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1、Unite 12、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）Compression Member受壓構(gòu)件（2）critical buckling load 臨界屈曲荷載（3）the slenderness ratio 細(xì)長(zhǎng)比 （4）stub column 短柱（5）reduced modulus 簡(jiǎn)化模量 （6）Effective length 計(jì)算長(zhǎng)度（7）Residual stress 殘余應(yīng)力 （8）Trial-and-error approach 試算法（9）Radius of gyration 回轉(zhuǎn)半徑 （10

2、）Tangent modulus 切線模量3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable.然而，在現(xiàn)實(shí)中,這種理想狀態(tài)從來沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，一些荷載偏心是不可避免的(2)In many instances the members are also called upon to resist bending, and in these cases

3、 the member is a beam-column. 在許多情況下，構(gòu)件同樣需要能夠抵抗彎矩，在這些情況下，構(gòu)件被稱之為梁柱。(3)If the member is so slender that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit-that is, the member is still elastic-the critical buckling load is given by Q.如果該構(gòu)件很細(xì)長(zhǎng)以至于在壓曲前的應(yīng)力低于比例極限-也就是說，該構(gòu)件仍然是彈性狀態(tài)-該構(gòu)件的該臨界屈曲荷載就可以由

4、公式Q給出。(4)The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression members slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members. L/r 這一比值是長(zhǎng)細(xì)比，是受壓構(gòu)件的長(zhǎng)細(xì)的量度，細(xì)長(zhǎng)的構(gòu)件具有較大的值。(5)If the stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the rela

5、tion between stress and strain is not linear, and the modulus of elasticity E can no longer be used.如果屈曲發(fā)生時(shí)的應(yīng)力超過了材料的比例極限，應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變之間的關(guān)系不再是線性的，彈性模量E不能再使用(6)If the member is more stocky, as the one in Fig.1.1b, a larger load will be required to bring the member to the point of instability.如果構(gòu)件更粗壯，如圖Fig.1.

6、1b所示，要把構(gòu)件到達(dá)不穩(wěn)定點(diǎn)，一個(gè)更大的荷載將被要求。(7)The tips of the flanges, for example, cool at a faster rate than the junction of the flange and the web. This uneven cooling induces stresses that remain permanently.例如，輪緣的尖部比輪緣的結(jié)合部以及中部冷卻的速度更快。這種不均勻冷卻引起的應(yīng)力會(huì)長(zhǎng)久的存在。(8)In 1947, FRShanley resolved the apparent inconsistenci

7、es in the original theory, and today the tangent modulus formula, Eq.1.3, is accepted as the correct one for inelastic buckling.1947年，F(xiàn)RShanley解決原有理論的表面不相容性，并且切線模量公式，Eq.1.3，被接受作為非彈性屈曲計(jì)算的正確公式。(9)The composite curve, called a column strength curve, completely describes the stability of any column of a

8、 given material. 這條復(fù)合曲線，被稱為柱強(qiáng)度曲線，完全描述了任何一個(gè)給定的材料柱的穩(wěn)定性。(10)Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best.因?yàn)閷?shí)際上不可能構(gòu)建一個(gè)無摩擦銷連接，更不用說這個(gè)支撐條件至多只可以盡量近似。5、Translate the following sentence into English.（1）受壓構(gòu)件是只承

9、受軸向壓力的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件。 Compression members(受壓構(gòu)件) are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial compression forces（2）公式1.1要成立，構(gòu)件必須是彈性的并且其兩端必須能自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)但不能橫向移動(dòng)。 For Eq 1.1 to be valid, the member must be elastic, and its ends must by free to rotate(旋 轉(zhuǎn)) but not translate laterally(側(cè)移).（3）臨界荷載又是被稱為歐拉荷

10、載或歐拉屈曲荷載。 The critical load(臨界荷載) is sometimes referred to as the Euler load(歐拉荷載) or the Euler buckling load(歐拉彎曲荷載). （4）圖1.2中的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線不同于延性鋼的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線，因?yàn)樗忻黠@的非線性區(qū)域。 The stress-strain curve in Fig.1.2 is different from the ones for ductile steel(延性鋼材) because it has a pronounced region(顯著區(qū)域) of nonlinea

11、rity.（5）其他因素，想焊接和冷彎，都能影響殘余應(yīng)力，但冷卻過程是殘余應(yīng)力的主要來源。 Other factors, such as welding(焊接) and cold-bending(冷彎) to create curvature(曲率) in a beam, can contribute to the residual stress, but the cooling process is the chief source(主要因素).Unite 22、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）cross s

12、ection 截面 （2）bending moment 彎矩 （3）live load 活載 （4）force due to gravity 重力（5）building code 建筑規(guī)范 （6）functional design 功能設(shè)計(jì)（7）nonstructural components 非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件（8）Nonprofit organization非贏利組織（9）the Uniform Building Code統(tǒng)一建筑規(guī)范 （10）the Standard Building Code標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建筑規(guī)范 3、Translate the following sentence into Chine

13、se.（1）The structural design of buildings ,whether of structural steel(結(jié)構(gòu)鋼) or reinforced concrete(鋼筋混凝土),requires the determination of the overall proportions(整體比例) and dimensions of the supporting framework(支撐結(jié)構(gòu)) and the selection of the cross sections of individual members. 建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，不論是用結(jié)構(gòu)鋼還是用鋼筋混凝土

14、材料，都要決定其整體比例和支撐結(jié)構(gòu)的大小，以及選擇單個(gè)構(gòu)件的截面尺寸。（2）The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer must make sure that it doesnt fall down. 建筑師決定建筑物的外觀，結(jié)構(gòu)工程師必須保證它不會(huì)倒塌。（3）A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans(框架平面圖)-that is, different arrangements of members and their con

15、nections. 一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)，要求要評(píng)估不同的框架平面圖，也就是說，對(duì)構(gòu)件和它們之間的連接可進(jìn)行不同的布置。（4）Before any analysis, however, a decision must be made on the building material to be used ;it will usually be reinforced concrete ,structural steel ,or both. 然而，在做任何分析之前，必須決定建筑物的使用材料，通?？梢允卿摻罨炷?，結(jié)構(gòu)鋼，或者兩者公用。（5）All of the loads mentioned thus f

16、ar(目前為止) are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads. 目前為止所提到的荷載，均是由于重力而產(chǎn)生的，或者被當(dāng)作是重力荷載。（6）If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲勞應(yīng)力) becomes a problem ,and we must account for its effects. 若果荷載在結(jié)構(gòu)壽命里被多次應(yīng)用并撤除，則疲勞應(yīng)力就會(huì)成為問題，我們必須考

17、慮它的影響。（7）Since lateral loads(側(cè)向荷載) are most detrimental(對(duì) 有害) to tall structures ,wind loads are usually not as important for low buildings, but uplift(浮托力) on light roof systems(屋頂體系) can be critical. 由于側(cè)向荷載對(duì)高層建筑物最有害，因此，對(duì)于低層建筑物風(fēng)荷載通常都是不重要的，但是浮托力對(duì)屋頂體系卻是至關(guān)重要的。（8）A structural analysis of the effects of

18、 an earthquake requires an analysis of the structures response to the ground motion produced by the earthquake 分析地震對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的作用，需分析由于地震而引起的相應(yīng)的地面運(yùn)動(dòng)。（9）Other types of live load are often treated as separate categories ,such as hydrostatic pressure(液體靜壓力) and soil pressure 其他類型的活載通常被當(dāng)作獨(dú)立的類別，例如液體靜壓力和土壓力。（10）A

19、lthough some large cities write their own building codes ,many municipalities(自治市) will adopt a “model” (典型)building code and modify it to suit their particular needs. 雖然有些大城市編寫了自己的建筑規(guī)范，但是許多自治市仍然采用典型的建筑規(guī)范，即修改建筑規(guī)范以適應(yīng)他們的特殊需求。5、Translate the following sentence into English.（1）作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的力被稱為荷載。 The forces

20、that act on a structure are called loads.（2）恒載就是固定不變的荷載，包括結(jié)構(gòu)自身的重量。 Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself,（3）活載不是恒載那樣固定不變的活載，活載也可以是重力荷載。 Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. （4）建筑規(guī)范不規(guī)定設(shè)計(jì)方法，但規(guī)定必須

21、滿足的設(shè)計(jì)要求和強(qiáng)制條件。 Building codes do not give design procedures, but they do specify the design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied.（5）與建筑規(guī)范不同，設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件及其連接的設(shè)計(jì)做了詳細(xì)的指導(dǎo)。In contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the design of structural members and

22、their connections.Unite 42、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）Sustained load 長(zhǎng)期荷載 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝膠體 （3）Water-cement ratio 水灰比 （4）The stability of the structure結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定（5）The expansion joint 伸縮縫 （6）Moisture content 含水量（7）Cement paste 水泥漿 （8）The coefficient of thermal expansion of

23、 concrete 混凝土熱膨脹系（9）Permanent plastic strain 永久塑性應(yīng)變 （10）The fatigue strength of concrete 混凝土疲勞強(qiáng)度3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)The cause of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in te

24、mperature, and applied loads.混凝土的體積變化的原因可以歸結(jié)為水分含量,水泥和水的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，溫度以及施加荷載的變化。(2)High-early-strength and low-heat cement show more shrinkage than normal Portland cement.高早強(qiáng)和低熱水泥顯示超過普通硅酸鹽水泥收縮。(3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage.骨料含量越大，收縮越小。(4)Therefore, cracks may develop in

25、concrete when a high percentage of steel is used.因此，當(dāng)使用高比例的鋼鐵時(shí)將可能產(chǎn)生混凝土裂縫。(5)Generally, concrete shrinks at a high rate during the initial period of hardening, but at later stages the rate diminishes gradually.一般來說，在硬化過程中初期率很高，但在稍后階段混凝土收縮率逐漸減小。（6）Under sustained load, plastic deformation continues to

26、 develop over a period that may last for years.持續(xù)負(fù)荷下，塑性變形繼續(xù)發(fā)展一段時(shí)間，可能持續(xù)數(shù)年。(7)Creep increases with an increase of stress in specimens made from concrete of the same strength and with the same duration of load.與標(biāo)本中增加的壓力增大制成的蠕變相同強(qiáng)度混凝土和時(shí)間相同的負(fù)載與標(biāo)本中的壓力相同強(qiáng)度的混凝土，并與負(fù)荷增加同一時(shí)間作出蠕變?cè)黾?8)Creep is reduced with an in

27、crease in the humidity of the ambient air蠕變的減少是由于在周圍的空氣濕度增加(9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen.蠕變是一個(gè)經(jīng)過測(cè)試的試件尺寸增大而減小. (10)High-temperature steam curing of concrete as well as per use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep.高溫蒸汽作為增塑劑正確使用混凝土養(yǎng)護(hù)將減少蠕變量.5、Tran

28、slate the following sentence into English.（1）如果通過蒸發(fā)失去水分，混凝土就會(huì)收縮，但在水中硬化則會(huì)膨脹。If it loses moisture(水份) by evaporation(蒸發(fā)),concrete shrinks, but if the concrete hardens in water, it expands.（2）影響混凝土收縮的因素很多，如水泥和水的含量、骨料的級(jí)配以及環(huán)境條件等。 Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete such as cement and water c

29、ontent、 gradation(等級(jí)) of aggregate and ambient conditions and so on。（3）混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多，收縮量則越大。 The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage. （4）混凝土不是熱的良導(dǎo)體，而鋼筋是。 Concrete is not a good conductor of heat, whereas steel is a good one.（5）在荷載作用期間，大約80%的徐變產(chǎn)生在前4個(gè)月內(nèi)，大

30、約2年后完成90%的徐變。 Creep increases with the loading period. About 80% of the creep occurs within the first 4 months;90%occurs after about 2 years.Unite 52、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）building code 建筑規(guī)范 （6）隨機(jī)變量 random variation（2）stochastic analyse 隨機(jī)分析 （7）半經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式 semiempirical

31、 equation（3）multistory building 多層建筑 （8）風(fēng)洞荷載 wind tunnel testing （4）code-prescribed data 規(guī)范規(guī)定的數(shù)值 （9）持續(xù)活荷載 sustained live load（5）transient live load 瞬時(shí)活荷載 （10）名義值 nominal value3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as nominal values, d

32、etermined on the basis of material properties (e.g. , dead load )or load surveys (e.g. , live load and snow load).該建筑代碼加載歷來給出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值，根據(jù)材料的性質(zhì)（如，恒載）或負(fù)載調(diào)查（如，活荷載和雪荷載）的基礎(chǔ)上確定。(2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, strictly speaking(

33、嚴(yán)格來講), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(隨機(jī)分析) to reflect the time and space interdependence(互相依賴).由于載荷的隨機(jī)變化是時(shí)間的函數(shù)以及一系列其他因素，造型數(shù)量，嚴(yán)格來說，應(yīng)考慮到利用隨機(jī)分析，以反映時(shí)間和空間互相依賴。(3)For example, American live load criteria are based on a reference period of 50 years, while Canadian criteria use

34、a 30-year interval例如，美國(guó)活載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是根據(jù)50年的基準(zhǔn)期，而加拿大的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)使用30年的間隔。(4)Building codes treat these effects as static phenomena and relate them to the actual conditions through semiempirical equations(半經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式). 建筑規(guī)范視這些影響為靜態(tài)現(xiàn)象，并通過半經(jīng)驗(yàn)方程與實(shí)際情況相聯(lián)系。(5)The response of a building, however, will be different for different mat

35、erials, depending on the type of load. 但是，建筑物的反應(yīng)，將針對(duì)不同的材料不同，這取決于負(fù)載類型。(6)There are many types of loads that may act on a building structure at one time or other, and this section provides a general description(一般說明) of the characteristics of the most important ones.有許多類型的負(fù)載，可能對(duì)建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)法在同一時(shí)間或其他，本節(jié)提供了一種通

36、用的描述的最重要的特點(diǎn)。(7)The dead load includes not only the self-weight of the structure, but also the weight of permanent construction materials, partitions, floor and ceiling materials, machinery and other equipment, and so on. 靜載重不僅包括自身的結(jié)構(gòu)重量，而且還有永久性建筑的材料，隔板，地板，吊頂材料，機(jī)械和其他設(shè)備的重量，等等(8)Live load, are more accu

37、rately the gravity live load, is the name that is commonly used for the loads on the structure that are not part of the permanent installations(永久設(shè)施)活載，更準(zhǔn)確的重力活荷載，即通常是結(jié)構(gòu)上的負(fù)荷，不屬于永久性設(shè)施的一部分荷載的使用名稱。(9)The live load on the structure at any given time is also called the arbitrary point in-time live load.在任

38、意給定時(shí)間作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載也被稱作任一點(diǎn)時(shí)活荷載。(10)The live load on the structure at any time is normally well below the code value; the maximum lifetime(50-year) live load may be a certain amount larger. 在任意時(shí)刻結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載一般是低于規(guī)范值的，（根據(jù)）最高壽命（50年）（確定的）活荷載可能有一定數(shù)量的擴(kuò)大。5、Translate the following sentence into English.(1)對(duì)某些荷載來說，結(jié)構(gòu)

39、的地理位置起重要作用。The geographical location(地理位置) of the structure plays an important role for certain loads.(2)風(fēng)荷載既不是靜荷載也不是均勻變化的荷載，并且除了受周圍結(jié)構(gòu)和地形影響外還受結(jié)構(gòu)幾何形狀的嚴(yán)重影響。At the same time wind loads are neither static nor uniformly varying, and are heavily influenced by the geometry of the structure as well as the s

40、urrounding structures and the landscape(景觀).(3)風(fēng)荷載和雪荷載可根據(jù)模型試驗(yàn)來確定。Wind loads and snow loads are determined on the basis of model tests.(4)特殊荷載及荷載效應(yīng)包括溫度變化、結(jié)構(gòu)地基沉降、沖擊和爆炸的影響。Special loads and load effects include the influence of temperature variations(溫度變化), structural foundation settlements, impact(撞擊)

41、, and blast(爆炸).(5)至少在理論上，結(jié)構(gòu)上的恒載被認(rèn)為是保持不變的。In theory, at least, the dead load on a structure is supposed to remain constant.Unite 62、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）the magnitude of the applied load 所施加負(fù)荷的大小 （6）懸掛結(jié)構(gòu) suspension structure（2）quasi-static loading 擬靜力荷載 （7）應(yīng)力應(yīng)變成正

42、比 stress is proportional to strain（3）planar loading 平面結(jié)構(gòu) （8）結(jié)構(gòu)的變形 the deformation of the structure （4）planar loading 面荷載 （9）分析模型 analytical model（5）plastic material 塑性材料 （10）彈性材料 elastic material3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)Furthermore, it is the need for a safe, serviceable, f

43、easible, and aesthetically pleasing fulfillment of a function that dictates(指示) the form, material, and manner of loading of a structure.此外，滿足結(jié)構(gòu)安全性、適用性、可行性以及美觀這一功能的需要決定了結(jié)構(gòu)的形式，材料和加載方式。(2)Fig.6.1 illustrates schematically(按圖說明) the relationships among the function a structure is to fulfill, the form a

44、nd material and loading on the structure, the behavior of the structure ,and the analytical model of the structure. 圖6.1說明：結(jié)構(gòu)要實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能、形式、材料、結(jié)構(gòu)上的荷載、結(jié)構(gòu)的性能以及結(jié)構(gòu)分析模型之間的關(guān)系。(3)At this point(此時(shí)此刻) we need to discuss some of the aspects of structural behavior indicated in Fig.6.1 and to explain their respectiv

45、e relationships to the form and material of the structure.此時(shí)此刻，我們需要討論圖6.1中表示出來的結(jié)構(gòu)性能的某些方面，并且解釋結(jié)構(gòu)的形式和材料之間各自的關(guān)系。(4)Materials may be classified as elastic, plastic, or viscoelastic.材料可分為彈性，塑性，或粘彈性。(5)The deformations of viscoelastic materials depend on time and therefore load history, whereas the deform

46、ations of elastic and plastic materials do not.粘彈性材料的變形取決于時(shí)間和先前的加載歷史,然而彈塑性材料的變形卻不是。 (6)Energy is generally lost if a system does not recover its initial shape after unloading owing either to plastic behavior of the material or to frication forces within or between parts of the structure .如果一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體系在卸載

47、之后不能恢復(fù)到原先的形狀，則能量一般會(huì)丟失，原因是材料的塑性性能，或結(jié)構(gòu)各部分內(nèi)部或之間的摩擦力。(7)All these behavioral aspects of the structure will have a significant influence on the nature of the analysis used in studying the structure. 所有結(jié)構(gòu)的這些性能方面將對(duì)研究結(jié)構(gòu)分析的本質(zhì)產(chǎn)生重大影響。(8)In addition, in developing the analytical model it will be necessary to co

48、nsider whether the structural material is homogeneous(均勻的) or nonhomogeneous and whether it is isotropic, orthotropic, or anisotropic此外，在發(fā)展分析模型中，將有必要考慮結(jié)構(gòu)材料是否是均勻的，或者是非均勻的，以及它是否是各向同性，正交異性，或各向異性。(9)However, it is important to recognize at the outset(起初) that the concepts that will be presented can be e

49、xtended to the solution of many other classes of structural problems, including those involving(涉及) dynamic response(動(dòng)力響應(yīng)), material and geometric nonlinearities, inelasticity, instability, and continuous systems. 然而，一開始就要認(rèn)識(shí)到提出的概念可以延伸到許多其他各種類型的結(jié)構(gòu)性問題的解決方法，這些問題包括涉及動(dòng)力響應(yīng)，材料和幾何非線性，非彈性，失穩(wěn)和連續(xù)的體系。(10)Loads

50、usually need be treated as dynamic only if they are periodic in nature or they are applied very suddenly. 只有荷載本質(zhì)上是定期或者施加很突然時(shí)，則荷載通常需要被視為動(dòng)態(tài)的。5、Translate the following sentence into English.（1）結(jié)構(gòu)的分類有多種方法，普通觀察者會(huì)首先根據(jù)它們各自的功能把結(jié)構(gòu)分為房屋、橋梁、船舶、塔架等等。Structures can be classified in a variety of way. The casual ob

51、server(臨時(shí)觀測(cè)人) might first consider classifying structures(把建筑分級(jí)) according to their respective functions(各自功能): buildings, bridges, ships, aircraft, towers, and so on. （2）結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中，需要考慮的是結(jié)構(gòu)的安全性、適用性和可行性。In structural design, it is the need for a safe, serviceable, feasible.（3）如果結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)荷載的反應(yīng)，比如一點(diǎn)的位移，與施加的荷載大小成

52、正比，則結(jié)構(gòu)為線性的。A structure is linear if its response to loading, say displacement at a point, is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied load.（4）各向同性材料的物理性能在任一點(diǎn)的所有方向是相同的。The physical properties of homogeneous materials are the same at each point.（5）結(jié)構(gòu)的性能通常是很難清除描述的，因?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)的材料既不是線性或非線性的，也不是彈性或塑

53、性的。the picture of structural behavior is generally not so clear as that just painted. That is, materials are not either “l(fā)inear” or “nonlinear” and “elastic” or “plastic”.Unite 72、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）untrained settlement 不排水沉降 （6）極限承載力 ultimate bearing capacity（

54、2）bearing capacity 承載能力 （7）瞬時(shí)沉降 immediate settlement（3）site investigations場(chǎng)地調(diào)查，場(chǎng)地勘探 （8）表面超載 surface surcharge（4）brick and masonry construction 磚石建筑（9）靜水壓力 hydrostatic pressure（5）lateral support 側(cè)向支撐3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)Most building damage that occurs because of foundat

55、ion movement occurs when unforeseen(不可預(yù)見的) soil conditions arise; inadequate site investigations(實(shí)地勘測(cè)) and a lack of understanding of soil behavior are largely the root causes(根本原因). 大多數(shù)建筑物損壞的出現(xiàn)是由于基礎(chǔ)運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)生不可預(yù)見的土壤條件出現(xiàn)時(shí);不足的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查（實(shí)地勘測(cè)）和缺乏對(duì)土的性能的了解是最大的根本原因。(2)In heavily over consolidated clays, therefore, s

56、ince the yield point will be very high, settlement calculations can be based on elastic theory, using parameters referred to effective stresses. 在超固結(jié)土中，由于屈服點(diǎn)將會(huì)很高，因此沉降計(jì)算可以基于彈性理論，使用與有效應(yīng)力有關(guān)的參數(shù)。 (3)A large part of the remainder(剩余) of the chapter is devoted to(專注于) a detailed study of the consolidation

57、process and to methods of assessing(評(píng)價(jià)) resulting(產(chǎn)生) settlements. 本章的其余大部分都用來詳細(xì)研究固結(jié)過程和估計(jì)其引起的沉降的方法。(4) The radial extent(徑向伸長(zhǎng)) of some tree root systems is greater than the height of the tree; they may also reach depths of several meters. 一些樹根體系的徑向伸長(zhǎng)比樹的高度更大，它們也可能達(dá)到數(shù)米深處。(5)One of the most important soil properties in the context of foundation engineering is its compressibility基礎(chǔ)工程方