綜合英語(yǔ)(下)課文翻譯(共24頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness1、Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the

2、better.Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it." 颶風(fēng)、房屋失火、癌癥、激流漂筏失事、墜機(jī)、昏暗小巷遭歹徒襲擊，沒人想找上這些事兒。但出人意料的是，很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會(huì)使他們向好的方面轉(zhuǎn)變。他們可能都會(huì)這樣說(shuō):“我希望這事沒發(fā)生，但因?yàn)樗易兊酶昝懒??！?、We love to hear the stories of people who have been tran

3、sformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly dist

4、urbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved. 我們都愛聽人們經(jīng)歷苦難后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的故事，可能是因?yàn)檫@些故事證實(shí)了一條真正的心理學(xué)上的真理，這條真理有時(shí)會(huì)湮沒在無(wú)數(shù)關(guān)于災(zāi)難的報(bào)道中:在最困難的境況中，人所具有的一種內(nèi)在的奮發(fā)向上的能力會(huì)進(jìn)發(fā)出來(lái)。對(duì)那些令人極度恐慌的經(jīng)歷作出積極回應(yīng)

5、的并不僅限于最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最勇敢的人。實(shí)際上，大約半數(shù)與逆境抗?fàn)庍^(guò)的人都說(shuō)他們的生活從此在某些方面有了改善。3、This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesn't kill you c

6、an actually make you stronger. Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive. 諸如此類有關(guān)危機(jī)改變一生的發(fā)現(xiàn)有著可觀的研究前景，這正是創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)這一

7、新學(xué)科的研究領(lǐng)域。這一新興領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)證實(shí)了曾經(jīng)被視為陳詞濫調(diào)的一個(gè)真理:大難不死，意志彌堅(jiān)。創(chuàng)傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結(jié)果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的經(jīng)歷之后，也只有一小部分成年人會(huì)受到長(zhǎng)期的心理折磨。更常見的情況是，人們會(huì)恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)甚至最終會(huì)成功發(fā)達(dá)。4、Those who weather adversity well are living proof of the paradoxes of happiness.We need more than pleasure to live the best possible life. Our contemporary quest for happiness

8、has shriveled to a hunt for bliss-a life protected from bad feelings,free from pain and confusion. 那些經(jīng)受住苦難打擊的人是有關(guān)幸福悖論的生動(dòng)例證:為了盡可能地過(guò)上最好的生活，我們所需要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的人對(duì)幸福的追求已經(jīng)縮小到只追求福氣:一生沒有煩惱，沒有痛苦和困惑。5、This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that co

9、mes from a meaningful life. It is the dark matter of happiness,the ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives. It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to re

10、think the meaning of their lives, may have the most to tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for "the good life". 這種對(duì)幸福的平淡定義忽略了問題的主要方面種富有意義的生活所帶來(lái)的那種豐富、完整的愉悅。那就是幸福背后隱藏的那種本質(zhì)是我們?cè)诿髦堑哪心信砩纤蕾p到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不可言喻的品質(zhì)。事實(shí)證明，一些遭受苦難最多

11、的人-他們被迫全力應(yīng)付他們未曾預(yù)料到的打擊，并重新思考他們生活的意義或許對(duì)那種深刻的、給人以強(qiáng)烈滿足感的人生經(jīng)歷(哲學(xué)家們過(guò)去稱之為對(duì)“美好生活”的探尋)最有發(fā)言權(quán)。 6、This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy. It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret. "Happiness is

12、 only one among many values in human life," contends Laura King, a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia. Compassion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity-sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us

13、to take on the painful process of change. To live a full human life, a tranquil, carefree existence is not enough. We also need to grow-and sometimes growing hurts. 這種對(duì)美好生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿足感和一種通過(guò)移情與他人建立的深切聯(lián)系融合在一起。它主要受愉悅情感的支配，但同時(shí)也夾雜著惆悵和悔恨。密蘇里大學(xué)哥倫比亞分校的心理學(xué)家勞拉?金認(rèn)為:“幸福僅僅是許許多多人生價(jià)值中的一種。”慈悲、智慧、無(wú)私、.洞察力及創(chuàng)造力有時(shí)只有經(jīng)

14、歷逆境的考驗(yàn)才能培育這些品質(zhì)，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)只有極端的情形才能迫使我們?nèi)コ惺芡纯嗟母淖冞^(guò)程。只過(guò)安寧的、無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的生活是不足以體驗(yàn)一段完整的人生的。我們也需要成長(zhǎng)-盡管有時(shí)成長(zhǎng)是痛苦的。7、In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying. A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in

15、check. She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reactions that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown. The slightest movement-trying to swallow, for example-was excruciating. Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable. 在紐約市皇后區(qū)一間漆黑的房間里，3

16、1歲的時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師特蕾西塞爾感到自己奄奄一息。就在幾個(gè)月前，她已經(jīng)停止服用控制她關(guān)節(jié)炎的強(qiáng)效免疫抑制藥。她從沒預(yù)見到接下來(lái)將要發(fā)生的事:停藥之后的反應(yīng)最終使她全身劇烈疼痛，神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重問題。最輕微的動(dòng)作比如說(shuō)試著吞咽對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)也痛苦不堪。甚至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。8、Cyr is no wimp-diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of two, she had endured the symptoms and the treatments (drugs, surgery) her whole life. Bu

17、t this time,she was way past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help. Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, she felt she might have to kill herself. 塞爾并不是懦弱的人。她在兩歲時(shí)就被診斷得了幼年型類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎，一生都在忍受著病癥和治療(藥物、手術(shù))的折磨。但是這一次，她實(shí)在不堪忍受了，她的醫(yī)生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么讓疾病結(jié)束她的生命，要么她就得很快了結(jié)自己的生命了。9

18、、As her sleepless nights wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts began to be interrupted by new feelings of gratitude. She was still in agony, but a new consciousness grew stronger each night: an awesome sense of liberation, combined with an all-encompassing feeling of sympathy and compassion. "

19、I felt stripped of everything I'd ever identified myself with," she said six months later. "Everything I thought I'd known or believed in was useless-time, money, self-image, perception. Recognizing that was so freeing." 然而，在經(jīng)歷了若干個(gè)不眠之夜后，她想自殺的念頭開始被新的感激之情所打斷。雖然她仍然感到痛苦，但一種新的意識(shí)每一夜

20、都變得更加強(qiáng)烈:一種令人驚嘆的解脫感，結(jié)合著一種包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感?！拔腋械揭磺形以?jīng)用來(lái)認(rèn)同?自己身份的東西都被剝奪了，”六個(gè)月后她這樣說(shuō)道，“一切我認(rèn)為我知道或相信的事物時(shí)間、金錢、自我形象、對(duì)事物的看法都毫無(wú)價(jià)值了。意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)真是讓我感到解脫?！?0、Within a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs. She says now there's no question that her life is

21、 better. "l felt I had been shown the secret of life and why we're here: to be happy and to nurture other life. It's that simple." 在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)，得益于類固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法，她開始能夠更加自如地活動(dòng)了。她說(shuō)，毫無(wú)疑問她現(xiàn)在的生活狀況有了好轉(zhuǎn)。“我感覺我窺探到了生命的秘密以及我們生存的意義，那就是快樂地生活，同時(shí)扶持他人。就這么簡(jiǎn)單”11、Her mind-blowing experience came as a total

22、surprise. But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term "post-traumatic growth". His studies of people who have endured extreme events, like combat, violent crim

23、e or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath; they are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered. A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder . But Tedes

24、chi and others have found that for many people-perhaps even the majority-life ultimately becomes richer and more Gratifying. 她這種不可思議的經(jīng)歷完全是個(gè)驚喜。但是北卡羅來(lái)納大學(xué)夏洛特分校心理學(xué)教授里奇特德斯基認(rèn)為，這種轉(zhuǎn)變的感覺從某些方面看卻是很典型的。里奇特德斯基教授首創(chuàng)了“創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)”一詞。他對(duì)那些經(jīng)歷了諸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等極端事件的人群進(jìn)行了研究，這些研究表明，在剛經(jīng)歷不幸后大多數(shù)人隨即都會(huì)感到茫然和焦慮。他們一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毀了。有少部分

25、人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問題、失眠以及類似的創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙所折磨。但特德斯基和其他學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數(shù)人)來(lái)說(shuō)，生活最終會(huì)變得更加豐富和更加令人滿足。12、Something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat. In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us a

26、nd our perceptions of the world is torn away. Our everyday life scripts-our habits, self-perceptions and assumptions-go out the window, and we are left with a raw experience of the world. 許多經(jīng)歷過(guò)恐怖的人身威脅的人會(huì)遇到類似的情況。在事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間，我們的安全感被沖破了，平時(shí)處于我們與我們對(duì)世界的種種看法之間的自我保護(hù)的精神盔甲被剝離了。我們的日常生活軌跡(我們的習(xí)慣、自我認(rèn)識(shí)和主觀意念)全部被拋到九霄

27、云外，只剩下對(duì)世界的原始體驗(yàn)。13、Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with a new reality, usually takes conscious effort. Being willing and able to take on this process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it

28、. The people who find value in adversity aren't the toughest or the most rational. What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life. 盡管如此，要實(shí)際實(shí)現(xiàn)這些轉(zhuǎn)變并完全接受新的現(xiàn)實(shí)，通常需要有意識(shí)地付出努力。是否愿意并有能力承擔(dān)這個(gè)過(guò)程，就是那些在災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)和那些被災(zāi)難所摧毀的人之間主要的區(qū)別之一。認(rèn)為災(zāi)難有價(jià)值的人并不是最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最理性

29、的人。使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠?qū)⑺庥龅氖氯谌胨麄冏约旱娜松鷼v程中。”14、Eventually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined.Survivors say theyhave become more tolerant and forgiving of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships. They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and th

30、e pleasures of friends and family paramount-and that the crisis allowed them to recognize life in line with their new priorities. 最終，他們可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己以從未想到過(guò)的方式獲得了解脫。幸存者往往說(shuō)他們變得更加寬容，也更能原諒別人，能夠緩和原本糟糕的關(guān)系。他們說(shuō)物質(zhì)追求突然間變得很無(wú)聊，而朋友和家庭帶來(lái)的快樂變得極為重要，他們還說(shuō)危機(jī)使他們能夠按照這些新的優(yōu)先之事來(lái)重新認(rèn)識(shí)生活。15、People who have grown from adversity often

31、 feel much less fear, despite the frightening things they've been through. They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them. "People don't say that what they went through was wonderful," says Tedeschi. "They weren't

32、 meaning to grow from it. They were just trying to survive. But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated." 從災(zāi)難中成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的人盡管經(jīng)歷過(guò)恐怖的事情，但他們的恐懼感往往大為減少。他們對(duì)自己的力量感到吃驚，相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么，他們都能應(yīng)付。特德斯基說(shuō):“人們不會(huì)說(shuō)他們所經(jīng)歷的是美好的。他們并不是特意要通過(guò)這樣的經(jīng)歷來(lái)成長(zhǎng)。他們只是盡其所能生存下來(lái)。但回顧起來(lái)，他們的收獲遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于他們所預(yù)料的。16、In his rec

33、ent book Satisfaction, Emory University psychiatrist Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time. They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of master

34、y. For ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal. After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what they are doing. 埃默里大學(xué)精神病學(xué)家格列高利?伯思斯在他的近作滿足中指出，極限耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員每次訓(xùn)練都要使

35、自己的身體連續(xù)數(shù)天處于極限狀態(tài)。他們和經(jīng)歷創(chuàng)傷的幸存者所經(jīng)歷的感覺過(guò)程一樣:自我失落，困惑，最后獲得一種新的駕馭感。對(duì)于經(jīng)常跑超過(guò)24小時(shí)的l00英里比賽的超級(jí)馬拉松運(yùn)動(dòng)員來(lái)說(shuō)，嘔吐和產(chǎn)生幻覺是常事。在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺地跑步之后，競(jìng)賽者有時(shí)會(huì)忘了自己是誰(shuí)，忘了自己在干什么。17、For a more common example of growth through adversity, look to one of life's biggest challenges: parenting. Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels

36、 of happiness. The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks. Nonetheless, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding

37、and meaningful of all human undertakings. The short-term sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits, like fulfillment, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful Legacy. 更普遍的在逆境中成長(zhǎng)的例子要數(shù)生命中最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一:為人父母。生育孩子一直被認(rèn)為會(huì)降低幸福程度。為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必須將自己的消遣撇到一邊，意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機(jī)。然而，長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看來(lái)，養(yǎng)育孩子是

38、所有人類活動(dòng)中最有意義、最值得去做的一件事情。短時(shí)間內(nèi)犧牲了幸福，卻有了更多的收獲，比如滿足感、無(wú)私以及有機(jī)會(huì)留下一筆意義深遠(yuǎn)的遺產(chǎn)。18、Ultimately, the emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity. This perspective does not cancel out what happened, but it puts it all in a different context: that it's possible to live an extraordina

39、ry rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face. In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization. "You're not going to be the person you thought you were, but here's who you are going to be instead-and that turns out to be a pretty great lif

40、e." 總之，情感上的回報(bào)可以彌補(bǔ)災(zāi)難帶來(lái)的痛苦和艱難。這種精神收獲并不能抵消所發(fā)生的苦難，但是它可以把這些苦難全部放在另一個(gè)不同的背景中來(lái)看待，.那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎，我們?nèi)匀豢梢陨娴脴O有價(jià)值。金指出，我們所有的人都必須以這樣或那樣的形式經(jīng)歷這種覺悟?！澳銓⒉辉偈亲约盒哪恐性?jīng)的你，取而代之的是一個(gè)新的你而事實(shí)會(huì)證明生活從此將非常美好。”Unit 2 Commercialization and Changes in Sports1、Throughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainme

41、nt. However,sports have never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial products as they are today. Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors. The bottom line has replaced th

42、e goal line for many people, and sports no longer exist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves. Fun and "good games" are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential. Then, what h

43、appens to sports when they become commercialized? Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights 在整個(gè)歷史長(zhǎng)河中，人們都是把體育當(dāng)作某種形式的公眾娛樂。然而，體育從未像今天這樣作為一種商業(yè)產(chǎn)品被如此盛大地包裝、推廣、呈現(xiàn)和開展，有關(guān)體育的決策以及與體育相關(guān)的社會(huì)關(guān)系也同樣從未如此顯然地受到商業(yè)因素的影響。對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，賬本底線已取代了球門線，體育不再只是為了運(yùn)動(dòng)員們自身的興趣而存在。今天，樂趣和“好比賽”的定義取決于

44、門票收入、特許權(quán)收人、媒體傳播權(quán)的出售、市場(chǎng)份額、收視率以及廣告潛力。那么，當(dāng)體育變得商業(yè)化時(shí)，它會(huì)怎樣?當(dāng)體育變得依賴于門票收人和媒體傳播權(quán)的出售時(shí)，它會(huì)發(fā)生變化嗎?2、We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, it success depends on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their i

45、nterest in any sporting event is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainty of an event's outcome, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event，and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes. In other words, when spectators

46、 refer to a "good game" or an "exciting contest", they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes' were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which

47、 there were a number of excellent or "heroic" performances. When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time. 我們知道，每當(dāng)任何一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)被轉(zhuǎn)化為商業(yè)性?shī)蕵坊顒?dòng)時(shí)，它的成功就依賴于觀眾的興趣。盡管觀眾對(duì)于體育的擁護(hù)背后潛藏著多種動(dòng)機(jī)，但他們對(duì)體育比賽的興趣通常與三種相結(jié)合的因素有關(guān):比賽結(jié)果的不確定性，參加一項(xiàng)比賽相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)，以及預(yù)期中的

48、運(yùn)動(dòng)員的卓越、英勇表現(xiàn)。換句話說(shuō)，當(dāng)觀眾提及一場(chǎng)“不錯(cuò)的比賽”或一場(chǎng)“激動(dòng)人心的比賽”時(shí)，這場(chǎng)比賽，通常在比賽即將結(jié)束的最后幾分鐘甚至幾秒鐘時(shí)，結(jié)果仍然撲朔迷離;或者比賽涉及高額獎(jiǎng)金，因而運(yùn)動(dòng)員們都全身心地投入比賽?；蛘弑荣愓故玖嗽S多出色的或者“英雄式”的表現(xiàn)。只要運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽包含所有這三方面因素，人們就會(huì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間記得并討論比賽。3、Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what h

49、as occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basi

50、c structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights. 商業(yè)化對(duì)于大多數(shù)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和目標(biāo)沒有太大的影響。盡管觀眾會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生影響，但在歷史上，運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目保持了它們的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。創(chuàng)新也是在這一框架內(nèi)進(jìn)行的，并不會(huì)完全廢除這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本設(shè)計(jì)。例如、奧運(yùn)會(huì)的商業(yè)化導(dǎo)致了某些賽事規(guī)則的微小變化但其每項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)還是和商家贊助及電視轉(zhuǎn)播權(quán)出售之前基本一致。4、 Co

51、mmercialization seems to affect the orientations of sport participants more than it does the format and goals of sports. To make money on a sport, it's necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television. Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy b

52、ecause it's made up of many people who don't have technical knowledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches. Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself; they get taken in by hype. During

53、 the event itself they often focus on things they can easily understand. They enjoy situations in which players take risks and face clear physical danger; they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond and their normal physical limits to the poin

54、t of endangering their safety and well-being; and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.看來(lái)，與運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和目的相比，商業(yè)化更多的是影響運(yùn)動(dòng)參與者的取向。若要通過(guò)一項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)盈利，就必須吸引廣大觀眾買門票或在電視上觀看比賽。吸引和娛樂廣大觀眾并非易事，因?yàn)檫@些觀眾中有很多人沒有技木性的知識(shí)，因而不懂得運(yùn)動(dòng)員和教練采取的復(fù)雜競(jìng)技技巧和策略。由于缺乏這些技術(shù)性知識(shí)，人們?nèi)菀资艿竭\(yùn)動(dòng)或賽事之外的東西的影響，容易受到天花亂墜的宜傳的迷惑。

55、在比賽期間，他們經(jīng)常關(guān)注那些他們?nèi)菀桌斫獾氖虑椤Ｋ麄兿矚g那種運(yùn)動(dòng)員冒險(xiǎn)并明顯面臨身體危險(xiǎn)的情境，他們喜愛那些搜長(zhǎng)戲劇化表現(xiàn)或者愿意超越正常的生理極限以致威脅到自己的安全和健康的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他們喜歡看到運(yùn)動(dòng)員不惜代價(jià)，立志求勝。5、For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunks than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team

56、 to win a game.Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless.Without dangerous jumps, naive spectators get bored. They like athle

57、tes who project' exciting or controversial personas,and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results.They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compe

58、te for years without going beyond them. 比如，當(dāng)人們?nèi)狈@球方面的技術(shù)知識(shí)時(shí)，他們更津津樂道于某一個(gè)灌籃，而不會(huì)關(guān)注球隊(duì)取勝必需的因素:自始至終配合得天衣無(wú)縫的后防。同樣，那些對(duì)滑冰技術(shù)知之甚少的人，他們更感興趣的是三連跳或四連跳，而不是那些精心設(shè)計(jì)并訓(xùn)練直至流暢、完美的舞步。沒有驚險(xiǎn)的跳躍，無(wú)知的觀眾會(huì)感到厭倦。他們喜歡那些表現(xiàn)得激動(dòng)人心或有爭(zhēng)議性的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他們往往根據(jù)戲劇化的表現(xiàn)是否導(dǎo)致戲劇化的結(jié)果來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)比賽。他們想看運(yùn)動(dòng)員在超越自己極限時(shí)偶爾的突然失敗，而不是多年來(lái)穩(wěn)操勝券，熟知自己極限而不去超越它的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。6、When a sport comes

59、 to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation In fact, the people in sport may even refer

60、 to games or matches as "show-time", an iey may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes. This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don't know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical