大學(xué)英語四級(jí)重點(diǎn)語法精要

1、大學(xué)英語四級(jí)重點(diǎn)語法精要大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要一、動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)，用法，省略，一致性等) （一）時(shí)態(tài) 1、主動(dòng)形式完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。· 時(shí)間狀語從句當(dāng)中的時(shí)態(tài)：所有的過去一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示現(xiàn)在和將來現(xiàn)在完成和將來完成3、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束. 1大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要· Ive been writing letters for an hour. Ive been sittingin the garden.4、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由had been

2、+ ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作· We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.5、將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí): 將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.· By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.6、將來完成時(shí)(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.· I shall have finished this one before lunch.They

3、ll have hit the years target by the end of October.（二）語態(tài)1、可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:· He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.· 能同時(shí)適用于上述兩個(gè)句型的主動(dòng)詞通常都是表示“估計(jì)”，“相信”等意義的動(dòng)詞，常見的有：assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等。·

4、; It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship issupposed to have been sunk.2、擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義。2大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要· Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposedto know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)3、雙賓語及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)1）雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài): 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),可以把

5、主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個(gè)賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z。· He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.2） 賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):· She was called Big Sister by everybody.4、 短語動(dòng)詞1）Vi. + adv.：The plane took off two hours late.2）Vi. + prep

6、.：They looked round the Cathedral.3）Vi. + prep. (有被動(dòng)語態(tài))：Shes looking after her sisters children.4）Vi. + adv. + prep.：I began to look forward to their visits.5）Vt. + O + adv.：Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.6） Vt. + adv. + O (

7、無被動(dòng)語態(tài))：I am trying to give up smoking. 3大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要7）Vt. + O + prep.：We talked Donald into agreement.（三）省略1、在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略: 在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含有動(dòng)詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是it b),就常?？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和謂語的一部分(特別是動(dòng)詞be)省略掉.1）Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the di

8、rections, the drug has no sideeffects.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity. He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.2）If necessary Ill

9、have the letter duplicated.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2、 在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的從句中,常會(huì)有一些成分省略.1）He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.2）They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (di

10、d).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.4大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要We will, as always, stand on your side.3、錯(cuò)誤的省略1）His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.2）While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck thew

11、all beside her.（四）一致1、主謂一致（與插入語無關(guān)）1）主謂的分隔原則：主謂之間可以用定語從句或者省略的定語從句分隔。2）定語從句中的主謂一致3）隨前一致：n. + together with；as well as；including；along with；with / of；accompanied with / by4）就近原則5）如果主語表示的是同一個(gè)概念，同一人，同一事的時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特征是and連接 的兩個(gè)詞只有一個(gè)冠詞。· The iron and steel industry is very important to our countr

12、y. · The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.· The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming. · 類似的還有：law and order；bread and；butterblack and white；To love and to be loved is ；A lawyer and a teacher are；A lawyer and teacher is 6）隨后原則：not A but B / not only A but a

13、lso B+v.(與B一致)7）百分比結(jié)構(gòu)：most，half，rest，some，majority，one + persent；of+n1+v.（由n1決定）8）倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致：· There be +n 由名詞決定動(dòng)詞· Among , between等介詞位于句首引起倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：Among / Between +系動(dòng)詞+n. （由名詞決定動(dòng)詞）9）The + adj.的主謂一致：· 當(dāng)表示“一類人”· 當(dāng)表示某一抽象概念時(shí)。例：The good is always attractive. 5大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要10） To do/doing/主從

14、+vs. 例：More than one + n.；many a +n.；a day or two2、如果主語是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with, together with, as well as,as much as, no less than, more than等引導(dǎo)的短語,謂語動(dòng)詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.· Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain,

15、 as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.3、 代詞作主語時(shí)一致1）each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞,作單數(shù)看待.· Each of us has something to say. Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.2） some, few, both, many 等作復(fù)數(shù)3） some 可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一。none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時(shí)較多,但也有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到

16、的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念, 但none 在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù):· None of the books are easy enough for us. None of us seemto have thought of it.None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did. None of this worries me.6大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要4）all 和most 可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞 (all of the, mostof the ), 動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).4、由and 或 both and 連接名詞詞組時(shí), 后用復(fù)

17、數(shù); 由notonlybut (also), eitheror, neithernor或 or 連接的并列主語, 謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致.1）Not only the switches but also the old writing has beenchanged.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.2）如果一個(gè)句子是由there 或here引導(dǎo), 而主語又不止一個(gè), 謂

18、語通常也和最鄰近的那個(gè)主語一致.· There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.5、people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).1）Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.2）有些集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待, 有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待, 主要根據(jù)意思來決定.·

19、; His family isnt very large.The committee meets twice a month.The audience was enormous.7大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要The audience were greatly moved at the words.3）有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形, 可根據(jù)意思決定謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù):· This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These speci

20、es are now extinct.4、 表示時(shí)間, 重量, 長度, 價(jià)值等的名詞, 盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如果作整體看待, 動(dòng)詞也可用單數(shù)形式 (當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞也是可以的):· Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6、其他問題1）書名, 國家名用單數(shù):· Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.2） 學(xué)科名, 如mathematics, e

21、conomics用單數(shù).3） many a 或more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式:· Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.4）a number of 后接復(fù)數(shù), the number of后接單數(shù):· A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject

22、 is simply amazing.5）one of those 后用單數(shù). 在“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +關(guān)系分句”結(jié) 8大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句中謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式：· Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to behelpful.6）當(dāng)one 之前與the only 等限定詞和修飾語時(shí)，關(guān)系分句謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)one 而定，即采用單數(shù)形式：· He is the only one of those boys who is willing t

23、o take on another assignment.二、非謂語動(dòng)詞（一）不定式1、形式1） 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作, 通常與主要謂語表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生, 或是在它之后發(fā)生. 假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作, 在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生, 就要用不定式的完成式.9大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要· I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seenyour mother).(比較: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a ne

24、w book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.2） 進(jìn)行式: 如果主要謂語表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí), 不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行, 這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式.· You are not supposed to be working. You havent quiterecovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.3） 完成進(jìn)行式: 在謂語所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 就要

25、用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.· The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.4） 被動(dòng)式: 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí), 不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式.· It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. She hatedto be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once. This is b

26、ound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done. She was too young to be assigned such work.10大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要2、不定式的常考形式：1）一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被動(dòng)形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.語法功能：表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生2）完成形式：He pretended not to have

27、 seen me.被動(dòng)形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.語法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前3、不定式?？嫉目键c(diǎn)：1）不定式做定語-將要發(fā)生2）不定式做狀語-目的3）不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能-To see is to believe.4、不定式的省略1）感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listento, smell, taste, feel + do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+ doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性I saw him work

28、in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見了"這個(gè)事實(shí))I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作）2）感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.3）使役動(dòng)詞：have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原toId like to have John do it. I have my package weighed.4）hel

29、p；help sb do；help sb to do；help do help to do5、有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect，allow sb. to do，cause sb. to do，permit sb. to do，enable sb. to do，force sb. to do，be more likely to do，love to do，warn sb. to do，be able to do，be ambitious to do，be

30、gin to do，start to do6、有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to，be accustomed to，face up to，in addition to，look forward to， object to， be reduced to， resign oneself to， be resigned to， resort to， sink to， be used to， be 11大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要alternative to， be close/closeness to， be dedication/dedicated to， be o

31、pposition/opposed to， be similarity/similar to.7、功用: 不定式可以作主語 (a), 賓語 (b), 表語 (c), 定語 (d) 或是狀語 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture. d. Do you have anything to declare?e. We have come to learn from

32、 you.1）to 的不定式:· 在“動(dòng)詞+ 賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中, 如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺意義的see,hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.John made her tell him everything.· 這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí), 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.· 在 had better, had best, would rather, woul

33、d sooner, wouldjust as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to。如Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. They cannot but accept his term.· 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, letslip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, 12大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要

34、leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.· 在動(dòng)詞help(或help +賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?· 在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. Smith will do anything but w

35、ork on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.· 連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時(shí), 其后的不定式不帶to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.· 出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí), 其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to, 有時(shí)不帶to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believ

36、es it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.· 用作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞不定式, 如果主語是由“all + 關(guān)系分句”，“thing+關(guān)系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時(shí)，作為主語補(bǔ)語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.13大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The t

37、hing to do now is clear up this mess.2） 不定式的其他用法· tooto 結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義:She was too young to understand all that.· enoughto結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義:She was not old enough to understand all that.· not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式連用時(shí),不定式一般不表示否定意義:Hes only too pleased to help her.· soas (to)這種結(jié)

38、構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.3） 如果要說明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰做的, 可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for引起的短語:· It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honor for us to be present at this rally.4）在以某些形容詞(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever,silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, c

39、areless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語時(shí), 不定式前可加一個(gè)of引起的短語, 來說明不定式指的是誰的情況:· Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.14大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要（二）need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，want不太常用。如：He needs (a lot of) encourag

40、ing.（三）動(dòng)名詞：具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞（是名詞：seeing is believing；具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語 starving troops isnecessary）1、動(dòng)名詞的形式:一般形式：I dont like you smoking.完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被動(dòng)形式：This question is far from being settled.2、動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn)1）動(dòng)名詞做主語謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)2）在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語是動(dòng)名詞3）動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語.I

41、would appreciate_ back this afternoonAyou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C your calling 也對(duì)）I regret not having taken your advice.4）有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞admit，appreciate，avoid，celebrate，consider，contemplate，defer，delay，deny，detest， discontinue，dislike，dispute，enjoy，it entails，escape，excuse，ex

42、plain，fancy，feel like， finish，forgive，cant help，hinder，imagine，it involves，keep，it means，mention，mind， miss，it necessitates，pardon，postpone，practice，prevent，recall，report，resent，resist， risk，suggest，understand.另還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法：its no good，its no/little/hardly any/ use，its not/hardly/scarcely use，it

43、s worthwhile，spend money/time，theres no，theres no point in，theres nothing worse than，whats the use/point.5）有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可· remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。I remembered to post the letters. (指未來/過去未來的動(dòng)作) I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作

44、)· forgot與remember的用法類似。15大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要I regret to inform you that 我很遺憾地通知你I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 為了"二十年前的離開"而遺憾。· try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. · try ing 試驗(yàn) Try practicing five hours a day.I mean to go, but my fat

45、her would not allow me to. 打算、想我想去，但我父親不讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味著贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購買力。· prefer的用法：I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）I prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。） I prefer swimming to cycling. （這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）3、分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行,過去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài)1）現(xiàn)在分詞的形式:· 一般式: D

46、o you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (與謂語動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生)· 完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (發(fā)生謂語動(dòng)詞之前)· 完成被動(dòng)形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect. (發(fā)生謂語動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng))2）過去分詞· 過去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fight no battle unprepared.· 過去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：Youll find the topic being dis

47、cussed everywhere. (強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做)· 這三種非謂語動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語。他們之間的一致關(guān)系主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語之間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。（四）V+ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞及動(dòng)名詞)1、形式1）完成式: 如果要表示動(dòng)名詞代表的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生, 通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成形式.· He didnt mention having met me.16大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要I regret not having taken her advice.·

48、 在某些動(dòng)詞后(或成語中), 常用動(dòng)名詞的一般形式, 盡管動(dòng)作是在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.Excuse me for coming late.I dont remember ever seeing him anywhere.· 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中, 表示這動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy. · 另外, 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成

49、形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.2） 被動(dòng)式: 當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí), 動(dòng)名詞一般要用被動(dòng)形式.· His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldnt bear being made fun of like that.· 但要注意, 在want

50、, need, deserve, require 等動(dòng)詞后, 盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思, 卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式.My pen needs filling. The point deserves mentioning.· 在worth這個(gè)形容詞后情形也是這樣.Her method is worth trying.17大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要· 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式可以用來作定語, 賓語補(bǔ)足語, 狀語及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.Being asked to give

51、a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.3）完成被動(dòng)式: 如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生, 有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式.I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.· 但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動(dòng)形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.· 現(xiàn)在分

52、詞的完成被動(dòng)式一般用來作狀語或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2、 句法功用1）作主語:Walking is good exercise. It

53、s nice talking to you. 18大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要2）作賓語:Your shoes need polishing. You mustnt delay sending the tractors over.3）作介詞賓語: 動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語用的時(shí)候最多. 它?？梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z后面, 常見的有: insist on, persist in, thinkof, dream of, object to, suspectof, accuseof,chargewith, hear of, approve of, preventfrom,keepfrom, stopfrom, refrai

54、n from, be engagedin, look forward to, opposed to, depend on,thankfor, feel like, excusefor, aim at,devoteto, set about, spendin, get (be) usedto, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, betired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interestedin, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keenon, be responsibl

55、e for.4）作表語: The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.· 動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語. 一般說來, 在表示抽象的一般的行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞; 在表示具體某詞動(dòng)作, 特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí), 多用不定式.5）作賓語補(bǔ)足語: 分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find,keep, get, have等動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語. The words immediately set us all laughing. Once we caught him dozing o

56、ff in class. 19大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要· 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動(dòng)詞后, 及可用現(xiàn)在分詞,也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語補(bǔ)足語. 用現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí), 表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生, 用不定式時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.6）作狀語: 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí), 通常都表示主語正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作,來對(duì)謂語表示的主要?jiǎng)幼骷右孕揎椈蜃鳛榕阋r.I ran outof the house shouting. I got

57、home, feeling verytired.· 現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時(shí)可以用作狀語表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語從句.Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didnt want to go to the cinema.· 現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時(shí)可用作時(shí)間狀語, 相當(dāng)于when引起的從句:Seeing thos

58、e pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.· 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的, 多用when 或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us. She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing. 20大學(xué)英語四級(jí)語法精要7） 前面

59、帶有代詞或名詞的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu): 一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞前面可以加一個(gè)物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)), 來表示這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語.· Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.· 如果不是在句子開頭, 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常?？梢杂妹~的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格), 這比用所有格更自然.I dont mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.8） 只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞: suggest, finish, avoid, s