、游記、參觀記、訪問記、回憶錄、寓言等，都屬于廣義的記敘文的范疇。但大學(xué)英語考試中的記敘文寫作主要限定在狹義的范疇里，即強(qiáng)調(diào)敘述真實(shí)的人物和具體的事物。記敘可長可短；可用第一人稱，也可用第三人稱等。但記敘文通常都包含時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因、結(jié)果等6大要素。 1.記敘文寫作的要領(lǐng)記敘文寫作的要領(lǐng)在進(jìn)行記敘文寫作時(shí)，我們要注意以下幾點(diǎn)

36、：(1)要有明確的中心思想。(2)要有恰當(dāng)?shù)臄⑹陆嵌取?3)要恰當(dāng)選擇細(xì)節(jié)。(4)要有明確的情景，敘述清楚，條理清晰。一般地說，我們應(yīng)該在記敘文開頭就交待清楚與事件有關(guān)的人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和起因，進(jìn)而講述事件的經(jīng)過和結(jié)局，這正是記敘文的六大要素，即：5W和1H: when, where, who, what, why, and how。(5)要合理布局全文。 2常用記敘的方式常用記敘的方式 記敘的方式多種多樣，有順敘、倒敘、插敘、概括敘述、具體敘述和夾敘夾議6種。在這里，我們只談?wù)撉?種最常用的敘述方式。 （1）順敘）順敘 順敘就是按照事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局的自然先后順序進(jìn)行敘述，或以時(shí)間來

37、推移，地點(diǎn)的前后變化，人物出現(xiàn)的先后次序來敘述。 My First Weekend at College After one weeks study, I get my first weekend at college. This weekend was very wonderful for we had our first classmates meeting. At about 7:30 am., I went out of the dormitory and set off for the school dining hallGuixiangyuan, where one of my c

38、lassmates and I ordered whatever wed like to eat. There we met each other and then we went together to the classmates meeting placeWuhan University. It took us ten minutes to walk there. When we arrived, I saw many classmates waiting there, who all looked very happy to see us, and I felt happy, too.

39、 I missed them very much for I hadnt seen them for four months. At about 9:30 am., we set off for our destinationthe East Lake. There we saw many interesting things and enjoyed many beautiful views. About one hour later, we went boating. We were divided into three groups and ordered three boats. The

40、n we began boating in the lake. It rained a little that day, which made us feel more romantic. At noon, we had a picnic in the park. After lunch we had a walk in it, enjoying the beautiful scenes. And at about 5:00 pm., we went back to Central China Normal University. All of us felt so happy that we

41、re all eager to have our next meeting. The Wisdom of a Poor Man One day a poor man tied his horse to a tree and sat down for a rest. A proud rich man, who was passing by, saw the poor man and also decided to take a rest. So he began tying his horse to the same tree. “Dont tie your horse to that tree

42、!” shouted the poor man. “My horse is wild, it will kill yours. Tie your horse to some other tree.” But the rich man answered proudly, “Ill tie my horse where I wish!” And he tied his horse to the same tree. Then he sat down and began to eat his dinner. Suddenly they heard a terrible noise. This mad

43、e both men jump to their feet. The horses were fighting! The two men ran up to stop them, but it was late. The rich man saw that his poor animal was already dead. Then the rich man got very angry. “You will have to pay for my horse!” he shouted. Then he forced the poor man to go with him to the judg

44、e and he said, “This mans horse has killed mine. Put the man in prison and dont let him out until he pays for my horse. ” “Is that true?” asked the judge, turning to the poor man. “Has your horse really killed his?” But the poor man was silent. The judge asked a lot of other questions. But the poor

45、man did not answer any of them. At last the judge said, “The poor man cant speak.” “Oh, sir,” said the rich man to the judge, “This poor peasant can talk just as well as you and I. He spoke to me very well there on the road.” “Are you sure?” asked the judge in surprise. “What did he say?” “He told m

46、e not to tie my horse to that tree, because his horse would kill mine. He advised me to tie my horse to some other tree.” “Ah,” said the judge. “Now I see. So you think your horse must be paid for, do you? Why didnt you do as you were told? Why didnt you take better care of your horse?” Then the jud

47、ge asked the poor man, “Why didnt you answer my questions?” “I wanted to make him tell you the whole story himself.” explained the poor man. The judge liked the poor mans answer and praised him for his wisdom. So the poor man went away. The rich man did not get any money. （2）倒敘）倒敘 倒敘就是把事件的結(jié)局或文章中最精彩的

48、高潮片斷提前到文章開頭寫，然后再按事件發(fā)展的自然順序敘述。有時(shí)候則是以目前所見的事物開始，再追憶從前的往事。 The Tragedy of Titanic On April 15th, 1912, the Titanic, the largest ship in the world, which was thought to be unsinkable, struck an iceberg off Newfoundland and sank in the early morning darkness, drowning more than 2200 lives. The luxury line

49、r was making the first Atlantic voyage from England to New York when the tragedy occurred. Of the 3000 people aboard, only about 700 persons were saved. Millions of dollars in jewelry and furs went down with the ship. Earlier in the night the captain of the ship had been warned that there were icebe

50、rgs in the area. As the big liner sped on through the darkness, heading swiftly toward its destiny, the warning was apparently ignored. At 11:40 p.m. the Titanic, a man-made giant, rammed against the white, silent giant of nature and sank down into the deep dark sea in two and one half hours. Never

51、will the whole world forget that tragic event. （3）插敘）插敘 插敘就是在敘述過程中，由于某種需要暫時(shí)中斷原有的敘述線索，插進(jìn)有關(guān)的另一件事情，之后再回到原來的中心事件上。 An Experience That Changed My Life When I was sixteen, I overheard a conversation between my mother and father that changed my life. On this particular day I had stayed home from school bec

52、ause of an attack of asthma that I frequently suffered. While resting in my bedroom, I could overhear my parents discussing my illness. “I wonder if asthma is inherited,” my mother said, “No one in my family or in yours has ever had it. Tom must have inherited it from his mother and father.” “From h

53、is mother and father!” I couldnt believe my ears. Werent those two people in the living room my mother and father? If they were not, then who were my parents? Suddenly I realized what they had meant. I was adopted. That night I could hardly sleep, shaken by what I had heard. The next morning I confr

54、onted my parents with the words I had overheard and demanded to know the truth. They looked nervously at each other, trying to find the words to answer me. Finally, my mother told me the story. My real parents were unmarried, and I had been put up for adoption shortly after my birth. Their present w

55、hereabouts were unknown. My adoptive parents had been unable to have children of their own, and the adoption agency awarded me to them when I was two months old. For a few weeks I was confused in my feelings. I wondered what my real mother and father looked like, what their occupations were, and eve

56、n such little things as what they did for hobbies and entertainment. But little by little, my attitude and thoughts changed. I began to appreciate my parents in a new and powerful way when I saw the ways in which they had to economize by skipping a vocation or driving an old car, I realize the sacri

57、fices they had made for me. The shock I experienced that night when I heard that conversation was soon replaced by an increased love and admiration for the two important persons in my life: my mother and dad. 一般來說，插敘有3種形式： (1)補(bǔ)敘：補(bǔ)充敘述中所缺的段落。在敘述中先隱藏某些重要內(nèi)容或情節(jié)，形成懸念，讓讀者去思考，直到事件發(fā)生后再做補(bǔ)充說明。 (2)追敘：追憶過去的事件，通常

58、用來說明事件的由來，豐富文章的內(nèi)容。 (3)分?jǐn)ⅲ河纸衅綌?，就是同時(shí)敘述同一時(shí)間內(nèi)不同地點(diǎn)發(fā)生的幾件事。分?jǐn)⑼ǔＪ窍葦⑹鲆患?，再敘述另一件事?Shopping for Clothes Bob and Don go to the same university. They both needed some new clothes for school and decided to go shopping together in the new department store. Don had to get some shirts and Bob wanted to get a sweate

59、r. While Don went to the shirt department, Bob went to buy his sweater. It only took Don a few minutes to select his shirts, and then he went to the sweater department to meet his friend. Bob tried every sweater in his size, but none of them looked good on him. The salesman said that he would have s

60、ome more sweaters in a few days, and Bob said he would come back then. 3記敘線索的設(shè)計(jì)記敘線索的設(shè)計(jì) 一般來說，記敘的線索可以有以下5種： （1）以時(shí)間為線索，按時(shí)間的順序展開。 A Busy Day I still remember the busiest day I have ever experienced. It was Oct. 9th. Quite early on the morning, the clock clicked on, and it woke me up from my beautiful dr