詞塊理論在高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用

1、第12卷第2期2010年4月V ol. 12, No. 2Apr., 2010基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)教育Journal of Basic English Education詞塊理論在高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用劉美琳摘 要:詞匯教學(xué)是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),如教學(xué)不得法,會(huì)讓學(xué)生失去對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的興趣,用詞塊理論來(lái)指導(dǎo)聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)過(guò)程中的詞匯教學(xué),是提高英語(yǔ)教學(xué)成績(jī)的一條切實(shí)可行的路子。關(guān)鍵詞:詞塊;聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě);英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中圖分類號(hào):G623. 31文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:B文章編號(hào):1009-2536 (2010 02-0080-05一、引言在傳統(tǒng)的英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)中,教師通常以語(yǔ)法概念抽象地處理單個(gè)詞匯,要求學(xué)生死記硬背、生搬硬套運(yùn)用單詞

2、,通常的方法就是讀講背查練幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),久而久之學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)形成了畏懼感,失去了對(duì)英語(yǔ)的興趣。然而,一些語(yǔ)言學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),語(yǔ)言交際并不只是通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)的詞匯來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,而是通過(guò)可以借助語(yǔ)法規(guī)則自由組合的單詞和不能用語(yǔ)法規(guī)則解釋的固定短語(yǔ)而實(shí)現(xiàn)的,這些語(yǔ)義較固定的各類形式的詞塊在自然話語(yǔ)中占到90%(楊玉晨,1999。眾多研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),本族語(yǔ)使用者之所以能夠流利地運(yùn)用自己的語(yǔ)言,在很大程度上依賴于對(duì)詞塊的掌握。用詞塊理論來(lái)指導(dǎo)高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué),可使語(yǔ)言形式易于習(xí)得、易于記憶、易于使用(周華,2009。筆者近來(lái)在教學(xué)中改變了傳統(tǒng)的詞匯教學(xué)方法,將詞塊理論貫穿于聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中的詞匯教學(xué),效果很好,學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)激情明

3、顯增強(qiáng),成績(jī)也有很大進(jìn)步。二、詞塊理論簡(jiǎn)介詞塊是以固定或半固定預(yù)制模塊形式存在于人類大腦詞匯記憶庫(kù)中的,被人們?cè)趯?shí)際言語(yǔ)行為中頻繁使用的,在語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)用、語(yǔ)言認(rèn)知和話語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)等方面具有特定語(yǔ)言生成能力的多詞組合。根據(jù)該定義,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn),詞塊既有別于慣用語(yǔ),又不同于自由搭配。慣用語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)一般不容許有變動(dòng),因而缺乏創(chuàng)造性的語(yǔ)言生成能力空間;自由搭配則屬于臨時(shí)組合,缺乏預(yù)測(cè)性,不利于掌握;而詞塊則介于兩者之間,是一種半固定搭配,是形式與功能相對(duì)應(yīng)的組合,具有語(yǔ)言生成能力及相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的語(yǔ)用功能和較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)境制約(閻先寶,2009。英語(yǔ)中有四種詞塊:1詞、短語(yǔ)。這是傳統(tǒng)意義上的“詞匯”。短語(yǔ)指具有一定習(xí)語(yǔ)性質(zhì)

4、的詞組,即由一個(gè)以上單詞組成的“固定詞組”,如: whenever, deadline, by the way, how do you do。2搭配詞。指那些在一起出現(xiàn)頻率很高的詞語(yǔ),最典型的是動(dòng)詞名詞、形容詞名詞的搭配,如: catch a cold,a short-term solution。3慣用話語(yǔ)。指形式固定或半固定語(yǔ)用功能的單詞組合。它們可以是完整的句子,如:Theres a call for you. Ill get it. Im afraid. 也可以是句子開(kāi)頭,如:If I were you, Id 4句子框架和引語(yǔ)。與第三類相似,它們的區(qū)別在于第四類僅指書(shū)面語(yǔ)詞匯,如:se

5、condly and finally,we now come to a number of importantreservations, on one hand, on the other hand.三、詞塊理論在高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用(一在聽(tīng)的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)中的應(yīng)用聽(tīng)的教學(xué)在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的四種技能中被列為首位,學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言只有通過(guò)大量的聽(tīng)的輸入才可能有說(shuō)的輸出,沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō),也談不上讀寫(xiě)。而對(duì)于第二語(yǔ)言的習(xí)得者來(lái)說(shuō),如對(duì)所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容里的許多習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)或表達(dá)不了解,聽(tīng)起來(lái)就比較難了。詞塊能有效降低語(yǔ)言習(xí)得的難度(陳平文,2007。如在聽(tīng)力教學(xué)中使用語(yǔ)塊進(jìn)行信息加工會(huì)更省時(shí)、更省力。以牛津高中英語(yǔ)第六模塊Unit 4 T

6、ask板塊中的聽(tīng)力為例,本部分聽(tīng)力的內(nèi)容是關(guān)于泰國(guó)北部山區(qū)孩子生活情況的新聞報(bào)道,內(nèi)容較多,包括問(wèn)題和形成原因兩個(gè)方面。在放聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容前,筆者出示了下面表格,讓學(xué)生朗讀一遍,讀完后學(xué)生對(duì)即將聽(tīng)到的兩方面的內(nèi)容一目了然。然后筆者又將聽(tīng)力中出現(xiàn)的較難的詞塊列出: live in very poor conditions, get hold of, cut down, raise animals, lack of fresh water, concentrate on learning, bring up. 并作了適當(dāng)?shù)慕忉?再讓學(xué)生朗讀兩遍,試著用這些詞塊進(jìn)行造句練習(xí),最后再進(jìn)行聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練。這樣做為學(xué)

7、生聽(tīng)懂內(nèi)容掃清了障礙,降低了難度,聽(tīng)的效果非常好。(二在說(shuō)的教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用語(yǔ)塊教學(xué)不僅有助于提高語(yǔ)言的流利性,也有助于提高學(xué)習(xí)者的語(yǔ)言地道性(周艷,2007。我們英語(yǔ)里的一些日常用語(yǔ)本身就是詞塊,而在教學(xué)中我們卻經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到學(xué)生說(shuō)出讓我們不能接受的句子,原因之一就是詞塊知識(shí)不足,所以提高學(xué)習(xí)者語(yǔ)言流利性和地道性的關(guān)鍵就是進(jìn)行詞塊教學(xué)。以牛津高中英語(yǔ)第六模塊Unit 4 Task 板塊中的Skills building 2: discussing in groups為例,本話題討論的是如何提供建議、征求意見(jiàn)、表達(dá)態(tài)度和總結(jié),筆者在教學(xué)中先讓學(xué)生分組討論說(shuō)這種話題時(shí)我們常用哪些詞塊,然后筆者把學(xué)生討論的

8、結(jié)果綜合起來(lái)板書(shū)到黑板上:提供建議時(shí)我們常說(shuō):I think that, I believe that, I suggest that, I would like to suggest that, It would be a good idea if征求意見(jiàn)我們常說(shuō):What do you think? Do you have any suggestions? Does anyone have any other suggests? Can you suggest? Would you like to?表達(dá)態(tài)度時(shí)我們常說(shuō):I agree / disagree because, I cant a

9、gree more, In my opinion, To me, Thats great. Im sorry but I dont think that would work because, That sounds like a good idea. Unfortunately, I dont think that will work.總結(jié)陳述時(shí)我們常說(shuō):So to summarize, our group has decided to; In conclusion, we have decided to; We can draw a conclusion that; In a word,

10、we有了這些詞塊積累,學(xué)生立即開(kāi)始分組對(duì)話,每個(gè)學(xué)生都很積極,都感覺(jué)有話可說(shuō),氣氛非?；钴S,所編的對(duì)話也都運(yùn)用了上面所列的詞塊。下面是學(xué)生所編對(duì)話的摘選:S1: w e have just listened to the news report about the poor children in northern Thailand.I am sorry for them. What do you thinkwe can do to help them? Do you have anysuggestions?Problems As you can seeThe result isAs a re

11、sult, As I said earlierand soThis meansA common problem is thatAnother problem is thatCausesThis is becauseUnfortunately, becausebecause ofasS2: I would like to suggest that we help by offering some books to them. Id like todonate some of my books.S3: T hat sounds like a good idea. I suggest that we

12、 make an anouncement telling the studentsin our school about the life these childrenhave. We can call on all the students todonate some of their books.S4: O K, thats great!S1: Im sorry but I dont think so. They wont be able to read the books because they dontunderstand Chinese. Maybe we can givethem

13、 some English books. Does anyone haveany other suggestions?S3: I n my opinion, we can help them by raising some money.S4: T hats good. We can also suggest giving them some clothes. I have many old clothesthat I no longer wear. I think I could givethem to the children there.S2: I cant agree more, but

14、 how can we send these clothes to them?S3: W e can go to a shipping company later and ask i f t he y can he l p t o sh i p t he s e t h i ng s t he r e.S1: O K. In a word, weve decided to raise as much money as we can and donate Englishbooks and old clothes to them. Now, letsdiscuss how we can do it

15、.(三在讀的教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用詞塊在語(yǔ)篇宏觀組織上的作用可讓學(xué)習(xí)者更好地從整體上把握語(yǔ)篇,了解語(yǔ)篇的銜接與邏輯組織關(guān)系,從而促進(jìn)對(duì)整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的理解與產(chǎn)出。傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)法注重語(yǔ)法規(guī)則卻忽視語(yǔ)言的具體運(yùn)用,而交際法則是注重語(yǔ)言的具體運(yùn)用卻忽視語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。詞塊教學(xué)避免了這兩個(gè)極端,把語(yǔ)法規(guī)則與語(yǔ)言具體運(yùn)用教學(xué)結(jié)合起來(lái)。用詞塊理論指導(dǎo)閱讀課教學(xué),可以化解文章的難度,理清文章的脈絡(luò),省時(shí)、高效。以模塊十Unit 4課文The fight against cyber crime中的第二小節(jié)為例:Cyber crime is a relatively new term that refers to any comput

16、er-related criminal offence. The Council of Europe has classified online crimes into four categories. Firstly, the council lists crimes related to security, such as hacking (illegally accessing other peoples computers and files through an Internet connection and spreading computer viruses. Secondly,

17、 it notes crimes that are not specifically computer-related, meaning that they can be committed with or without a computer, an example of which is fraud, a crime where money is stolen by cheating others. Thirdly, the council mentions websites with offensive content, or websites encouraging hatred an

18、d violence. Lastly, it identifies those offences relating to breaking intellectual property and copyright laws.在教學(xué)這一段時(shí),筆者給學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)了五個(gè)任務(wù),讓學(xué)生小組合作完成。Task 1:找出能反映本段大意的中心詞。Task 2:仔細(xì)閱讀并摘錄本段的詞塊。Task 3:找出本段中意思比較接近的幾個(gè)重要的動(dòng)詞。Task 4:找出本段主要的鏈接詞。這四個(gè)任務(wù)完成后,學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)原本深?yuàn)W的文章層次清晰、易于記憶。于是筆者給了第五個(gè)任務(wù):Task 5:根據(jù)所摘錄的詞塊復(fù)述課文或口頭自編一短文。學(xué)生

19、準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)間只有五分鐘,筆者讓各組派代表展示一下,學(xué)生們都踴躍參與,效果出乎意料地好。這樣我改變了傳統(tǒng)的逐字逐句講解的辦法,利用詞塊理論把文章難度化解,學(xué)生合作學(xué)習(xí),積極性高,老師點(diǎn)撥指導(dǎo),輕松愉快,教學(xué)效果好。(四在寫(xiě)的教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用Wilkins (1972,轉(zhuǎn)引自徐淑軍,2006 指出:沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法,很多東西無(wú)法表達(dá);沒(méi)有詞匯,什么東西也無(wú)法表達(dá)。詞匯短語(yǔ)比起單個(gè)的單詞有較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)用功能,而且語(yǔ)言的產(chǎn)出并不是一個(gè)受制于語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的詞匯的產(chǎn)出過(guò)程,而是大量詞塊或是詞匯短語(yǔ)的提取和運(yùn)用的過(guò)程。由此可見(jiàn)詞塊理論在寫(xiě)的教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用更為突出,詞塊具有語(yǔ)言生成能力,不同類型的詞塊組成詞庫(kù),詞塊的不同組合就形成了

20、句子,進(jìn)而組成連貫的篇章。根據(jù)徐淑軍(2006的研究:在寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中運(yùn)用詞匯短語(yǔ)教學(xué)比傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方式更能提高學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作中的選詞和詞匯搭配技能以及整體寫(xiě)作水平,運(yùn)用詞塊理論指導(dǎo)寫(xiě)作可以提高寫(xiě)作的速度和寫(xiě)作的流利性。以2006年高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)(江蘇卷為例:據(jù)報(bào)道:2008年北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)將選拔約十萬(wàn)名志愿者為之服務(wù)。請(qǐng)你以“Dos and Donts for the 2008 Olympic Volunteers”為題,用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇短文,討論志愿者應(yīng)該做什么,不應(yīng)該做什么。短文應(yīng)包括下表中的內(nèi)容:Dos Donts1. 待人禮貌友好 1. 避免不得體言行2. 堅(jiān)守崗位 2. 不忘自己的責(zé)職3. 介紹中

21、國(guó)歷史文化 3. 不損害祖國(guó)形象如果你成為志愿者,你還應(yīng)該做什么,不應(yīng)該做什么。(內(nèi)容由考生自己擬定注意:l. 對(duì)所給要點(diǎn),不要簡(jiǎn)單翻譯,要有適當(dāng)發(fā)揮。2. 詞數(shù)120左右。短文中已寫(xiě)好的部分,不計(jì)入詞數(shù)。3. 參考詞匯:形象image。在寫(xiě)文章之前應(yīng)先列出本文所需的詞塊:1 據(jù)報(bào)道(It is reported that2 2008北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)(the 2008 Olympic Gamesin Beijing3 對(duì)友好(be polite and friendly to sb4 與相處融洽、關(guān)系好(get along wellwith /be on good terms with5 避免做(a

22、void doing6 來(lái)自世界各地(from all over the world7 堅(jiān)持崗位(stick to ones own posts8 履行職責(zé)、做分內(nèi)之事(do ones bit/doones duty/fulfill ones own responsibility ofthe post9 提供優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)(offer good services10 滿足合理需求(satisfy any reasonableneeds11 樂(lè)意做(be/get ready to do /be willing todo12 向介紹(introduce to/ makeknown to sb13 對(duì)有危

23、害(do harm to14 有幸做(have the honor to do15 努力做(make every effort to do16 遵紀(jì)守法(follow the law and discipline /obey the law and regulations17 與交友(make friends with18 盡力做(do all sb can do19 抓住機(jī)會(huì)去做(take the opportunity to do然后用適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)擴(kuò)展成句:1 It is reported that about 100,000 people will be chosen as voluntee

24、rs for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. What should the volunteers do and what should they not do?2 They should be polite and friendly to the athletes and visitors from all over the world, and avoid improper behavior.3 They should treat the athletes and visitors from all over the world in a polite

25、 and friendly manner, without any improper behavior.4 They should avoid any improper behavior, treating the athletes and visitors from all over the world in a polite and friendly manner.5 They should stick to their posts, offer good services, satisfy any reasonable needs, be ready toh e l p t h o s

26、e i n d i f f i c u l t y,a n d n e v e r f a i l t o d o t h e i r d u t y.6 They should introduce the Chinese culture and history to foreigners so that they may know China better and never say or do anything that harms the image of our motherland.7 If I have the honour to be chosen as a volunteer, besides the above, I will work hard and creatively, but never be lazy.8 I will follow the law and discipline, and never break them.9 I will take the opportunity to make friends with the athletes and visitors, and help make the 2008 Olympic Games a great success.最后加上句子框架和引語(yǔ):firstly, secondly, third