大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

1、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)，常與often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：The shop opens at nine every day. 這家商店每天九點(diǎn)開(kāi)門(mén)。It seldom snows here. 這兒很少下雪。(2) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示客觀存在或普遍真理Light travels faster than sound. 光速比聲速快。Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天氣熱時(shí)食物容易壞

2、。(3) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)的特征或狀態(tài)The picture looks very beautiful. 這幅畫(huà)看起來(lái)很美。Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空氣含有氧和氮。(4) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)I'll tell her about it as soon as I see her.When does the train arrive? 火車(chē)幾點(diǎn)到？(5) 用于圖片說(shuō)明或劇本中的動(dòng)作提示和背景說(shuō)明INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife.

3、 The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart. 防空洞中：斯道克頓慢慢轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身，面對(duì)他的妻子。那群人正在離去，而他們憤怒的尖叫聲卻還回響在他們的耳邊。(6) 電視節(jié)目直播解說(shuō)It's Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter.

4、該卡特發(fā)球了，他只需再得一分就贏了。他發(fā)球了，史密斯接球失誤。多漂亮的發(fā)球！冠軍屬于了19歲的哈利-卡特。2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，通常有表示現(xiàn)階段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：today, this week, this month, this year, this term,now等。如： He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō)。(2) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)在表示經(jīng)常性、重復(fù)性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作時(shí)必須與only, merely, simply, really,fast, rapidly,

5、 steadily, forever, all the time, always, constantly, continually, repeatedly等頻度副詞連用。如： She is always complaining. 她總是在抱怨。(3) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃或已安排好要做的事 這一用法只適用于某些動(dòng)詞，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如： The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火車(chē)走。(4) 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明1 在不少情況下，表示正在進(jìn)行的

6、動(dòng)作的漢語(yǔ)句子，并沒(méi)有“正在”這樣的字眼，但在譯為英語(yǔ)時(shí)必須用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如： It's raining heavily. 下大雨了。 How is everything going? 事情進(jìn)展如何？2 有些動(dòng)詞通常不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)。不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞有： 表示感覺(jué)或感情的詞，如：hear, see, smell, taste, feel, seem, notice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等。 表示存在或所屬的詞，如：exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form,

7、 contain等。 表示認(rèn)識(shí)或理解的詞，如：understand, know, remember, forget, believe, think, doubt等。3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的這種用法通常與由since或for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：The old man have lived here for more than twenty years. 老人已在此住了20多年了。(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作1 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的這種用法有時(shí)不帶時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)可以和already, before, ever, just, l

8、ately, never, once, recently, yet等一些所指時(shí)間不具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：Have you ever been to Australia? 你去過(guò)澳大利亞嗎？2 有時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和now, today, this morning, this week, this year等表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：I haven' t seen him today. 我今天沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)他。I have seen him only once this year. 我今年只見(jiàn)過(guò)他一次。(3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)完成的動(dòng)作I'll go to the

9、party as soon as (or when) I have finished my homework.我完成作業(yè)后就去參加聚會(huì)。(4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和until now, so far, in the past few years, up to the present等表示從某時(shí)到目前這段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用 I have not heard from her so far. 到目前為止，我沒(méi)有收到過(guò)她的信。We have learned five hundred words up to the present.到目前為止，我們已學(xué)了五百個(gè)生詞。但要注意：當(dāng)意義明確時(shí)，適用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子可以

10、不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：He has done a lot of work. 他干了許多工作。She has told me about her story. 她跟我講過(guò)她的故事。4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(1) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作I've been writing letters all this morning. 我寫(xiě)了一上午信。（動(dòng)作不再繼續(xù)）O'Neil is ill. He' s been lying in the bed for three weeks.奧尼爾在病中，已臥床3個(gè)星期了。（動(dòng)作會(huì)繼續(xù)下去）(2) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示

11、從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的重復(fù)性動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的這種用法所表示的并不是一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而是斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：What have you been doing all this time? 你一直都在干什么來(lái)著？（動(dòng)作可能繼續(xù)下去）That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.這些年那個(gè)記者一直為這家雜志撰稿。（斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)1. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)(1) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)1 一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yes

12、terday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday),then, at that time, at that moment, just now, a few days(weeks, months, years) ago等。例句：Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out. 出門(mén)前露茜關(guān)了所有的燈。2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)也可以與today, this week(month, year)等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，但這些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)指過(guò)去。如：Did you see him today? 你今天見(jiàn)他了嗎？（today指今天已

13、過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻）3 一般過(guò)去時(shí)還可以和for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了兩個(gè)月。Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都沒(méi)有發(fā)生。(2) 有時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中Who was that? 那人是誰(shuí)？I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看見(jiàn)了克爾。(3) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。Hans said he would let us know if he got any news. 漢斯說(shuō)要是得到消息就告訴我們。

14、2. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(1) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作1 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)通常和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：We were having dinner when they came.他們來(lái)的時(shí)候，我們正在吃飯。2 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。如：Carlos was staying at home all last week.上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆著。They were building a dam last spring. 去年春天他們一直在修一個(gè)水壩。3 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示與過(guò)去某個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：I was reading while she was writing. 我在讀書(shū)

15、，她在寫(xiě)字。4 有時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)用于主句，位于其后的when引導(dǎo)的從句表示意外發(fā)生的情況：I was walking in the street when it began to rain. 我正在街上走著，突然下起了雨。(2) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的這種用法多表示過(guò)去的打算，通常僅限于come, go, leave, depart, start等一些表示移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。如：He didn't know whether she was coming. 他不知道她是否會(huì)來(lái)。The delegation was departing three days later. 代表團(tuán)打算

16、三天后動(dòng)身。3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)(1) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)之前結(jié)束的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)When he got there, the train had already left.他到了那兒時(shí)火車(chē)已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。Ina realized she had made a mistake.艾娜意識(shí)到她犯了個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。(2) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)與when等從句連用had+just / barely / hardly / scarcely+done.when., no sooner.than. 是表示“剛就”或“不等就”的固定句型。如：No sooner had we left the house than it began t

17、o rain. 我們剛離開(kāi)家就開(kāi)始下雨了。I had not gone much farther before I caught them up.我沒(méi)有走多遠(yuǎn)就趕上他們了。(3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)之前的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)We had finished the work by nine o'clock yesterday.昨晚九點(diǎn)前我們已完成了工作。The company had completed the project by the end of 1999.到1999年底公司已完成了那個(gè)項(xiàng)目。(4) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望的用法僅限于expect,

18、hope, intend, mean, plan, think,want等動(dòng)詞，過(guò)去時(shí)間往往由一般過(guò)去時(shí)表達(dá)。如：I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想發(fā)言，可是時(shí)間不允許。I had hoped you might know. 我本希望你會(huì)知道的。4. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)主要表示持續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)之前的動(dòng)作。如：I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 這個(gè)東西，我找了好多天才找著。The telephone had been ringing for thr

19、ee minutes before it was answered.電話鈴響了三分鐘才有人接。He was tired. He'd been working all day.他累了。他工作了一整天。After he'd been lecturing for half an hour, Professor Brown had a drink of water.布朗教授講了半小時(shí)課之后，他喝了一點(diǎn)水。動(dòng)詞的將來(lái)時(shí)1. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)(1) 基本用法1 一般將來(lái)時(shí)常用來(lái)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀況。如：Helena will be twenty next year. 海倫娜明年就二十歲了。2

20、 一般將來(lái)時(shí)用于真實(shí)條件句和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的主句中表示將來(lái)的情況。如：I'll tell you as soon as he comes. 他一來(lái)我就告訴你。3 用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示愿望或意愿。如：If you will wait for me, I shall come back soon.如果你愿意等我，我馬上就回來(lái)。4 一般將來(lái)時(shí)可用來(lái)表示一種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。如：The shop won't open until nine. 這家商店九點(diǎn)才會(huì)開(kāi)門(mén)。Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子。(2) be going to 動(dòng)詞原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算或

21、準(zhǔn)備好要做的事或有跡象表明要發(fā)生的天氣變化等情況。如：What are you going to do during the summer holiday? 你暑假打算做什么？ The train is going to arrive. 火車(chē)就要到了。(3) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（be 現(xiàn)在分詞）有些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的事。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：go, come, leave,start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如：Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要來(lái)吃飯

22、。(4) be to 動(dòng)詞原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)可表示約定、命令或按計(jì)劃要做的事。如：When are they to come? 他們什么時(shí)候來(lái)？We are to meet at the school gate. 我們約好在校門(mén)口見(jiàn)。 (5) be about to 動(dòng)詞原形這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示“即將做”或“馬上做”的意思。如：He is about to leave. 他馬上就要?jiǎng)由?。The vacation is about to start. 假期即將開(kāi)始。2. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常表示已安排好之事，給人一種期待感。如：What will you be doing t

23、his time tomorrow? 明天這個(gè)時(shí)候你將做什么？The train will be leaving in a second. 火車(chē)馬上就開(kāi)。3. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)(1) 將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前完成的動(dòng)作，往往對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。如：I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.我將在本周末前讀完這本書(shū)。Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter.過(guò)不久，他很快就會(huì)把這件事全然忘記。(2) 將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)到將來(lái)某時(shí)的動(dòng)作或狀

24、態(tài)。如：By the time he graduates, he will have studied French for four years.到他畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，他學(xué)法語(yǔ)就滿四年了。By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting, we will have waited here for three hours. 到皮爾斯開(kāi)會(huì)回來(lái)的時(shí)候，我們已經(jīng)在這兒等了三個(gè)鐘頭了。4. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(1) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)之后將出現(xiàn)的情況，通常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。如：I thought he would come. 我以為他會(huì)來(lái)。 Jenny never ima

25、gined that she would become a doctor.詹妮從沒(méi)想到自己會(huì)當(dāng)醫(yī)生。(2) 表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)看將要發(fā)生的事情。如：The old lady was fifty-eight then. In two years she would be sixty.老太太當(dāng)時(shí)五十八歲，再過(guò)兩年就六十了。I didnt think they would have any objection to it.我想他們不會(huì)有什么反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。(3) 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作（不管什么人稱(chēng)都用would）。如：Whenever he had time, Harris would go to see hi

26、s grandmother. 哈里斯一有時(shí)間就去看他奶奶。Joanna would go for a walk after she had supper.喬安娜吃完晚飯總要去散步。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)現(xiàn)在范疇一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are made現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am / is /are being made 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has/have been made過(guò)去范疇 一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were made過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/werebeingmade過(guò)去完成時(shí)had been made將來(lái)范疇一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall/will be made將來(lái)完成時(shí)shall/will have been made過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)should

27、/would be made過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)should/would have been made 1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（The Passive Voice）是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)便于論述客觀事實(shí)，故常用于科技文章、新聞報(bào)道、書(shū)刊介紹以及景物描寫(xiě)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)沒(méi)有將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)形式。(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)I am not so easily deceived. 我不會(huì)輕易上當(dāng)受騙的。Computers are widely used in the world.計(jì)算機(jī)在世界范圍內(nèi)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。(2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The

28、car was seriously damaged. 汽車(chē)受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞。Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷術(shù)是由中國(guó)傳入歐洲的。(3) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The question is being discussed at the meeting. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題現(xiàn)在正在會(huì)上討論。The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子們現(xiàn)在正由其姑媽照看。(4) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)When I called, tea was being served.當(dāng)我來(lái)訪時(shí)，正值上茶之際。

29、When they arrived， the experiments were being made. 他們到達(dá)時(shí)，實(shí)驗(yàn)正在進(jìn)行。(5) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The meeting has been put off. 會(huì)議已被推遲了。The party has been planned since the new year. 這次聚會(huì)自新年起就已籌劃了。(6) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)By the end of last month,he had been robbed at least three times.到上月底，他已被搶了至少三次。(7) 將來(lái)完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)It is said tha

30、t the building will have been completed before September.據(jù)說(shuō)大樓將于九月前竣工。This class will have been taught by Mr Brown for two years by next summer.到明年夏天，布朗先生在這兩個(gè)班執(zhí)教已有兩年了。2. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Water mustn't be wasted. 絕不能浪費(fèi)水。Electric energy can be changed into light enery. 電能可以轉(zhuǎn)變成光能。Cross the road very caref

31、ully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down.過(guò)馬路時(shí)要特別小心，要往兩邊看，不然會(huì)被撞倒。3. Get+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Get過(guò)去分詞也可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子側(cè)重于動(dòng)作的結(jié)果而不是動(dòng)作本身。如：the man got hurt on his way home. 那個(gè)男人在回家的路上受傷了。Mary is going to get married. 瑪麗準(zhǔn)備結(jié)婚了。How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？4. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(1) 動(dòng)詞+介詞This matter has been

32、talked about recently. 這件事近來(lái)一直被談?wù)撝uch a thing has never been heard of before.這樣的事從未被聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)。The old man was looked after carefully. 那位老人被精心照顧著。He has never been listened to. 人家從不聽(tīng)他的話。(2) 動(dòng)詞+副詞The sports meeting was put off. 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)被推遲了。A short play will be put on by them at the party. 一個(gè)短劇將要由他們?cè)谕頃?huì)上演出。What

33、 he said must be thought over. 他說(shuō)的話必須仔細(xì)思考。(3) 其他短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 Privileges must be done away with. 特權(quán)必須被取消。The light has just been turned off. 燈剛被關(guān)上。Their plans are being carried out. 他們的計(jì)劃正在執(zhí)行中。5. “主+動(dòng)+賓+賓補(bǔ)”句型變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)這種句型有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，一般地說(shuō)一為間接賓語(yǔ)，一為直接賓語(yǔ)。變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)，另一賓語(yǔ)不變。We call him Xiao Wang. 我們叫他小王

34、。（主動(dòng)句）He was called Xiao Wang. 他被叫做小王。（被動(dòng)句）He painted the table green. 他把桌子漆成了綠色。（主動(dòng)句）The table was painted green. 桌子被漆成了綠色。（被動(dòng)句）6. “主+動(dòng)+that從句”句型的被動(dòng)句有些以that從句作賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成兩種形式的被動(dòng)句。如：People say that he is the richest man in the city.人們說(shuō)他是全市頭號(hào)富翁。It is said that he is the richest man in the city. 據(jù)說(shuō)他是全

35、市頭號(hào)富翁。He is said to be the richest man in the city. 據(jù)說(shuō)他是全市頭號(hào)富翁。當(dāng)說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)無(wú)關(guān)緊要，或者不清楚誰(shuí)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者時(shí)，便常常使用上述形式的被動(dòng)句。如：It was reported that the boy had been found. 據(jù)報(bào)道，男孩已被找到。The boy was reported to have been found. 據(jù)報(bào)道，男孩已被找到。常用于上述被動(dòng)句型的動(dòng)詞有：acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, estimate,

36、 expect, find, know, presume, report, say, think等。 7. 含有被動(dòng)意義的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)英語(yǔ)中有一些表示被動(dòng)意義的主動(dòng)句，其謂語(yǔ)所表示的不是主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，而是其內(nèi)在的性能。這種句子的特點(diǎn)是：主語(yǔ)為無(wú)生命名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；肯定句必須帶方式狀語(yǔ)；否定句的謂語(yǔ)可以帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：She is to blame. 她應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備。The house is to rent. 這個(gè)房子要出租。Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物放在冰箱里能保鮮。The pen writes smoothly. 這支鋼筆很好寫(xiě)。The cl

37、oth feels soft. 這布摸上去很柔軟。The cake tastes good. 這蛋糕很好吃。助動(dòng)詞be、have和do1. Be動(dòng)詞的用法(1) 助動(dòng)詞be和現(xiàn)在分詞一起構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)或完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：He is reading. 他在讀書(shū)。I'll be waiting for you there then. 我到時(shí)在那兒等你。(2) 助動(dòng)詞be和過(guò)去分詞一起構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：Is he taken good care of? 他被照顧得好嗎？They shall be punished. 他們一定要受懲罰的。(3) 助動(dòng)詞be用作系動(dòng)詞。如：Matthew is a t

38、eacher. 馬修是個(gè)老師。We were late today. 我們今天遲到了。(4) 助動(dòng)詞be和不定式連用，可以表示下面幾種情況。表計(jì)劃，只用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句。如：We are to discuss it the following week. 我們打算下周討論那件事。When is the wedding to be? 婚禮什么時(shí)候舉行？表命令，只用于肯定句和否定句。如：All junior officers are to report to the colonel at once. 全體下級(jí)軍官都必須立即向上校報(bào)到。Tom says I am to leave you alone

39、. 湯姆要我不理會(huì)你。表可能，多用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Her father was often to be seen in the bar of this hotel.在這家旅館的酒吧經(jīng)?？梢?jiàn)到她父親。Where is he to be found? 在哪兒可找到他？表示“必須”，“應(yīng)該”多用于現(xiàn)在式。如：Nobody is to leave this room. 誰(shuí)也不許離開(kāi)這個(gè)房間。What am I to do next？下一步我該做什么？He's to blame. 該怪他。表注定，多用于過(guò)去式。如：He was to be my teacher and friend for ma

40、ny years to come. 在后來(lái)許多年里，他是我的老師和朋友。The professor did not know at the time that he was never to see his native place again.當(dāng)時(shí)教授不知道他再也見(jiàn)不到他的故土了。(5) 助動(dòng)詞be用于條件從句。如：If we are to succeed, we must redouble our efforts.我們要想成功，必須加倍努力才行。（are to意為“想要”）(6) be后接going to, about to, on the point of等表示將來(lái)時(shí)間或根據(jù)計(jì)劃、意圖等

41、將要發(fā)生的事。如：It's going to rain. 快要下雨了。(將來(lái)時(shí)間)He's about to leave. 他正要走。(將來(lái)時(shí)間)2. Have的用法(1) 助動(dòng)詞have與過(guò)去分詞一起構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：I have read the book. 我讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。Kenny has left. 肯尼已經(jīng)走了。(2) 助動(dòng)詞have與been+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成各種完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：I have been washing the clothes the whole morning.整個(gè)上午我都在洗衣服。Lambert has been working as a wor

42、ker here for nearly five years.蘭伯特一直在這里當(dāng)工人，幾乎有五年了。(3) 助動(dòng)詞have構(gòu)成had better, had best, had rather等詞組。Had better和had best是“最好還是”或“還是好”的意思。在had better中，had不表示過(guò)去時(shí)間，不能用have或has代替。had better 后可接不帶to的不定式或接進(jìn)行式、完成式或被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。had better的否定式是had better not。如：You had better stay at home你最好呆在家里。You'd better have h

43、ad that experience before. 假如你以前有過(guò)那個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)就好了。You'd better not run the risk. 你最好不要冒那個(gè)險(xiǎn)。(4) 補(bǔ)充Have還可用作使役動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(表示”有”,”吃”等意義)。如:They have had the problem solved.他們讓其他人解決了這個(gè)問(wèn)題.(使役動(dòng)詞)Bad news has wings. 丑事傳千里. (實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)What shall we have for lunch? 我們午飯吃甚么? (實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)3. Do的用法(1) 助動(dòng)詞do, does和did用于構(gòu)成否定句、疑問(wèn)句和倒裝句

44、。如：Do you understand all this? 你明白這一切嗎？Don't go yet. 先別走。(2) 助動(dòng)詞do, does和did用于代替句中的主要?jiǎng)釉~，以避免重復(fù)。如：He didn't go to the party. Neither did I. 他沒(méi)有去參加晚會(huì)，我也沒(méi)有去。I do not agree. Nor does he. 我不同意，他也不同意。(3) 用于加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣， do， does和did位于陳述句的動(dòng)詞原形前， do位于祈使句中的動(dòng)詞原形前。如：Do have another cup of coffee before you go.走

45、前請(qǐng)一定再喝一杯咖啡。That's exactly what he did say. 他就是那樣說(shuō)的。But I do want to go. 可是我確實(shí)想去。(4) 在一些以否定副詞如never, rarely, scarcely, only等為首的句子中，如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)，助動(dòng)詞do和did可以構(gòu)成主謂倒裝。如：Never did I tell him about that. 我從來(lái)沒(méi)有告訴過(guò)他那件事。Rarely does it snow in the South. 南方很少下雪。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can、may、must的用法1. can的用法(1) can表示主語(yǔ)的能力。如

46、：The hall can seat 1,000 people. 這個(gè)大廳能坐1 000人。Can you play the piano? 你會(huì)彈鋼琴嗎？(2) can表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè)（即可能性），多用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。如：Can it be true? 這能是真的嗎？The moon can't always be at the full. 月不可能總是圓的。What can she mean? 她可能是什么意思呢？(3) can表示許可。如：This sort of thing can't go on. 這樣的事不能再繼續(xù)下去了。You can't smoke he

47、re. 你不可在這里吸煙。(4)“can+完成式”表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)（只用于否定和疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)中）。如：He can't have missed the way.I explained the route carefully and drew him a map.他不會(huì)迷路。我對(duì)他詳細(xì)說(shuō)明了路線，還畫(huà)了一張地圖。Can the team have left already? 球隊(duì)已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了嗎？2. could的用法(1) could表示主語(yǔ)的能力，為can的過(guò)去時(shí)形式，如：Daisy couldn't come yesterday because she was ill.戴

48、西昨天不能來(lái)是因?yàn)樗×?。They said they could swim. 他們說(shuō)他們會(huì)游泳。(2) could表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè)（即可能性）。如：He could be right. 他或許是對(duì)的。Could it be Henry? 可能是亨利嗎？At that time we thought the story could not be true.那時(shí)我們認(rèn)為所說(shuō)的事不可能是真的。(3) could表示許可。如：Father said I could swim in the river. 爸爸說(shuō)我可以在河里游泳。Could I help you? 我能幫忙嗎？ (比Can I help

49、 you?婉轉(zhuǎn))The man asked if he could smoke in the hall.那個(gè)人問(wèn)可不可以在大廳里吸煙。(4)“could+完成式”用于肯定句時(shí)一般表示過(guò)去可能完成卻未完成的動(dòng)作。如：I could have reported you. 我本可以報(bào)告你的。You could have let me know earlier. 你本來(lái)該早一些告訴我。3. may的用法(1) may表示許可，多用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句中，否定句中不常用。如：May I ask you a question? 我可以問(wèn)你個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎？(比Can I ask you a question?更禮貌)

50、You may keep the book for two weeks. 這本書(shū)你可以借兩周。(2) may表示可能性，常用于肯定句和否定句中，指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的可能性。如：It may be true. 那可能是真的。The road may be blocked. 這條路可能不通了。(3)“may+完成式”表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的猜測(cè)。如：Eva may have missed her train. 伊娃可能誤火車(chē)了。He may have read the book. 他可能讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。(4) may as well(=might as well)是一個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)，作“不妨”或“完全有理由”或“還是

51、的好”解，用于提出建議。如：You may as well stay where you are. 你還是原地呆著好。All the pubs are closing.We may as well go home.所有的酒館都打烊了。我們還是回家吧。在對(duì)由may引出的“請(qǐng)求許可”的問(wèn)句做出肯定回答時(shí)，通常不用過(guò)于嚴(yán)肅和正式的“Yes, you may.”，而多用“Yes, please?(請(qǐng)便)”或“Of course/ Certainly(當(dāng)然可以).”；否定回答時(shí)，常用 “Please don't(請(qǐng)不要)”或“No, you mustn't(不行)”4. might的用法

52、(1) might表示許可。如：Might I have a word with you? 我可以同你說(shuō)句話嗎？Might I make a suggestion? 我可以提一項(xiàng)建議嗎？Might we ask you a favour? 我們可以請(qǐng)你幫個(gè)忙嗎？但要注意：Might I.比May I.更客氣，但是不如May I.常用。(2) might表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè)，其把握性比may小。如：Mr Smith might be right. 史密斯先生或許是對(duì)的。He might have some fever. 他可能有點(diǎn)發(fā)燒。(3) might用于委婉地提出建議、責(zé)備等。如：You mig

53、ht ask him for help. 你可以請(qǐng)他幫忙嘛。You might ask before you borrow my car. 你可以先問(wèn)問(wèn)我再借我的車(chē)嘛。(4)“might+完成式”（表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)過(guò)去情況的抱怨、責(zé)備、遺憾等）。如：You might have considered her feelings. 你本應(yīng)考慮她的感受。You might have let me know earlier. 你本來(lái)該早一些告訴我。5. must的用法(1) must表義務(wù)或強(qiáng)制。如：I must go now. 我必須走了。Soldiers must obey orders. 軍人必須服

54、從命令。Visitors must leave bags in the cloakroom. 參觀者須把包放到物品寄存處。must用于一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，其肯定答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用Yes, please.或I'm afraid so.其否定答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用needn't或don't have to.Must I go tomorrow? 明天我必須去嗎？Yes, please. 是的。No, you needn't. 不，你不必去。must的否定式must not/mustn't表示禁止。You mustn't leave here. 你不許離開(kāi)這兒。Cars mustn

55、't be parked in front of the entrance. 車(chē)不能停在入口處。(2) must表示說(shuō)話人有把握的猜測(cè)，僅限于肯定句。如：He must be at home now. 他現(xiàn)在肯定在家。You must be joking. 你一定是在開(kāi)玩笑。He must be mad. 他一定是瘋了。(3)“must+進(jìn)行式”表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況有把握的猜測(cè)，僅限于肯定句。如： You must be joking. 你一定是在開(kāi)玩笑吧。(4)“must+完成式”表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況有把握的猜測(cè)，僅限于肯定句。如：You must have known what he want

56、ed. 你當(dāng)時(shí)肯定知道他想干什么。Emm must have been very young when she got married. ?，斀Y(jié)婚時(shí)一定很年輕。(5)“must+完成進(jìn)行式”表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況有把握的猜測(cè)，僅限于肯定句。如：He must have been working. 他肯定一直在工作。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的其他形式1. shall的用法(1) shall用于疑問(wèn)句中，征求對(duì)方的意愿；這時(shí)可以用第一人稱(chēng)和第三人稱(chēng)。如：Shall I turn on the light? 要開(kāi)燈嗎？(我把燈打開(kāi)好嗎?)Shall we sit here? 咱們坐這兒怎么樣?(坐這兒好嗎?)Shall w

57、e begin now? 我們現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始，好嗎？Shall he send you a check? 要不要他給你寄張支票？(2) shall用于陳述句，與第二人稱(chēng)或第三人稱(chēng)連用，表示允諾、命令、警告和強(qiáng)制，或表示說(shuō)話人的決心等。如：She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。(允諾)Then you shall come. 那你就得來(lái).(命令) Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan.什么也不能阻止我們實(shí)現(xiàn)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。(決心)2. should的用法(1) should表“應(yīng)該”，用于所有人稱(chēng)，表示常理認(rèn)為是對(duì)的事或適宜做的事，通常意義為“應(yīng)該”。如：You should be more careful next time. 你下次應(yīng)該再細(xì)心些。We should always bear this in mi