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1、英語語言學課后答案9 到 11 單元課后答案】i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. the meaning of a sentence is abstract, but contextdependent.2. both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication3. maxim of quantity requires on

2、e to provide as much information as possible.4. in order to be polite, one needs to cooperate in all possible ways.5. every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others face.6. politeness is a matter of degree.7. cultures vary as far as politeness issues are concerned.8. “ do not say what you bel

3、ieve to be false” falls into themaxim of quality.9. “ to avoid obscurity ” belongs to the maxim of relation.10. “ make your contribution such as is required, at the stageat which it occurs, by the accepted purpose of the talkexchange in which you are engaged. ” this was said by g. n. leech.1.f 2.f 3

4、. f 4 f 5 t6 t 7 t 8 t 9. f 10. fiii. there are four choices following each statement. mark thechoice that can best complete the statement:1. does not study meaning in isolation, but incontext. a. pragmaticsb. semantics c. sense relationd. concept 2. which of the following is true?a. utterances usua

5、lly do not take the form of sentences.b. some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.c. no utterances can take the form of sentences.d. all utterances can be restored to complete sentences.3. is advanced by paul grice a. cooperativeprinciple b. politeness principlec. the general princip

6、le of universal grammar d. adjacency principle4. when any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, might arise.a. impoliteness b. contradictionsc. mutual understanding d. conversational implicatures5. which of the following utterances below is performative?a. i command you to put ou

7、t that cigarette.b. i warned you not to go.c. put your toys away d. i envy you1. a2. b3. a4. d5. aunit 10 the varieties of english (i)i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of

8、 speakers.2. the kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.3. language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group toan

9、other, and even from one individual to another.4. the goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speechcommunities and in different social situations.5. the linguistic markers that characterize individual social groups may serve as soc

10、ial markers of group membership.6. the use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usuallylong-lasting.7. sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies social contexts.8. two speakers of the same language or dialect

11、use their language or dialect in the same way.9. geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language.10. a person s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features1. f2.t3.t4.t5. f6.f7.f8.f9.f10. fiii. there are four given choices for

12、each statement below.mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. the meaning of language was considered as somethingin traditional semantics.a. contextual b. behaviouristicc. intrinsicd. logical2. are language varieties appropriate for use inparticular speech situation.a. slang b. addres

13、s terms c. registersd. education varieties3. is speech variation according to the particulararea where a speaker comes from.a. regional variation b. language variation c. social variation d.register variationbackgrounds.a. lingua franca b. registerc. creole d. national language5. although are simpli

14、fied languages with reducedgrammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any humanlanguage.1. vernacular languages b. creoles c. pidgins d. sociolects6. probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety ofthe english language is .a. british english b. american english c. black englishd.a

15、ustralian english7. in normal situations, speakers tend to use moreprestigious forms than their counterparts with the samesocialbackground.a. female; maleb. male; female c. old; young d. young; old8. is concerned with the social significance oflanguage variation and language use in different speech

16、communities.a. psycholinguistics b. sociolinguistics c. historical linguistics d.general linguistics9. in a person s speech, or writing, usually ranges ona continuum from casual to formal according to the typeof communicative context.a. regional variation b. social variation c. stylistic variation d

17、. idiolectal variation10. means that certain authorities, such as thegovernment, choose a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.a. language interference b. language changesc. language planning d. language transfer1. c2. c3.a4.a5. c6.c7.a 8.b 9d

18、10.cunit 11 the varieties of english (ii)i. decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. in the most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.2. a regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety o

19、f that language.3. the standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or more vernaculars is the result of a deliberate government policy.4. a pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.5. when a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he is converting

20、 one mode of thinking into the other.6. the most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary7. the standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.8. a lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication am

21、ong groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.9. a pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.10. african-american vernacular english is an inferior dialect of englis

22、h.11. pidgin english no longer exists today.12. some people speak a creole as their mother tongue.13. british english and american english are identical in grammar but different in vocabulary.l.f 2.f3.f4.t5.f6.f7.f8.f9.t 10.f 11. f 12. t. 13. fiii. there are four choices following each statement. ma

23、rk the choice that can best complete the statement:1. are the major source of regional variation oflanguage.a. geographical barriersb. loyalty to and confidence in one s native speechc. physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change d. social barriers2. a linguistic refers to a word or e

24、xpression that isprohibited by the polite society from general use. a. slang b. euphemism c. jargond. taboo3. is not a typical example of official bilingualism.a. canada b. finland c. belgium d. germany4. in a speech community people have something in common -a language or a particular variety of la

25、nguage and rules for using it.a. sociallyb. linguisticallyc. culturally d.pragmatically5. is defined as any regionally or socially definablehuman group identified by shared linguistic system.a. a speech community b. a race c. a society d.a country6. the most recognizable differences between american

26、 english and british english are in and vocabulary.a.diglossiab. bilingualismc. pidginization d. blending7. is a causal use of language that consists ofexpressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.a. language taboo b. slangc

27、. address terms d. register variety iii. there are four choices following each statement. mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. are the major source of regional variation oflanguage.a. geographical barriersb. loyalty to and confidence in one s native speechc. physical discomfort an

28、d psychological resistance to change d. social barriers2. a linguistic refers to a word or expression that isprohibited by the polite society from general use. a. slang b. euphemism c. jargond. taboo3. is not a typical example of official bilingualism.a.canada b. finland c. belgium d. germany4. in a

29、 speech community people have something in common -a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.a. sociallyb. linguisticallyc. culturally d.pragmatically5. is defined as any regionally or socially definablehuman group identified by shared linguistic system.a. a speech commun

30、ity b. a race c. a society d.a country6. the most recognizable differences between american english and british english are in and vocabulary.a.diglossiab. bilingualismc. pidginization d. blending7. is a causal use of language that consists ofexpressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbit

31、rary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.a. language taboo b. slangc. address terms d. register variety 【篇二:新編簡明英語語言學教程第二版課后習題答案 chapter 8 】ty1. how is language related to society?答: there are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. one of them

32、 is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. this social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “ good morning! ” , “ hi! ” , “ hows your family? “ nice day today, isnt it? ” . another i

33、ndication is that usres of the same language in a sense all speak differently. the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. and language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. when we speak, we cannotavoid giving clues to our listener

34、s about ourselves.then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. for example while there is only one word in english for “ snow” , therereaseveral in eskimo. this is a reflection of the need for the eskimos

35、 to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.as a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. to a linguist, all language forms and accents are

36、equally good as far as they can fulfillthe communicative functions they are expected to fulfill. therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic. a case in point is the use of the postvocalic r. while in english accents without pos

37、tvocalic r are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in new york city, accents with postvocalic r enjoys more prestige and are considered more correct than without it.2. explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.答: the evaluation of langua

38、ge is social rather than linguistic. this is because every language or language variety can express all ideas that its native speakers want to express. that is to say, language and language variety are equal in expressing meaning. for example, the much-prejudiced black english can be used by the bla

39、ck people to communicate with each other without feeling any hindrance. but many other people think black english is not pure english because it does not conform to their grammar and not adopted by educated people. as a result, many people feel shameful to use black english. from this example we can

40、 know that the evaluation of language is social, not linguistic.3. what are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter? how do they jointly determine idiolect?答: the main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect, sociolect, gender and age. idiolect is a personal dialect

41、, of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. these factors jointly determine the way he/she talks. while the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of these potentials is individualized by a

42、 number of social factors, resulting in idiolects.4. in what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?答: first of all, the standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language, usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nations political and comme

43、rcial center. forexample, standard english developed out of the english dialects used in and around london as they were modified over the centuries by speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and writers. gradually the english used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged marked

44、ly from the english used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all those who wished to speak and write well. second, the standard dialect is not dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect. it is a superimposed variety; it is a variety imposed from above ov

45、er the range of regional dialects. some government agency writes grammar books and dictionaries to ?fix? this variety and everyone agrees on what is correct usage of the language. so it has a widely accepted codified grammar and vocabulary. once codification takes place, it is necessary for an ambit

46、ious citizen to learn to use the correct language and to avoid ?incorrect? language. therefore, the standard dialect is the variety which is taught and learnt in schools.then the standard dialect has some special functions. also designated as the official or national language of a country, the stand

47、ard dialect is used for such official purposes as government documents, education, news reporting; it is the language used on any formal occasions.5. what is register as used by halliday? illustrate it with an example of your own.答: according to halliday, “ language varies as its function varies; it

48、 differs in different situations.” the type of languagewhich is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.for example, a lecture on l

49、inguistics could be identified as field: scientific (linguistic) tenor: teacher students (formal, polite) mode: oral (academic lecturing)6. what linguistic features of black english do you know? do you think black english is an illogical and inferior variety of english? why (not)?答: (1) a prominent

50、phonological feature of black english is the simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word. according to this consonant deletion rule, the final-positionconsonants are often deleted; thus“ passed ” is pronouncedpa:s, mend men, desk des, and told t?l.a syntactic feature of black english t

51、hat has often been citedto show its illogicality is the deletion of the link verb“ be” . iblack english we frequently come across sentences withoutthe copula verb:“ they mine “”, you crazy ” , “ her hands cold ” ,and “ that house big ” . in fact, copula verb deletion is not a unique feature of black

52、 english; it is also found in some other dialects of english and in languages like russian and chinese.another syntactic feature of black english that has been the target of attack is the use of double negation constructions, e.g.(8 2) he dont know nothing. (he doesnt know anything.)(8 3) i aint afr

53、aid of no ghosts. (im not afraid of ghosts.) some people consider these sentences illogical because they claim that two negatives make a positive. but in fact such double negative constructions were found in all dialects of english of the earlier periods.(2) (略 )7. what peculiar features docs pidgin

54、 have?答: pidgins arose from a blending of several languages such as chinese dialects and english, african dialects and french, african dialects and portuguese. usually a european language serves as the basis of the pidgin in the sense that some of its grammar and vocabulary is derived from the europ

55、ean language used by traders and missionaries in order to communicate with peoples whose languages they did not know.pidgins typically have a limited vocabulary and a very reduced grammatical structure characterized by the loss of inflections, ge nder end case, the “ simplified ” variety performs it

56、s functions as trading and employment.8. how do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common?答: bilingualism refers to the situation that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs whe

57、n the situation changes. but instead of two different languages, in a diglossic situation two varieties of a languageexist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.the two languages of bilingualism and the two varieties of diglossia each has different role to p

58、lay as situation changes.【篇三:新編簡明英語語言學教程第二版課后習題答案 chapter 7 】> 1. the vocabulary of english consists of native and also thousands of borrowed words. look up the following words in a dictionary which provides the etymologies (history) of words. in each case speculate as to how the particular word came to be borrowed from a particular language.a. size b. skillc. royal d. ranche. robot f. potatog. astronauth. emeraldi. pagodaj. khak

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