美國文學(xué)史發(fā)展概況老師給的復(fù)習(xí)提綱

1、美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)提綱一、殖義時期的文學(xué)(The Literature of Colonial America) 17th.c一、時期綜述1、清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：narratives 日記 , journals 游記2、清教徒在美國的寫作容：1）about their voyage to the new land2) about adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) about dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation t

2、o bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices 凈化信仰和行為方式2) Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.重建教堂，提供簡單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位來源：( - 美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)1（colonialism)_苗苗_新浪博客3）Puritans looked upon themselves as a

3、 people chosen by God, and it followed logically that anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God's will and was not to be accepted.認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民，對他們的生活有異議就是反對上帝4）Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反對對快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）Puritan religious teaching

4、 tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forget his mercy.強調(diào)上帝嚴(yán)厲的一面，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton 約翰·科登 ， Roger William 羅杰·威廉姆斯他們的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.5、Will

5、iam的觀點：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself direct

6、ly with God. 行為上的德，信仰上的誠，并沒有給任何人強迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)利。沒有任何政治秩序和教會體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨。6、英國最早移民到美國的詩人：Anne Bradstreet 安妮·布雷茲特里特(女) sincere belief in God7、在殖民時期最好的清教徒詩人：the best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor愛德華·泰勒 (1642-1729)8、Captain John Smith, his reports of exploration has been regarded as the

7、 first distinctly American literature.學(xué)習(xí)指南：1、Could you give me a description of American Puritans? (關(guān)于美國清教徒的描繪)Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himsel

8、f. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special inf

9、usion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heav

10、en.2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italian

11、, and Portuguese.二、理性和革命時期文學(xué)(The Literature of Reason and Revolution) 18th.c一、美國的性質(zhì)：The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 最終以聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級國-美利堅合眾國的建立而宣布結(jié)束。二、代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富蘭克林  1706-17901）"

12、;Poor Richard's Almanac" 窮查理歷書，an annual collection of proverbs 流行諺語集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political id

13、eas. 建立了一個秘密俱樂部，討論的主題是科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟和政治等時事方面的問題3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college-University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美國第一個可租借圖書的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學(xué)就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的前身。4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.5) As a representative

14、of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國改變政策，使美國可以和英國一起發(fā)展、繁榮

15、。他說服法國支持美國的獨立戰(zhàn)爭。6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作為作家具有非凡的表達(dá)能力，文筆簡潔，蘊幽默，且擅諷刺。7）致是自 的簡明總結(jié) “The Way to Wealth” 致富之道      自是致的詳細(xì)注腳 “The Autobiography”自傳, 18世紀(jì)美國唯一流傳至今的自傳 2、Thomas Paine 托馬斯·佩因   1737-1809 

16、"Great Commoner of Mankind" 最平凡的人1）famous pamphlet "Common Sense"  著名的政治小冊子常識, it boldly advocated a "Declaration for Independence", and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 擁護(hù)獨立宣言，是分裂活動發(fā)展成最后危機。2）"The Case of the Officers of Excise"收稅官的案子, "

17、The American Crisis" 美國危機, "Rights of Man"人的權(quán)利, "The Age of Reason"理性時代, "Agrarian Justice"土地公平his last important treatise 3、Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯·杰弗遜 1743-18261）drafted the "Declaration of Independence" in 1776 起草了獨立宣言2）University of Virginia 佛吉尼亞大學(xué)，

18、親自設(shè)計，擔(dān)任校長3）與清教徒不同，主追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等，造物主賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢蓜儕Z的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。-獨立宣言 4、 Philip Freneau 菲利普·費瑞諾  poet and political journa

19、list 詩人和政治方面的新聞記者1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.2）has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美國詩歌之父3）作品：1770年，第一部作品"The Power of Fancy"想象的力量,1870年，第二部作品"The British Prison Ship"英國囚船,同類詩歌中最佳："The Wild Honey Suckle"忍冬

20、花, "The Indian Burying Ground"印第安人的墳地學(xué)習(xí)指南：1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds.神學(xué)主宰了清教徒時期的美國文學(xué)，給當(dāng)時人們思想的影響也最深，其次才是政治。2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential

21、 spirit.費瑞諾接受的是古典主義的教育，但其本質(zhì)上卻是屬于浪漫主義的。3、the beginning of literary independence: Jeffersons "Notes on the State of Virginia"弗吉尼亞筆記Bartrams "Travels" 巴特拉姆的旅行散文三、浪漫主義文學(xué)(The Literature of Romanticism) 19th.c一、文學(xué)特征：1、Environment:1）shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陸新環(huán)境2）array o

22、f ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe 歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮2、美國文學(xué)特點：pluralistic多元化，manifestations varied表現(xiàn)形式多樣，individualistic個人主義，conflicting 矛盾3、Romanticism的特點：romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive p

23、erception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption.浪漫主義之間大多是相通的，都注重道德，強調(diào)個人主義價值觀和直覺感受，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源。4、Transcendentalism 超驗主義1）As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling ov

24、er reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不講邏輯，不講系統(tǒng)，只強調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個人表達(dá)。2）They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化復(fù)興，反對美國社會的拜金主義。3）They believe in the transcendence of "oversoul", an all-pervading power for

25、 goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強調(diào)善為萬物之源。4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and youll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implicati

26、on of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.5）代表人物：Emerson愛默生: believed that man was a part of absolute good人性本善Thoreau 梭(索)羅: be

27、held divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕”5、Literary forms文學(xué)形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms.長篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌取代說教類及宣言類作品成為美國主要的文學(xué)形式。6、Imaginative literature想象類文學(xué)7、the wilderness came to function almost as a

28、dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時代的道德準(zhǔn)則。8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃離社會，回到自然成為了美國文學(xué)永恒的創(chuàng)作習(xí)慣。9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in Americas language. In 1828 Noah Webste

29、r published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國本土的語言，具有美國特征的本土方言開始在詩歌和小說量涌現(xiàn)。10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led b

30、y Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England Transcendentalism, 從新英格蘭文學(xué)到超驗主義。 二、代表作家：1、Washington Irving華盛頓·歐文 the first great belletrist 第一個純文學(xué)作家，劃線部分為三個主要contribution the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家“Sketch Book”見聞札記, the first modern short stories

31、 and the first great American juvenile literature.現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上第一部短篇小說和美國第一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物。Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識融入了這種體裁?！癓egends of the Conquest of Spain”西班牙征服記,  “A History of New York” 紐約外史-

32、美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”睡谷的傳說-使之成為美國第一個獲得國際聲譽的作家“Bracebridge Hall”雷斯布里奇田莊, “Talks of a Traveller”旅客談, “The Alhambra”阿爾罕伯拉“Life of George Washington”喬治華盛頓-最后作品  2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·芬尼莫·庫珀contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories the sea a

33、dventure tale and the frontier saga 開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，海上傳奇小說和邊疆傳奇小說。frontier saga邊疆傳奇小說：“Leatherstocking Tales”皮裹腿故事集，包括“The Deerslayer”殺鹿者、“The Last of the Mohicans”最后的莫希干人、“The Pathfinder”探路人、“The Pioneers”拓荒者、“The Prairie”大草原, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被認(rèn)為是迄今為止美國最接近史詩

34、的作品。the central figure in the novels：Natty Bumppo. 小說的中心人物：納蒂.班波Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order第二部小說“The Spy”間諜，海上傳奇小說“The Pilot ”領(lǐng)航者 3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉·卡倫·布萊恩特 poet 詩人as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to Euro

35、pean readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.當(dāng)歐文預(yù)示美國散文時代的到來時，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實了美國的詩歌達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平。He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一個獲得美國主要詩人稱號的作家。 “To a Waterfowl”致水鳥 the most perfect brief poem in the language用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩。 the peak of his work 巔峰之作“T

36、hanatopisis”死之思考 4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·愛倫·坡true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic, and a writer of fiction 編輯、詩人、文學(xué)評論家、小說家Grahams Magazine 格雷厄姆雜志（坡的工作場所）和伯頓創(chuàng)辦的紳士雜志Gentlemans Magazine“The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂府崩潰記、“The Raven”烏鴉the title poem of a collection,“Tales of the Gr

37、otesque and Arabesque”述異集，first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小說集。often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅長描寫哥特式和幻想類的小說。 5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超驗主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。Emerson believed above all in individualism個人主義, ind

38、ependence of mind思想獨立, and self-reliance自強.作品：第一本書“Nature”論自然、“Essays”隨筆錄、 “The American Scholar”美國學(xué)者, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我們知識分子的獨立宣言。his most important works are “Representative Men”代表and “English Traits”英國人、“Poems”詩集Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blit

39、he air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的約束沒有了。 -論自然 6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利·戴維·梭羅Emersons truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emersons theories 愛默生最忠實的信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實踐?！癐n Walden”沃爾登成名作，“Civil Disobedience”平民反抗

40、essay 隨筆 教義：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbors or his parents. 我不希望人們接受我的生活模式，每一個都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的。 7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 納薩尼爾·霍桑background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne, who harm a person.曾經(jīng)有個做法官的祖輩害人。“The H

41、ouse of the Seven Gables”七尖角閣房，是霍桑著名神秘小說中的一個房屋名稱。he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.對清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認(rèn)為清教徒的戒行過于森嚴(yán)，對不同信仰人的迫害過于殘酷。-“The Custom House”海關(guān)大廈“Mosses from an Old Manse”古廈青苔、“The Marble Faun”玉石神像特點unique gift was for the creat

42、ion of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of mans moral nature. 獨特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 在他的短篇小說中，他通過活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會的一些重大道德問題。to make a s

43、tory exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之處在于他能把一個故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中來講述，他在書中所講的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時人們的道德參考。 “The Scarlet Letter”紅字女主角honest, calmly face fault 誠實，坦然的面對罪過。弗洛伊德人格理論：Id 本我 欲望，只要快樂 Roger 女主角的丈夫Ego 自我 分辨對錯，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實 Hester 女主角Superego 超我 Dim 女主角的情人，牧師女主角的自我成長和自我救贖的過程。E

44、go growth and redeem by her own of process“The Scarlet Letter” analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanit

45、y. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine

46、 sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,

47、” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual di

48、sintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show ones worst to the outside world.  8、Herman Melville 赫爾曼·麥爾維爾作品：two simple, romantic narratives: “Typee”泰比、“Omoo sort”歐穆

49、two philosophical novels: “Mardi”瑪?shù)?、“Pierre”皮埃爾(時間順序：瑪?shù)匕做L皮埃爾) two celebrated short novels: “Benito Cereno”班托·西蘭尼、“Billy Budd”比利·伯德-最后一部作品“Moby Dick”白鯨，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要講述了一個為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長海上故事。Summury: Ishmael, a

50、 schoolmaster, wanted to change his life and decided to sign on a whaling ship. On the way, he made a friendly friend Queequeg, then they signed on the same shipPequod. The Captain Ahab was a person with one leg, and he was curious about catching the monster Moby Dick neglected others persuasion. Ah

51、ab asked for news about Moby Dick from other ships. Two shipmenbers managed to stop his crazy action, but failed. Even the bad weather and the prophesy of Fedallah cant stop him. A few days later, Ahab found Moby Dick himself and the men fought against it for several days. At last, all the people di

52、ed except Ishmael.The book is steeped in symbolism. 本書達(dá)到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience”.Moby Dick : mystery of the university; power of the grant nature; evil of the world.Pequod : is the microcosm of the human

53、society; is the ship of American soul.Whiteness is a paradoxical color, too, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence and youth.主人公：Ishmael伊什米爾，取自圣經(jīng)。在書中說：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個宏大的主題。故事人物：Captain Ahab.船長阿哈比；Queequeg捕鯨人奎因奎格，wa

54、s a friendly person；the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the “gliding great demon of the seas of life.”阿哈比艦長和各種危險之間的激烈斗爭，他同那些強大的、神秘的自然展開斗爭，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時還冷酷

55、無情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”?！癕oby Dick”：one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a

56、 metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick. 9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃茲沃思·朗費羅 poet 詩人it would be hard, also, to overestimate the impor

57、tance of his anthology “The Poets and Poetry of Europe”. His own poetry became a means of teaching readers of his day something of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern. 我們歐洲詩人及詩歌不能把這部作品估計過高。他自己的詩歌成為了他教學(xué)的材料，在書中他講述了詩的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的，中世紀(jì)的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩歌，他都一一作了闡述。殊榮：After his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poets corner of Westminster Abbey.朗費羅去世后被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩人之角，他也是美國惟一獲此殊榮的詩人。The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for h