機械專業(yè)英語(章躍版)課后英漢翻譯（最全）

1、 第一章：應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變1. That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、時間和力運動乘力是科學(xué)分析法的一個分歧，被稱作力學(xué)，力學(xué)由兩大部分組成，靜力學(xué)和動力學(xué)。2. For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the

2、oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推軸承上的作用力過大的話，會擠出油膜，引起金屬和金屬之間的相互接觸，軸承將過熱而迅速失效。3. Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.力的直觀

3、概念包括力的作用點、大小、方向，這些被稱為力的三要素。4. All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.所有的物體既可以是彈性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就產(chǎn)

4、生變形。當(dāng)變形很小的時候它們被假設(shè)成剛體，也就是不產(chǎn)生變形。5. The rigid-body assumption cannot be used in internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming.剛體假設(shè)不能應(yīng)用于內(nèi)應(yīng)力和內(nèi)應(yīng)變的分析，所以在實際力的分析時，要考慮物體的形變。6. If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, th

5、e particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.如果作用在質(zhì)點上所有的力是平衡的，質(zhì)點將會保持靜止或做做勻速直線運動。第2章 ：材料的強度與塑性1.A tensile test consists of slowly pulling a sample of material with a tensile load until it breaks. The ends of tensile specimens are usually enla

6、rged to provide extra area for grip-ping and to avoid having the sample break where it is being gripped.拉伸試驗包括慢慢加載拉伸載荷直到斷裂。拉伸試件兩端加粗為了提供裝夾區(qū)域和避免試件斷裂。2. The usual manner of conducting the test is to deform the specimen at a constant speed. For example, in the universal testing machines, the motion betw

7、een the fixed and moving crossheads can be controlled at a constant speed. 通常進行試驗的方法就是使試件以恒定速度發(fā)生變形。例如，在萬能拉伸試驗機上，固定端和移動的十字滑塊之間的變形是以恒定速度進行的。3. The load that must be applied to enforce this displacement rate varies as the test proceeds. This load F may be divided by the cross-sectional area A to obtain

8、 the stress in the specimen at any time during the test.隨著實驗的進行，用來產(chǎn)生位移的載荷是隨位移的變化而變化。在實驗中，載荷F除以橫截面積A可以得到任意時刻點的應(yīng)力。4. However actual measurement of L is preferable where this is feasible. Stress and strain based on the initial (undeformed) dimensions, Ai and Li, are called engineering stress and strain

9、.然而，在可行的位置上L的實際測量是更可取的，基于原始尺寸Ai和Li的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變稱為工程應(yīng)力和工程應(yīng)變。5. Ductile and brittle materials behave differently in compression test as well. The compression test is conducted on short cylindrical specimens placed between parallel plates.塑性和脆性材料在壓縮試驗中表現(xiàn)的特性是不相同的。壓縮試驗是把短圓柱形試件放在兩平行平板之間進行的。6.The compression test

10、 diagram for these materials retains the qualitative features of the tension test diagram. The ultimate compressive strength of a brittle of a brittle material is determined in the same way as in tension.材料壓縮試驗圖保持了拉伸試驗圖性能上的特征。脆性材料的最大壓縮強度與最大拉伸強度得到的方法相同。第7章 ：砂型鑄造1.The first stage in the production of

11、sand casting must be the design and manufacture of a suitable pattern. Casting pattern has to be made larger than the finished casting size to allow for the shrinkage that takes place during solidification and cooling.在型砂鑄造生產(chǎn)中，第一階段是必須設(shè)計和制造合適的模型，考慮到鑄件在凝固和冷卻期間產(chǎn)生的收縮鑄件模型的尺寸要比鑄件的尺寸大。2.If a hollow casting

12、 is to be made the pattern will include extension pieces so that spaces to accept the sand core are molded into the sand. These additional spaces in the mold are termed core prints.如果鑄造空心鑄件時模型上包含伸長桿便于在砂中放置砂芯的空間稱為型芯座。3.Sand molds for the production of small and medium-sized castings are made in a mol

13、ding box. The mold is made in two or more parts in order that the pattern may be removed.中小型尺寸的鑄件砂型是在一個砂箱中制造，砂型由兩部分或更多部分組成，以利于模型的順利取出。4.This process of filling and ramming may be done by hand but mold production is automated in a large foundry with the mold boxes moving along a conveyor, firstly to

14、be filled with sand from hoppers and then to pass under mechanical hammers for ramming.填充和夯實的過程可以手工完成，但在大型鑄造中砂型的制造是自動完成的，砂箱隨著傳送帶移動，首先被料斗中的砂子填滿，然后通過機械錘時被打?qū)崱?.The risers should coincide with the highest points of the mold cavity so that the displaced air can readily escape from the mold. The sizes of

15、risers should be such that the metal in them does not freeze too rapidly.冒口應(yīng)該與型腔的最高點相連接，使得進入的空氣可以容易的從模型中溢出，冒口的尺寸應(yīng)該足夠大使模型中金屬不會太快凝固。6.When the metal that has been poured into a sand mold has fully solidified, the mold is broken and the casting is removed. The casting still has the runner and risers at

16、tached to it and there will be sand adhering to portions of the surface.當(dāng)熔的金屬被傾倒到砂型內(nèi)并充分凝固以后，砂型將被打破取出鑄件，鑄件上依然帶有橫澆口和冒口并且依然有砂子粘在表面。第9章 電弧焊1.arc welding in one form or another is the most widely used form of welding .the electrical supply is low voltage but high amperage and may be either alternating or

17、 direct .電弧焊在一種或另一種形式是應(yīng)用最廣泛的焊接形式。電力供應(yīng)是低電壓，但是大電流，并且可以是交流或直流。2. the earliest forms of arc welding used carbon electrodes.but nowadays the arc is struck between a metal electrode and work -piece .the electrode may either be of tungsten or be a consumable metal electrode that melts ,acting as a source o

18、f filler metal .3. 電弧焊接的最早的形式使用碳電極，但現(xiàn)在的電弧觸發(fā)一個金屬電極與工件之間，電極可以是鎢或可熔化，作為填充金屬供源的消耗性金屬電極。an alternating-current arc is broken and re-established at each half cycle and this leads to arc instability although the use of arc-established agents in the flux coating of electrode wires can overcome this problem

19、. 交流電弧被打破并且重新建立在每個半周期，這導(dǎo)致電弧不穩(wěn)定雖然在電極布線焊劑涂層使用電弧建立劑可以克服這個問題。4. uncoated welding rods can be used for arc wilding .but it is more usual to use flux-coated electrodes .when steels are welded using uncoated electrodes,oxides and nitrides can form and remain in the weld with a consequent loss of toughness

20、. 未涂覆的焊條可以用于電弧野生植物。但更通常使用的焊劑涂覆的電極。當(dāng)鋼在使用未涂覆的電極焊接，氧化物和氮化物能夠形成并保持在焊縫韌性因此而喪失。5. flux-coated electrodes are widely used .the composition of the coatings is complex and a variety of different coatings are used to cater for different types of welding application .焊劑涂覆的電極被廣泛使用。涂層的組成是復(fù)雜和各種不同的涂料是用于配合不同類型的焊接應(yīng)用

21、。6. in this case the electron flow is from electrode to work-piece .A concentrated arc issues from the electrode tip and heating of the work-piece is largely confined to the very small ares beneath the electrode .在這種情況下電子流動是從電極到工件，從電極頭和工件的加熱濃縮的弧的問題在很大程度上僅限于電極下方的非常小頃。第十章：鋼1.In simple terms, a plain c

22、arbon steel may be said to be an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than 1.7% carbon. In practice, however, these steels rarely contain more than 1.4% carbon and other elements are also present, either as deliberate additions (e. g. manganese) or as impurities (e. g. sulphur and phosphorus).簡單

23、來說，普通碳素鋼也被稱為含碳量少于1.7%的合金鋼。然而事實上，這些鋼材中很少有含碳量多于1.4%，同時也含有其它元素，例如一些額外添加物（如錳）或者雜志（如硫和磷）。2.In the manufacture of this material, complete deoxidation is not carried out and it is made as rimming steel. It is produced as hot and cold worded sheet, strip, rod, wire and tube, and is available in the hot-work

24、ed or process annealed condition.在材料的生產(chǎn)加工中，不能實現(xiàn)脫氧還原反應(yīng)的鋼被稱為沸騰鋼。它被用來生產(chǎn)熱處理或冷處理的薄片、帶、棒、電線、和管，并且它適用熱軋和退火的情況下。3.The strength and hardness of these steel is low, but a hard surface can be obtained by carbursing in order to combine a wear-resistant surface with tough core properties.鋼的強度和硬度低，可以通過滲碳的方法獲得表面硬化

25、以達到表面耐寒內(nèi)部韌性較好的特性。4.As the carbon content is raised above 0.2%, the strength increases into the range required for constructional purposes, but the ductility decreases. The fabrication qualities (working and welding characteristics) of this material are very good.一旦鋼中含碳量上升超過0.2%，結(jié)構(gòu)上的強度會發(fā)生巨大變化，但是其延展性會

26、下降。材料的制造質(zhì)量（承載和焊接特性）非常好。5.Medium carbon steels are often quenched-hardened and fully tempered to give good strength with maximum toughness, which are the properties required of components such as shafts, gears and connecting rods.中碳鋼常被淬火硬化和高溫回火處理以便給予良好的溫度和最大的韌性，這些是軸、齒輪和連桿所要求的能力特性。6.High carbon steels

27、 are quench hardened and lightly tempered to give high hardness with only limited toughness. Material in this classification is mainly used for making fairly small, relatively inexpensive cutting tools so that the group as a whole is known as carbon tool steel.高碳鋼常被淬火硬化和低溫回火處理以便給予高硬度和一定韌性。此類材料主要被用于生

28、產(chǎn)相當(dāng)小、可靠地、廉價的切削工具，者這就是碳素工具鋼。第11章 ：金屬熱加工1. The principal kinds of heat-treatment used in practice .which differently affect the structure and properties ,and which are assigned to meet the requirements made to the semifabricated materials (castings forgings ,rolled stock ,etc.)and finished articles :a

29、re (1)annealing ;(2)normalizing ;(3)hardening and (4)tempering .所用的主要種類熱處理的做法，以不同方式影響結(jié)構(gòu)和性能，并分配給滿足于半加工材料制成的要求（鑄件鍛件，軋材等）和必要的類型：是（1）退火（2）正火，（3）淬火和（4）回火。2. Normalizing raises the strength and hardness of medium and high-carbon steels by 10 to 15 percent as compared to annealed steel.正火引起較退火的鋼的強度和中等和高碳鋼硬

30、度由10至15。3. Martensite is very hard and brittle ,having a much higher tensile strength than the steel with a pearlite microstructure .馬氏體是非常硬且脆的，具有高得多的抗張強度比鋼具有珠光體組織。4. Tempering,or drawing ,is a process of reheating a steel part that has been previously hardened to transform hard martensite into soft

31、er structure .the higher the tempering temperature used ,the softer and tougher the piece becomes .回火，或圖中，是再加熱先前已硬化改造硬馬氏體成較軟的結(jié)構(gòu)的鋼部件的工藝?；鼗饻囟戎惺褂玫妮^高，較軟及更嚴(yán)格的片而成。5. For low carbon steels ,normalizing enables a better surface finish to be obtained in machining and raise the production capacity .對于低碳鋼，正火使得

32、能夠在加工得到更好的表面光潔度，并提高生產(chǎn)能力。6. In commercial tempering the temperature range of 250-425 is usually avoided because of an unexplained embrittlement ,or loss of ductility ,that often occurs with steels tempered in this range .在商業(yè)回火250-425的溫度范圍通常是可以避免的，因為一種原因不明的脆化，或延展性的損失，經(jīng)常發(fā)生回火鋼在此范圍內(nèi)。第13章 ：液壓和氣壓系統(tǒng)1. Hydra

33、ulic energy is produced as long as the prime motor (usually an electric motor )drives the pump ,and hydraulic pressure develops by resistance to pump flow .只要原動機（通常是電動機）驅(qū)動的泵和液壓壓力通過電阻開發(fā)與泵流量的液壓能量就產(chǎn)生了。2. pressure control values are used in hydraulic systems tp control actuator force (force =pressure *a

34、res ),and to determine and (pre )select pressure levels at which certain machine operations must occur .壓力控制值是用于液壓系統(tǒng)來控制致動器力（力=壓力*頃），并確定與在該特定的機器操作必須發(fā)生（預(yù)）選擇的壓力水平。3. the compact design and versatility of the control system alloes the unit to control many large and high-pawered systems with a high degre

35、e of reliability .緊湊的設(shè)計，控制系統(tǒng)和多功能性使設(shè)備來控制許多大型和高功率系統(tǒng)的高度可靠性。4. the steering unit contains a check value which converts the unit to a hand-operated pump for emergency power-off steering .轉(zhuǎn)向單元包含該單元轉(zhuǎn)換到手動操作的泵，用于緊急斷電轉(zhuǎn)向校驗值。5. In applications where actuator travel ia to be smooth and stready against a variable

36、 load ,the air exhaust from the actuator is normally metered .在應(yīng)用中執(zhí)行機構(gòu)的行程保險業(yè)監(jiān)督是平穩(wěn)對可變負載，從執(zhí)行器排氣正常計量。6. Pneumatic systems can be readily applied to drive rotary actuators as well as linear cylinders .industrial applications of pneumatic systems are growing at a rapid pace .氣動系統(tǒng)可以很容易地應(yīng)用到驅(qū)動旋轉(zhuǎn)執(zhí)行器以及線性氣缸。氣動

37、系統(tǒng)的工業(yè)應(yīng)用正以快速的步伐。第16章 ：銑銷1. milling machines are used for machining flat surfaces ,including horizontal ,vertical ,and angular surfaces .銑床用于加工的平坦表面，包括水平，垂直和對角面。2. In up milling ,the cutter rotates against the driection of feed of the workpiece ,whereas in down milling the rotation is in the same dire

38、ction as the feed .在逆銑，切割器旋轉(zhuǎn)，對進料的工件的方向，而在向下銑削的旋轉(zhuǎn)是在相同的方向進給。3. Milling machines are also used for machining many kinds oshoulders and grooves ,including keyways ,t-slots ,and dovetails .銑床也可用于機加工許多種肩和槽，包括鍵槽，T形槽，并且燕尾。4. They are used to machine formed or irregular surfaces with the use of many types of

39、 formed-tooth cutters .它們被用來形成機器或不規(guī)則的表面與使用許多類型的形成齒刀的。5. A rigth-hand cutter must rotate counterclockwise when viewed from the front end of the spindle .similarly ,a left-hand cutter must rotate clockwise .從主軸的前端觀察時，甲分辯手刀必須逆時針轉(zhuǎn)動。類似地，左手刀具必須沿順時針方向轉(zhuǎn)動。6. Milling machines equipped with a dividing head ,ma

40、y be used for machining equally spaced flat surfaces ,straight grooves ,or spiral grooves on parts with a cylindrical shape .配備一個分度頭銑床，可用于具有圓筒形形狀的加工等距間隔的平面，直槽或螺旋槽上的部件。 第14章 ：液壓和氣壓系統(tǒng)2. Hydraulic energy is produced as long as the prime motor (usually an electric motor )drives the pump ,and hydraulic p

41、ressure develops by resistance to pump flow .只要原動機（通常是電動機）驅(qū)動的泵和液壓壓力通過電阻開發(fā)與泵流量的液壓能量就產(chǎn)生了。3. pressure control values are used in hydraulic systems tp control actuator force (force =pressure *ares ),and to determine and (pre )select pressure levels at which certain machine operations must occur .壓力控制值是用

42、于液壓系統(tǒng)來控制致動器力（力=壓力*頃），并確定與在該特定的機器操作必須發(fā)生（預(yù)）選擇的壓力水平。4. the compact design and versatility of the control system alloes the unit to control many large and high-pawered systems with a high degree of reliability .緊湊的設(shè)計，控制系統(tǒng)和多功能性使設(shè)備來控制許多大型和高功率系統(tǒng)的高度可靠性。7. the steering unit contains a check value which conve

43、rts the unit to a hand-operated pump for emergency power-off steering .轉(zhuǎn)向單元包含該單元轉(zhuǎn)換到手動操作的泵，用于緊急斷電轉(zhuǎn)向校驗值。8. In applications where actuator travel ia to be smooth and stready against a variable load ,the air exhaust from the actuator is normally metered .在應(yīng)用中執(zhí)行機構(gòu)的行程保險業(yè)監(jiān)督是平穩(wěn)對可變負載，從執(zhí)行器排氣正常計量。9. Pneumatic

44、systems can be readily applied to drive rotary actuators as well as linear cylinders .industrial applications of pneumatic systems are growing at a rapid pace .氣動系統(tǒng)可以很容易地應(yīng)用到驅(qū)動旋轉(zhuǎn)執(zhí)行器以及線性氣缸。氣動系統(tǒng)的工業(yè)應(yīng)用正以快速的步伐。第17章 ：銑銷7. milling machines are used for machining flat surfaces ,including horizontal ,vertical

45、 ,and angular surfaces .銑床用于加工的平坦表面，包括水平，垂直和對角面。8. In up milling ,the cutter rotates against the driection of feed of the workpiece ,whereas in down milling the rotation is in the same direction as the feed .在逆銑，切割器旋轉(zhuǎn)，對進料的工件的方向，而在向下銑削的旋轉(zhuǎn)是在相同的方向進給。9. Milling machines are also used for machining many

46、kinds oshoulders and grooves ,including keyways ,t-slots ,and dovetails .銑床也可用于機加工許多種肩和槽，包括鍵槽，T形槽，并且燕尾。10. They are used to machine formed or irregular surfaces with the use of many types of formed-tooth cutters .它們被用來形成機器或不規(guī)則的表面與使用許多類型的形成齒刀的。11. A rigth-hand cutter must rotate counterclockwise when

47、 viewed from the front end of the spindle .similarly ,a left-hand cutter must rotate clockwise .從主軸的前端觀察時，甲分辯手刀必須逆時針轉(zhuǎn)動。類似地，左手刀具必須沿順時針方向轉(zhuǎn)動。12. Milling machines equipped with a dividing head ,may be used for machining equally spaced flat surfaces ,straight grooves ,or spiral grooves on parts with a cy

48、lindrical shape .配備一個分度頭銑床，可用于具有圓筒形形狀的加工等距間隔的平面，直槽或螺旋槽上的部件。 第15章 ：液壓和氣壓系統(tǒng)3. Hydraulic energy is produced as long as the prime motor (usually an electric motor )drives the pump ,and hydraulic pressure develops by resistance to pump flow .只要原動機（通常是電動機）驅(qū)動的泵和液壓壓力通過電阻開發(fā)與泵流量的液壓能量就產(chǎn)生了。4. pressure control v

49、alues are used in hydraulic systems tp control actuator force (force =pressure *ares ),and to determine and (pre )select pressure levels at which certain machine operations must occur .壓力控制值是用于液壓系統(tǒng)來控制致動器力（力=壓力*頃），并確定與在該特定的機器操作必須發(fā)生（預(yù)）選擇的壓力水平。5. the compact design and versatility of the control system

50、 alloes the unit to control many large and high-pawered systems with a high degree of reliability .緊湊的設(shè)計，控制系統(tǒng)和多功能性使設(shè)備來控制許多大型和高功率系統(tǒng)的高度可靠性。10. the steering unit contains a check value which converts the unit to a hand-operated pump for emergency power-off steering .轉(zhuǎn)向單元包含該單元轉(zhuǎn)換到手動操作的泵，用于緊急斷電轉(zhuǎn)向校驗值。11. I

51、n applications where actuator travel ia to be smooth and stready against a variable load ,the air exhaust from the actuator is normally metered .在應(yīng)用中執(zhí)行機構(gòu)的行程保險業(yè)監(jiān)督是平穩(wěn)對可變負載，從執(zhí)行器排氣正常計量。12. Pneumatic systems can be readily applied to drive rotary actuators as well as linear cylinders .industrial applicat

52、ions of pneumatic systems are growing at a rapid pace .氣動系統(tǒng)可以很容易地應(yīng)用到驅(qū)動旋轉(zhuǎn)執(zhí)行器以及線性氣缸。氣動系統(tǒng)的工業(yè)應(yīng)用正以快速的步伐。第18章 ：銑銷13. milling machines are used for machining flat surfaces ,including horizontal ,vertical ,and angular surfaces .銑床用于加工的平坦表面，包括水平，垂直和對角面。14. In up milling ,the cutter rotates against the driect

53、ion of feed of the workpiece ,whereas in down milling the rotation is in the same direction as the feed .在逆銑，切割器旋轉(zhuǎn)，對進料的工件的方向，而在向下銑削的旋轉(zhuǎn)是在相同的方向進給。15. Milling machines are also used for machining many kinds oshoulders and grooves ,including keyways ,t-slots ,and dovetails .銑床也可用于機加工許多種肩和槽，包括鍵槽，T形槽，并且燕尾

54、。16. They are used to machine formed or irregular surfaces with the use of many types of formed-tooth cutters .它們被用來形成機器或不規(guī)則的表面與使用許多類型的形成齒刀的。17. A rigth-hand cutter must rotate counterclockwise when viewed from the front end of the spindle .similarly ,a left-hand cutter must rotate clockwise .從主軸的前端

55、觀察時，甲分辯手刀必須逆時針轉(zhuǎn)動。類似地，左手刀具必須沿順時針方向轉(zhuǎn)動。18. Milling machines equipped with a dividing head ,may be used for machining equally spaced flat surfaces ,straight grooves ,or spiral grooves on parts with a cylindrical shape .配備一個分度頭銑床，可用于具有圓筒形形狀的加工等距間隔的平面，直槽或螺旋槽上的部件。 第16章 ：液壓和氣壓系統(tǒng)4. Hydraulic energy is produc

56、ed as long as the prime motor (usually an electric motor )drives the pump ,and hydraulic pressure develops by resistance to pump flow .只要原動機（通常是電動機）驅(qū)動的泵和液壓壓力通過電阻開發(fā)與泵流量的液壓能量就產(chǎn)生了。5. pressure control values are used in hydraulic systems tp control actuator force (force =pressure *ares ),and to determin

57、e and (pre )select pressure levels at which certain machine operations must occur .壓力控制值是用于液壓系統(tǒng)來控制致動器力（力=壓力*頃），并確定與在該特定的機器操作必須發(fā)生（預(yù)）選擇的壓力水平。6. the compact design and versatility of the control system alloes the unit to control many large and high-pawered systems with a high degree of reliability .緊湊的

58、設(shè)計，控制系統(tǒng)和多功能性使設(shè)備來控制許多大型和高功率系統(tǒng)的高度可靠性。13. the steering unit contains a check value which converts the unit to a hand-operated pump for emergency power-off steering .轉(zhuǎn)向單元包含該單元轉(zhuǎn)換到手動操作的泵，用于緊急斷電轉(zhuǎn)向校驗值。14. In applications where actuator travel ia to be smooth and stready against a variable load ,the air exhaust from the actuator is normally metered .在應(yīng)用中執(zhí)行機構(gòu)的行程保險業(yè)監(jiān)督是平穩(wěn)對可變負載，從執(zhí)行器排氣正常計量。15. Pneumatic systems can be readily applied to drive rotary actuators as well as linear cylinders .industrial applications of pneumatic systems are growing at a r