English for Medical Professionals 醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語

1、English for Medical Professionals 醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語ContentHuman body1Human disease5Medicine9Cardiovascular system16Respiratory system19Musculoskeletal system22Digestive System25Blood and Immunity29Urinary System32Nervous system36Endocrine System40Cancer43Apoptosis48DNA Cloning: an overview51Protein Targeting55

2、Stem Cells59Development and Genetics61Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids64English for Medical Professionals 65Human bodyorganism 生物體，有機(jī)體anatomy nætmi 解剖學(xué)physiology 生理學(xué)biology 生物學(xué)cytology 細(xì)胞學(xué)embryology 胚胎學(xué)histology 組織學(xué)endocrinology 內(nèi)分泌學(xué)hematology 血液學(xué)immunology 免疫學(xué)psychology 心理學(xué)skeletal 骨骼的join

3、t 關(guān)節(jié)cartilage 軟骨skeleton 骨骼bone marrow 骨髓hinge joint 屈戌關(guān)節(jié)pivot joint 樞軸關(guān)節(jié)socket 臼槽rib 肋骨breastbone 胸骨muscular 肌肉的striated muscle 橫紋肌smooth muscle 平滑肌intestine 腸circulatory 循環(huán)的nourishment 營養(yǎng)blood vessel 血管cardiovascular 心血管的antibody 抗體artery 動脈capillary 毛細(xì)血管vein 靜脈lymphatic 淋巴的lymph 淋巴lymph node 淋巴結(jié)s

4、pleen 脾respiratory 呼吸的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳larynx 喉管trachea trki 氣管exhale 呼出digestive 消化的anus 肛門saliva s'liv 唾液esophagus 食管gastric juice 胃液chyme 食糜duodenum 十二指腸pancreas 胰腺enzyme 酶breakdown 分解nutrient 營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)remainder 剩余物colon 結(jié)腸expel 排除 residue 殘余物urinary 泌尿的sodium 鈉potassium 鉀kidney 腎urine 尿液ureter

5、輸尿管bladder 膀胱void 使排空urethra 尿道endocrine 內(nèi)分泌messenger 信使hormone 激素gland 腺體pituitary 腦垂體thyroid 甲狀腺adrenal 腎上腺的nervous 神經(jīng)的spinal cord 脊髓integrate 整合spinal column 脊柱reproductive 生殖的viable 能存活的sperm 精子ovum (pl. ova) 卵子ovary 卵巢evaporation 蒸發(fā)tactile 觸覺的All living things are organized from very simple lev

6、els to more complex levels. Living matter is derived from simple chemicals. These chemicals are formed into the complex substances that make living cells - the basic units of all life. Specialized groups of cells form tissues, and tissues may function together as organs. Organs working together for

7、the same general purpose make up the body systems. All of the systems work together to maintain the body as a whole organism.Studies of the normal structure and functions of the body are the basis for all medical sciences. It is only from understanding the normal that one can analyze what is going w

8、rong in cases of disease. These studies give one an appreciation for the design and balance of the human body and for living organisms in general. Anatomy is the study of the body's structure; physiology is the study of the body's function. Other studies of human body include biology, cytolo

9、gy, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage.

10、 Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where b

11、lood cells are made.A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axi

12、s - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints.Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective

13、, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear.The muscular system allows the body to move, and its contractions produce heat, which helps maintain a constant body temperature. Striated muscle

14、s can be consciously controlled. The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body, as when walking, or to move just one part of the body, as w

15、hen bending a finger.Contractions of the heart and smooth muscles are not under conscious control. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and the intestines and serve to move the contents of these organs through the body.The circulatory system All parts of the body must

16、have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow, and their waste products must be removed before they accumulate and poison the body. The circulatory system distributes needed materials and removes unneeded ones. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which together make up

17、the cardiovascular system. The blood is also part of the body's defense system. It has antibodies and white blood cells that protect the body against foreign invaders.The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halves: one half receives blood from the lungs and sends it to th

18、e rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs. When the heart muscle contracts, the blood is forced out into arteries and enters small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart through veins.Also functioning in circulation is the lymphatic system.

19、Some of the fluid that surrounds cells does not reenter the blood vessels directly. This fluid, called lymph, returns to the heart by way of another system of channels - the lymph vessels. Lymph nodes along these vessels filter the fluid before it reenters the blood. The spleen is a large lymphatic

20、organ that filters the blood.The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air and expels carbon dioxide and water vapor. Air enters the nose and mouth and travels through the larynx, and trachea. The trachea divides to enter each of the two lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very

21、 large number of small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enters the blood through capillaries in the walls of these air spaces, and the blood release carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exhaled.The digestive system consists of a tube extending from the mouth to the anus. Food enters through the m

22、outh, where chewing and saliva start to break it up and make it easier to swallow. Next, the food travels down through the esophagus to the stomach, where mechanical and chemical digestion continues, the muscular walls of the stomach contract vigorously to mix food with gastric juice, producing a mi

23、xture called chyme.The liquified food gradually passes into the small intestine. In the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), enzymes from the pancreas are added. These enzymes complete the chemical breakdown of the food. The digestion of fat is aided by bile, which is made in the liver

24、and stored in the gall bladder. The small intestine of an adult is about 6.4 meters long, most of its length is devoted to absorbing the nutrients released during these digestive activities.The liquid remainder of the food enters the large intestine, or colon, which is about 3.7 meters long. It is m

25、ore than twice as wide as the small intestine. In the large intestine most of the fluid is absorbed, and the relatively dry residues are expelled.The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood

26、 through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that are in short supply.The fluid that leaves the kidneys, known as urine, travels through a tube called the ureter to the bladder. The bladder holds the urine until it

27、is voided from the body through another tube, the urethra.The endocrine system. The two systems that control body activities are the endocrine system and the nervous system. The former exerts its control by means of chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones are produced by a variety of endocrine

28、 glands, which release the hormones directly into the blood stream.A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of the head. It produces at least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney function, and development of the sex organs. Because some of the pituitary&#

29、39;s hormones stimulate other glands to produce their own hormones, the pituitary called the master gland. Others endocrine glands are the thyroid, the pancreas and the adrenal glands.The nervous system. The brain, the spinal cord and the nerve - also controls body activities. The lower parts of the

30、 brain control basic functions such as breathing and heart rate as well as body temperature, hunger, and thirst. Above these regions are the centers for sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste, and the regions that direct voluntary muscular activities of the arms and legs. Performed here are the highe

31、r functions of integrating and processing information.The brain receives and sends information by means of nerves, many of which lie partly in the spinal cord. The spinal cord is protected by the spinal column. Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord at each level of the body, traveling to and from t

32、he arms, legs, and trunk. These nerves bring information from the various sense organs, and the information is processed by the brain, then messages are carried back to muscles and glands through out the body.The reproductive system is constructed differently for males and females. The male reproduc

33、tive system is responsible for producing, transporting and maintaining viable sperm. It also produces the male sex hormone, which regulates the development of bodily characteristics of the adult male.The female productive system is responsible for producing and transporting ova, eliminating ova from

34、 the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, nourishing and providing a place for growth of an embryo when an ovum is fertilized by sperm, and nourishing a newborn child. The female reproductive system also produces the female sex hormones, which regulate the development of breasts and other bod

35、ily characteristics of the mature female.The skin is a complete layer that protects the inner structures of the body, and it is the largest of the body's organs. It keeps out foreign substances and prevents excessive water evaporation. The nerves in the skin provide tactile information. The skin

36、 also helps keep the body's temperature close to 37 °C, heat is conserved by reducing blood flow through the skin or is expended by increasing blood flow and by evaporation of sweat from the skin.Human diseasepathology 病理學(xué)succumb to 屈從于，死于bacterium (pl. bacteria) 細(xì)菌virus 病毒symptom 癥狀sign 體征

37、diagnose 診斷fever 發(fā)熱bleeding 出血swollen 腫大的epidemic disease 流行病endemic disease 地方病acute 急性的subacute 亞急性的 chronic 慢性的onset 發(fā)作rheumatic fever 風(fēng)濕熱infectious 傳染性的airborne 空氣傳播的fungus (pl. fungi) 真菌worm 蠕蟲asymptomatic 無癥狀的carrier 攜帶者malfunction 機(jī)能障礙degeneration 退化erratic 游走的，不穩(wěn)定的faulty 錯誤的，缺陷的disturbance 功

38、能紊亂deficiency 缺乏，不足lapse 衰退，障礙disability 殘疾，功能障礙drug addiction 藥物成癮obesity 肥胖malnutrition 營養(yǎng)不良inheritable 可遺傳的inborn errors 先天缺陷mental retardation 智力低下hereditary 遺傳的germ 病菌，微生物pathogen 病原體Ward off 防止，逐退pneumonia 肺炎tuberculosis 肺結(jié)核venereal 性病的 hepatitis 肝炎colitis 結(jié)腸炎u(yù)tensil 器皿vector 載體taint 污染，變質(zhì)mucu

39、s 粘液mucous 粘膜的，粘液的boil 癤子pimple 小膿皰vulnerable 易受傷害的cilium (pl. cilia) 纖毛eject 排出，噴射canal 管duct 管pus 膿abscess 膿腫drain 引流，排出streak 線(條)tender 觸痛的armpit 腋窩bacteriemia 菌血癥phagocyte 吞噬細(xì)胞bronchi 支氣管shatter 打碎，破壞fend off 阻止immunity 免疫力antigen 抗原pollen 花粉immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白o(hù)psonization 調(diào)理作用engulf 吞噬interme

40、diate 中間產(chǎn)物complement 補(bǔ)體manifestation (臨床)表現(xiàn)syndrome 綜合征diagnosis 診斷prognosis 預(yù)后biopsy 活組織檢查disorder 障礙，紊亂，疾病surgery 外科學(xué)radiation 放射counseling (心理)咨詢The brief survey of the human body has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely an

41、atomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiol

42、ogical aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases.Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People,

43、for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses.Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient ca

44、n detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. When it strikes the same r

45、egion year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long c

46、ourse of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute.Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents. For instance, an infectious, or communicable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of airbo

47、rne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses. So can tiny worms. Whatever the causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another. Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets int

48、o a person who shows no symptoms of the disease. The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it.Noninfectious diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body. These include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth, and faulty blood forma

49、tion and flow. Also included are disturbances of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine system, and the urinary and reproductive systems. Some diseases can be caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the body's defense system, or a poorly operating nervous system.Disability and illnesses can als

50、o be provoked by psychological and social factors. These ailments include drug addiction, obesity, malnutrition, and pollution- caused health problems.Furthermore, a thousand or more inheritable birth defects result from alternations in gene patterns. Since tiny genes are responsible for producing t

51、he many chemicals needed by the body, missing or improperly operating genes can seriously impair health. Genetic disorders that affect body chemistry are called inborn errors of metabolism. Some forms of mental retardation are hereditary.How Germs Invade the BodyHumans live in a world where many oth

52、er living things compete for food and places to breed. The pathogenic organisms, or pathogens, often broadly called germs, that cause many diseases are able to invade the human body and use its cells and fluids for their own needs. Ordinarily, the body's defense system can ward off these invader

53、s.Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways. Some - such as these that cause the common cold, pneumonia, and tuberculosis - are breathed in. Others - such as those that cause venereal diseases - enter through sexual contact of human bodies. Still others - such as those that cause hepat

54、itis and colitis - get in the body through contaminated food, water or utensils.Insects can spread disease by acting as vectors, or carriers. Flies can carry germs from human waste or other tainted materials to food and beverages. Germs may also enter the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse,

55、or other insect vector.How the Body Fights DiseaseAs a first line of defense, a healthy body has a number of physical barriers against infection. The skin and mucous membranes covering the body or lining its openings offer considerable resistance to invasion by bacteria and other infectious organism

56、s. If these physical barriers are injured or burned, infection resistance drops. In minor cases, only boils or pimples may develop. In major cases, however, large areas of the body might become infected.Breathing passages are especially vulnerable to infection. Fortunately, they are lined with mucus

57、-secreting cells that trap tiny organisms and dust particles. Also, minute hairs called cilia line the breathing passages, wave gently and sweep matter out of the respiratory tract. In addition, foreign matter in the breathing passages can often be ejected by nose blowing, coughing, sneezing, and throat clearing. Unfortunately, repeated infec