passage OF UNIT 3現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語第四冊(cè)

1、Text of Unit 34/23/2022Structure of the text Part 1 (para.1) about: The authors proposition of the general practice of thinking. Part 2 (paras.2-21) about: The authors analysis of five non-rational factors in the determination of peoples opinions. Part 3 (paras.22-25) about: The author encourages re

2、aders to discover the facts, to think in a clear, fresh and rational way till get the truth. Structure of the Text Mander lists five sources for many of our groundless beliefs：1) Result of early environment；2) Parroting；3) Self-interest；4) Sentimental associations；5) FashionPara1.L1: In future we ar

3、e going to follow the practiceuntil it becomes a habitof classifying propositions according to their grounds. ground: (usu. pl.) the foundation/underlying condition for an argument, a belief, or an action; a cause or good reason for sth. e.g. Neither statement can be faulted on the grounds that it i

4、s inaccurate. proposition: n. a statement expressing an opinion 觀點(diǎn)，見解，主張 e.g: The proposition is so clear that it needs no explanation. 注意： proposition preposition(介詞) Probably we shall be astonished at the number of propositions met with in everyday life which we shall find it necessary to class as

5、 groundless. to be astonished at; to be surprised at; to be alarmed at; to be amazed at; to be astounded atmet with: encountered; experiencedclass as: classify as to regard as; to describe as; to accept as; to view as; to conceive as; to recognize asPara1.L4:Para1.L6 They rest upon mere tradition, o

6、r on sbs bare assertion unsupported by even a shadow of proofrest upon: to be based on; depend/rely on 基于基于,以以.為為基礎(chǔ)基礎(chǔ)bare assertion: strong statements without the support of proofa shadow of: the slightest trace of 一丁點(diǎn)一丁點(diǎn),少許少許e.g. A shadow of a smile touched his mouth. There is not a shadow of justi

7、fication for your behavior. She knew beyond a shadow of doubt that he was lying. bare: a. naked; not covered with or protected by anything; empty; just efficient, meree.g. bare arm/feet/wall/necessities/facts the bare branches of winter trees The fridge was completely bare. Phrases:with your bare ha

8、nds: without weapons or toolsbare your soul: to tell your deepest and most private feelingsbare your teeth: to show your teeth in a fierce and threatening way barefaced: a. showing that you do not care about offending sb. or about behaving badlye.g. a barefaced lie Para2,L3 It has now become one of

9、our regular habits of thought .Perhaps somebody -somewhere-sometime told us a certain thing, and quite uncritically we accepted and believed it. uncritically: ad. in a way that is unwilling to criticize sb./sth. or to judge whether sb./sth. is right or wrong 不愿批評(píng)地,不置可否地,不得罪人地 e.g: He accepted her di

10、cissions uncritically. 同根詞：criticize, v 批評(píng),評(píng)論 critical,v 批評(píng)的,關(guān)鍵的 criticism, n 批評(píng),評(píng)論P(yáng)ara3,L1 But if the staunchest Roman Catholic and the staunchest Presbyterian had been exchanged when (they are 省略形式省略形式)infants, and if they had been brought up with home and all other influences reversed(為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，為獨(dú)立

11、主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語作狀語), we can had very little doubt what the result would have been.句中，兩個(gè)if 均引導(dǎo)虛擬假設(shè)條件句，對(duì)過去的情況進(jìn)行假設(shè)staunch： a. strong and loyal in sb.s opinions and attitude 堅(jiān)定的,忠實(shí)的e.g: He is a staunch Christian.staunchly ad. 堅(jiān)定地,忠實(shí)地 staunchness n.堅(jiān)定,忠實(shí)Para3,L3 It is consistent with all our knowledge of psycho

12、logy to conclude thateach would have grown up holding exactly the opposite beliefs to those he holds now be consistent with sth. 與.一致: What you say now is consistent with what you said last week. be in agreement/harmony with sth 4/23/2022Para3.L7 If we had grown up in a community where polygamy or h

13、ead-hunting, or infanticide, or gladiatorial fighting, or dueling, was regarded as the normal and natural thingthen we should have grown up to regard it as “obviously” natural and perfectly moral and proper. polygamy：一夫多妻制：一夫多妻制head-hunting：割取敵人頭顱作為戰(zhàn)利品：割取敵人頭顱作為戰(zhàn)利品infanticide：殺嬰罪：殺嬰罪,殺嬰犯殺嬰犯gladiatori

14、al fighting：角斗士格斗：角斗士格斗dueling：決斗：決斗4/23/2022Para4.L2 We continue doing it, more or less unconsciously all our lives: hence, to take only the most striking examples, the enormous influence of newspapers and the effectiveness of skilful advertising.striking: 1.interesting and unusual enough to draw a

15、ttention 引人注目的引人注目的,異乎尋常的異乎尋常的,顯著的顯著的 a striking feature 顯著的特征顯著的特征2.very charming, often in an unusual way 嫵媚動(dòng)人的，標(biāo)嫵媚動(dòng)人的，標(biāo)致的，俊秀的致的，俊秀的 striking good looks 姣好的面容姣好的面容strike v.罷工罷工,給給.印象印象,碰撞碰撞 strikingly ad.引人注目引人注目地地,嫵媚動(dòng)人地嫵媚動(dòng)人地Much of what passes as such is not, strictly, thinking at all. It is the

16、mere “parroting” of ideas picked up by chance and adopted as our own without question. Most people, most of the time, are mere parrots.what passes as such: what people take as thinkingpass as=pass for: be accepted ase.g. He speaks the language so well he could easily pass as/for German.parrot: n. 鸚鵡

17、; one who imitates the words or actions of another, especially without understanding them v. to repeat what sb. else has said without thinking about what it means 4/23/2022Para4.L5 It is the mere “parroting” of ideas picked up by chance and adopted as our own without question.Para4.L6 But as we leav

18、e childhood, we tend to accept only such new ideas as fit in with the ideas we already hold; and all conflicting ideas seem to us “obviously” absurd.tend to: 趨于 Recent laws have tended to give more freedom to the press. fit in with: 與.合得來, 適應(yīng) Do these plans fit in with his arrangements? If we tend t

19、o accept such new ideas as fit in with the ideas we already hold, they are, strictly speaking, no longer new ideas. Therefore it is often the case that when we say we are thinking, we are really rearranging our deeply-rooted prejudices. The dogma may not be that of any particular individual: it may

20、be a dogmatic statement which has been passed from one person to another ,from generation to generation ,perhaps for hundredsperhaps for thousandsof years.(para5) Dogma :n.教條，信條 Dogmatic: adj.教條的，武斷的 Dogmatically: adv.教條的，武斷的In that case ,it is part of our social inheritance from some period in the

21、past.(para5) In case conj. 萬一；假使in the case of 至于，在的情況下in case of 萬一；如果發(fā)生；假設(shè)in this case 既然這樣，假若這樣in any case 無論如何in that case 既然那樣in some case 在某種情況下special case 特例，特殊情況in no case 決不particular case 特例；特定情況in each case 在不同情況下But we should fully face the fact that beliefs which are merely inherited f

22、rom the past must have originated at a time when man knew much less than they knew today .So the fact that a belief is “ old ” is no argument in its favor.(para5)In its favor 對(duì)它有利in favor of 有利于；支持；贊同do me a favor 幫個(gè)忙好么；給我點(diǎn)面子in your favor 以你方為受益人have a favor 勞駕；請(qǐng)您幫個(gè)忙 But we should admit that the bel

23、iefs passed on to us by our ancestors are based on the limited knowledge of the old time. Their beliefs must be lack of strong supports since it is certain that we know much more than our ancestors did. Therefore, we should not adopt a belief just because it is old.We need especially to be on our gu

24、ard when we come across propositions which seem to be “obviously” true.(para6) Be on sb.s guard 警惕；提防；警戒 Be on your guardthere are many thieves here. On guard 站崗；執(zhí)勤 Off guard 不警惕；不提防；不警戒When we find ourselves entertaining an opinion about which there is a feeling that even to enquire into it would b

25、e absurd, unnecessary , undesirable, or wicked we may know that that opinion is a non-rational one.(para7) find ourselves entertaining: to realize that one is unconsciously doing sthEntertain v. 心存，懷有（想法、感覺等） to entertain a doubt/suspicion 持懷疑態(tài) entertain an idea 考慮一個(gè)主意 entertain few illusions 幾乎不抱幻想

26、We entertain doubts towards him because of his unusual behavior.enquire into: to find out more information about; to investigateWe must enquire further into the matter. wicked: morally bad; evil; in Spoken English it can mean mischievous When we find that we have the very feeling that our certain op

27、inion is sure to be true and that we should not question its validity and that if we do so it would seem very ridiculous, needless, objectionable, or even evil of us, we should come to the conclusion that this opinion is not a rational one since a rational opinion is one that is open to question and

28、 challenge.When we are tempted to say that any general truth is so “obvious” that it would be absurd even to question it, we should remember that the whole history of the development of human thought has been full of cases of such “ obvious truths” breaking down when examined in the light of increas

29、ing knowledge and reason.(para8) tempt sb to do sth 引誘 tempt sb. from sth. 誘使某人離開某事；引誘某人放下某事tempt sb. into doing sth. 引誘某人做某事 In( the) light of sth 考慮到；鑒于 in the light of experience 根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn) In the light of further research, he changes his plan. Break down: to cease to be useful, to fail to function For

30、 instance, for ages nothing could have seemed more obvious, more utterly beyond question than the proposition that slavery was natural, reasonable, necessary, and right. (para8) Beyond question 毫無疑問；毋庸置疑 His honesty is beyond question. Without question out of question 毫無疑問 Out of the question 不可能；不允

31、許；不值得討論 There is no doubt beyond doubt 毫無疑問Again for more than two thousand years, it was “impossible to conceive” the planets as moving in paths other than circles.（para9） Conceive v. 想出；（主意；計(jì)劃等）；想象；構(gòu)想；設(shè)想 He conceived a new plan very quickly. Conceivable adj. 可想象的；可信的 Concept n. 概念；觀念 Conception n.

32、 構(gòu)想 Other than : I have no ambitions other than to have a happy life and be free. Furthermore ,for over two thousand years, it was “impossible to think” that the planets moving in paths instead of circles.The age-long struggle of the greatest intellects in the world to shake off that assumption is o

33、ne of the marvels of history. （para9） Shake off 擺脫 He went out for a walk to shake off his depression. Get rid of sb.sth. 擺脫；丟棄；扔掉 Be rid of sb.sth. 擺脫 It took many scientists of greatest learning hundreds of years to struggle against the assumption that the planets moved in circles. The success of

34、getting rid of that assumption is one of the miracles in human history.The struggle between the Roman Catholic Church and 17th-century Italian physicist and astronomer Galileo has become symbolic of the clash between authority and intellectual freedom. Galileo refused to obey orders from Rome to cea

35、se discussions of his theories and was sentenced to life imprisonment. It was not until 1992 that a papal commission acknowledged that the church was wrong. Many modern persons find it very difficult to credit the fact that men can even have supposed otherwise.(para10) credit the fact: believe the f

36、act Credit is the fruit of human civilization. otherwise: differently Many modern people are hard to believe that for some time men had ever thought they were thinking with their hearts. Yet it is true that the ancient people really thought in that way.That the earth must be flat, formerly seemed so

37、 obvious and self-evident that the very suggestion of any other possibility would have beenand wasregarded as a joke.（para11） self-evident 顯而易見的；不言而喻的 It is self-evident that we will never have enough resources to meet the demand. It was for two thousand years “taken for granted” as “obvious” that a

38、 heavy weight must fall faster than a light one. An assumed or dogmatic proposition which had been universally accepted as “obvious;” and which, when challenged, was supported by reference to a dogma of Aristotle. （para.12） Take for granted:認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然；對(duì)認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然；對(duì)不予重視，不予重視，不把不把當(dāng)回事當(dāng)回事It will help you better

39、 understand tenses, prepositions, and all the other parts of speech we normally take for granted.T h e r e a r e t h r e e t h i n g s i n l i f e t h a t c a n n o t b e t a k e n f o r g r a n t e d h e a l t h , w e a l t h a n d love. Take them for granted and they will be lost. 詞根：詞根：sume =take

40、,表示拿,取 同根詞 assume假裝;假定,設(shè)想;承擔(dān);呈現(xiàn),采取 (as加強(qiáng)動(dòng)作+sume拿,取拿住認(rèn)為是假定,承擔(dān)) consuming強(qiáng)烈的,分量重的 (consume使著迷+ing的adj.強(qiáng)烈的,分量重的) presumable可假定的 (presumev.假定,假設(shè),認(rèn)為,揣測,濫用,擅自行動(dòng)+able的adj.可假定的) resumable可恢復(fù)的 (resume恢復(fù)+able的adj.可恢復(fù)的) n. consumer消費(fèi)者,用戶 (consume消耗+er人n.消費(fèi)者,用戶) v. consume消耗;吃完,喝光;with使著迷;燒毀 (con共同+sume拿,取全拿完消耗

41、完,沉迷于) resume再繼續(xù),重新開始;再用;恢復(fù) (re再+sume拿,取重新拿起再用;恢復(fù))Until Galileo actually demonstrated the contrary, nothing could have seemed more beyond possibility or doubt.(para.12)demonstrate: v. .sth. (to sb) 證明，論證；示范，演示證明，論證；示范，演示.表表達(dá)，表現(xiàn)，達(dá)，表現(xiàn)，顯露顯露demonstrate a philosophical principle .(against sth) 集會(huì)示威，游行示威集

42、會(huì)示威，游行示威demonstration n.demonstrate the contrary: to prove that the contrary is true by means of a demonstrationbeyond possibility or doubt: be impossible or unquestionable It was a proposition that had been universally accepted as an obvious truth. Whenever it was challenged, it would be proved tru

43、e with the strong support of Aristotles theory, one of the most firmly held dogmas. It would never be questioned or doubted if there was no Galileo who proved that the contrary was true by means of a demonstration.Propositions which are accepted blindly, without question on the grounds of mere assum

44、ption or dogma, need to be frankly recognized as such. Progress in human thought seems to consist mainly in getting rid of such ideas.(para13) Consist in：to have a basis in; to lie in; to be found in在于，存在于在于，存在于 e.g. Happiness consists in appreciating what you have. Consist of： to be made of or comp

45、osed of由由組成或構(gòu)成組成或構(gòu)成 e.g. Their diet consisted largely of vegetablesWe adopt and cling to some beliefs becauseor partly becauseit “pays” us to do so. But, as a rule, the person concerned is about the last person in the world to be able to recognize this in himself.(para.14) cling to: to be unwilling

46、to get rid of sth., or stop doing sth. e.g. Throughout the trial she had clung to the belief that he was innocent. He had one last hope to cling on to. pay sb to do sth: to bring benefit or advantage to sb to do sth e.g. It pays to tell people the truth. It pays to forgive others. It doesnt pay to w

47、ork too hard at the expense of your health. as a rule:一般說來，通常一般說來，通常e.g. I go to bed early as a rule.我通常睡得早。我通常睡得早。It would be quite wrong to attribute all opinions-even political opinions-to self-interest.(L.6,para.14)attribute/ascribe sth. to sb. sth.把把歸因于；認(rèn)為歸因于；認(rèn)為是是由由于于 I attribute our success to

48、 him.It is wrong to be cynical and think that all beliefs are based on self-interest. However, we must admit that self interest is a very powerful factor.But we may extend the term to cover also his interest in social position;(L.2 Para.15)extend: 涉及涉及(范圍范圍);延伸延伸(距離距離);延續(xù)延續(xù)(時(shí)間時(shí)間) 延長延長;使延期使延期 擴(kuò)大擴(kuò)大的范圍

49、或影響的范圍或影響extension n.延長延長,擴(kuò)大擴(kuò)大 extendable a.可延伸可延伸的的,可延長的可延長的 There is many a man who is unconsciously compelled to cling to a belief because he is a “somebody” in some circleand if he were to abandon that belief, he would find himself nobody at all.(L.6, para. 15)compel: to force sb. to do sth.強(qiáng)迫，迫

50、使強(qiáng)迫，迫使to cause a certain reaction引起反應(yīng)引起反應(yīng)compelling a.引人入勝的，非常強(qiáng)烈的，令人信服引人入勝的，非常強(qiáng)烈的，令人信服的的Her latest book makes compelling reading.There is a compelling logic to his main theoryPara17: a similar case: desire to justify (finding excuses)cowardice: n. fear or lack of courage懼怕懼怕;膽小膽小coward：膽小鬼膽小鬼;懦夫懦夫;膽

51、怯者膽怯者cowardly： a. 懦弱的懦弱的;膽小的膽小的to sb.s satisfaction使某人滿意使某人確使某人滿意使某人確信或信服信或信服Para18: Sentimental association (definition) And conversely in the case of one who has pleasant recollections of his father, his mother, a teacher perhaps, or some other person who played a big part in his early life.(L.5,p

52、ara.18)conversely: ad. used when one situation is the opposite of another相反地相反地;反過來反過來conversea. 逆向的逆向的;顛倒的顛倒的;相反的相反的n.相反的事物相反的事物v.交談交談 conversion n.轉(zhuǎn)變轉(zhuǎn)變;改變改變r(jià)ecollection: n. the ability to remember sth；the act of remembering sth記憶力記憶力;回憶回憶;記憶記憶a thing that one remembers from the past往事往事;回憶的事回憶的事re

53、collect v.記起記起;記得記得;回憶起回憶起 Para19: Its influence on peoples thought Antagonism to a man usually produces some antagonism to his opinions; antagonism:對(duì)立對(duì)立/對(duì)抗情緒對(duì)抗情緒hostility; dislike; resentment What keen satisfaction we find in belittling the opinions, or attacking the opinions, of somebody of whom w

54、e are jealous, or of somebody against whom we bear a grudge! (L.3,para.19)belittle: to make seem unimportant 貶低，小看貶低，小看grudge： n.怨恨，怨恨，嫌隙嫌隙Be jealous of Jealousy Bear a grudge against 10.how largely our opinions on the merits of certain authors ,or 10.how largely our opinions on the merits of certai

55、n authors ,or poets or composers ,are dictated merely by fashion!(para.20,L.2)poets or composers ,are dictated merely by fashion!(para.20,L.2)感嘆句感嘆句，How + adv.+How + adv.+句子句子 dictate:vt.口述； 命令，指示； 使聽寫； 控制，支配 vi.口述； 命令 n.命令； 指示； 指導(dǎo)原則1. It took him a long time to dictate this letter. 口述這封信花了他很長時(shí)間。 2.

56、The films budget dictated a tough schedule. 影片的預(yù)算決定了拍攝進(jìn)度會(huì)很緊張。 merit:1.良好品質(zhì) The argument seemed to have considerable merit. 2. 優(yōu)點(diǎn);長處 They have been persuaded of the merits of peace. 3. 值得;應(yīng)受 He said he had done nothing wrong to merit a criminal investigation. Such ideas merit careful consideration. 這

57、樣的想法值得斟酌。 4.根據(jù)事物本身的情況(來評(píng)價(jià) ) Everybody is selected on merit. 每個(gè)人都是憑個(gè)人才能入選的。11.We tend very strongly to feel and to believe as 11.We tend very strongly to feel and to believe as others are feeling others are feeling and believing and believing .(para.20,L.4).(para.20,L.4) 我們往往非常強(qiáng)烈滴希望自己與別人具有同樣的感受，相信同樣的

58、觀點(diǎn)。我們往往非常強(qiáng)烈滴希望自己與別人具有同樣的感受，相信同樣的觀點(diǎn)。 解析：解析：asas引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列句；引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列句； tend tend： vt.照料，照顧；照料，照顧； 護(hù)理；護(hù)理； 照管，管理照管，管理 vi.傾向（于），趨向（于）；傾向（于），趨向（于）； 伺侯，招待；伺侯，招待； 關(guān)心；關(guān)心； 注意注意 1. VERB 往往會(huì)；經(jīng)常就In older age groups women predominate because men tend to die younger. 2. VERB 傾向于，容易表現(xiàn)出(某種特性)Artistic and intellectual peop

59、le tend towards left-wing views. 搞藝術(shù)的人和知識(shí)分子容易持“左傾”觀點(diǎn)。3. VERB 個(gè)人認(rèn)為;個(gè)人覺得I tend to think that members of parliament by and large do a good job. 我個(gè)人覺得，議會(huì)議員總體上工作還是不錯(cuò)的。4. VERB 護(hù)理;照料;照看For years he tended her in her painful illness.5. VERB 照顧;照管;伺候In our culture, girls are brought up to tend to the needs o

60、f others.12.We all know the person who has a string of stock anecdotes.(para.L1)我們都認(rèn)識(shí)能能將一連串趣聞軼事的人。我們都認(rèn)識(shí)能能將一連串趣聞軼事的人。a string of: n.一串的，一系列，一批；一串的，一系列，一批； 一連串一連串 She was wearing a string of green beads round her neck. 她脖子上戴著一串綠色的珠子。 He obtained a string of wins. 他獲得了一連串的勝利。13.All we have to do is to