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1、黑龍江大學(xué)跨文化交際英語復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)跨文化考試總結(jié) 考試構(gòu)成: 一、單選 1_10=10分。(Choose the one that)其中有一部分是書中的概念。 二、判斷 1_10=10分。(A>true,B>false) 課后習(xí)題第二大題,其中某些題是變動的。要注重理解。 三、搭配 1_20=20分。matching 四組搭配,概念的對應(yīng),每一章課后的summary中的黑體字。 四、閱讀理解 1_20=20分。四篇。與課文中的專有詞有關(guān)。 五、完型填空 1_10=10分。 六、案例分析
2、p 3_5=15分。五個案例。書中案例有四個,課外一個。 七、寫作 15分。150+words??梢詼?zhǔn)備一些跨文化、交際的文章。四十分鐘的寫作時間。8:008:40.作文提前收! 注:前六大題是客觀題即選擇,只有寫作是主觀題。 課后題: (課后題第一第二大題老師也讓多多關(guān)注,我這里就不多寫啦,除了課后第一第二大題,我這里都全啦) 1、P28P30 2、P58P61 3、P95P97 4、P124P126 5、P159P162 6、P194P197 7、P237P240 8、P270P272 9、P304P306
3、160; 所有概念【關(guān)鍵詞】:p +考試范圍內(nèi)的CASE: Chapter 1 Culture Keywords (1) Culture (from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded co
4、llectively”(從知性角度定義文化:作為整體的人類智力成就的藝術(shù)和其他表現(xiàn)。) (2) Culture (from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, e_plicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by sym
5、bols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially
6、;their attached values”.(從人類學(xué)角度定義文化:文化由清晰和模糊的行為模式構(gòu)成,這些模式通過符號獲得并傳播,這些符號由人類群體的特別成就構(gòu)成,包括具體的人工制品。文化的基本核心由傳統(tǒng)思想和與其相關(guān)的價值觀構(gòu)成。) (3) Culture ( from psychological perspective): culture is the collective programming of he mind
7、;which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another。(從心理學(xué)角度定義文化:文化是使一個人類群體成員區(qū)別于其他人類群體的思維的總體規(guī)劃。) (4) Culture (from socialogical perspective): Culture is defined as a pattern of
8、 learned, group-related perceptionincluding both verbal and nonverbal language, attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and behavior. (從社會學(xué)角度定義文化:文化是一種可習(xí)得的、基于群體的認知模式包括言語與非言語符號、態(tài)度、價值觀、信仰和非信仰系統(tǒng)以及行為。) (5)&
9、#160;Culture ( from intercultural munication perspective): is the deposit of knowledge, e_perience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatia
10、l relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. (從跨文化交際學(xué)角度定義文化:文化是個人和群體在種族發(fā)展過
11、程中所獲得的知識、經(jīng)驗、信仰、價值觀、行為、態(tài)度、階級、宗教、時間觀、角色、空間觀、宇宙觀和藝術(shù)品的集合。) (6) Culture Identity: refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.(文化身份:認為自己歸屬于某一文化或民族群體的感覺。) (7) Subculture:refers to
12、 a culture that e_ists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region. (亞文化:指存在于主流文化中的文化,其劃分通?;诮?jīng)濟地位、社會階層、民族、種族或地理區(qū)域。) Subcult
13、ures e_ist within dominant culture ,and are often based on economic or social class,ethnicity,race,or geographic region. (8) Co-culture: refers to groups or social munities e_hibi
14、ting munication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, munities, and the dominan
15、t culture. (共文化:指具有獨特的交際特征、感知特點、價值觀、信仰和行為,區(qū)別于其他群體、社團以及主流文化的群體或社團。) (9) Subgroup: usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating
16、160;values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. (亞群體:相對于亞文化和共文化群體,亞群體通常規(guī)模不大,也不一定有文化群體世代相傳積累的價值觀念和行為模式。) Case 2: White Dress Case analysis: The Indian
17、160;women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the te_t. Cu
18、lture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is
19、like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different conte_t but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.(6) Culture I
20、dentity: refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.(文化身份:認為自己歸屬于某一文化或民族群體的感覺。) Case 4: Coconut-skating(用椰油保養(yǎng)地板的方法) Case analysis: The case reflects the
21、;characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and its learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the
22、160;issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture. Chapter 2 munication and Intercultural munication Keywords (1)
23、160;Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.(信息發(fā)出者/信息:信息發(fā)出者/信息指傳遞信息的人。) (2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.(信息:信
24、息指引起信息接受者反應(yīng)的任何信號。) (3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. (編碼:編碼指信息發(fā)出者選擇言語或
25、用非言語的方式發(fā)出有目的的信息的行為。) (4) Channel/Medium:It is the method used to deliver a message. (渠道/媒介:渠道/媒介指發(fā)送信息的方法。 ) (5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some
26、;meaning to a message. (信息接受者:信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且賦予信息某些含義的人。) (6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has recei
27、ved.(解碼:解碼指信息接受者賦予其收到的言語或符號信息意義的行為。) (7) Feedback: The response of a receiver to a senders message is called feedback.(反饋:反饋指信息接收者對信息信息所做出的反應(yīng)。) (8) Noise: It is a term used for factor
28、s that interfere with the e_change of messages, including e_ternal noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.(干擾:干擾指妨礙信息交流的各種因素。包括外界干擾,生理干擾,心理干擾和語義干擾。) (9) Conte_t: A con
29、te_t is the setting or situation within which munication takes place , including physical conte_t, social conte_t and interpersonal conte_t.(語境:語境指交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境,包括自然語境,社會語境和人際語境。) (10) Intercultural
30、60;munication: It is the munication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the munication event.( 跨文化交際:跨文化交際指的是那些在文化認知和符號系統(tǒng)上存在差異的人們之間的交際。這些差異足以改變
31、整個交際事件。) (11) International munication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. (國際交流:國際交流是指發(fā)生在國家和政府之間而非發(fā)生在個人之間的交際;此種交際非常正式和儀式化。) (1
32、2) Interracial munication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver e_changing messages are from different races. (跨種族交際:跨種族交際是指交流信息的信息和信息接受者來自不同的種族的交際。) (13) Interethnic munication: It i
33、s the munication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.(跨民族交際:跨民族交際是指來自一個國家或文化內(nèi)部的不同民族群體的人們之間的交際。) (14) Intracultural munication: it is defined as
34、;munication between or among members of the same culture.(文化內(nèi)交際:文化內(nèi)交際是指同一文化內(nèi)部的成員之間的交際。) (15) munication :is derived from the Latin word municare,meaning to share with or to make m
35、on,as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts,hopes,and knowledge.Case 12: Why Dont You Eat the Pizza? This case can reflect the problems earing during
36、intercultural munication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect munication. In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for
37、160;cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food. Knog nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an
38、 embarrassing situation. Chapter 3 Cultures Influence on Perception Keywords (1) Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people bee aware of their environment.(感覺:感覺是人
39、們意識到周圍環(huán)境的神經(jīng)過程。) (2) Perception: It is the process by which we bee aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and invo
40、lves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知覺:知覺是一種人們通過各種感覺來覺察事物、事件、人和人的行為的過程。它是解釋感覺信息更為高階的認知過程。) (3) Selection: It is a process in which we screen out w
41、hat we need from all the stimuli and information around us.(選擇:選擇是從周圍選擇的刺激信息中篩選出所需要的信息的過程。) (4) Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose st
42、ructure on what we observe in a meaningful way. (組織: 組織是把從周圍選擇的刺激信息,以一種有意義的方式整理,組合的過程。) (5) Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with
43、0;decoding.(釋義:釋義是賦予感覺信息意義的過程, 類似于解碼過程。) Case 16: Different Responses to Noise This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation. No two of
44、;people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they e from different cultures. Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with
45、different way to sense the world. So it is very mon for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition. In this case, the German prof
46、essor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.
47、; Chapter 4 Intercultural munication Barriers Keywords (1) An_iety: It occurs because of not knog what one is e_pected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not
48、 be totally present in the munication transaction.(焦慮:當(dāng)人們不知道如何迎合他人對自己的期待,過多的關(guān)注自己情緒以至不能全心投入到交際事物中去時,就會產(chǎn)生焦慮。) (2) Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to e_plain our own or others
49、0;feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes an_iety. (不確定:不確定是指人們無法從認知的角度去解釋交際活動中自己或他人的感覺及行為,這種認知角度解釋能力的欠缺是某種引起焦慮的含糊情境導(dǎo)致的。) (3) Assuming similarity instead of di
50、fference: It refers to the idea that people ing from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more si
51、milar to yours than it in fact is. (假定一致性:假定一致性是指認為來自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的處境與自己的處境相似,而事實上卻并非如此。) (4) Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards
52、60;of ones own culture.(種族或民主中心:是指從本國文化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出發(fā),消極地審視另一文化。) (5) Stereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group
53、membership.(文化定勢:文化定勢指基于明顯的或受到認可的群體身份,對目標(biāo)群體中的個體成員所持有的正面或反面的判斷。) (6) Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or se_ual orientation.(
54、偏見:偏見是指對于某一特定群體、種族、宗教、或性取向的無端地憎惡和懷疑。) (7) Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.(種族:種族是
55、指基于種族把性格特點或地位歸因于個人的任一政策、做法、信仰或態(tài)度。) Case 21: A Danish Woman in New York This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When municating with people from another c
56、ulture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In
57、;this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is mon in Denmark, is also ropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what&
58、#160;is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict hens. Case 23: Girl-ness This case can reflect one of
59、160;the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not e_ist in the same fashion in different languages. Different cultu
60、res may attach different meanings to the same thing or person. Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China fro
61、m the States. In China, “girl“ means someone who is young and single. In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than
62、;a woman. For most people, “woman“ means someone who is married and who probably is not young. In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, wou
63、ld be insulted to be called “women“. While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even tho
64、ugh she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology became widespread during the “w
65、omens liberation movement in the 1960s“. The term “girl“ is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful. Case 24:An Unfair Decision This case reflects prejudice,
66、which involves an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people. In this case, Mr. Bias decided to select someone else, instead of licant from
67、60;the country Levadel, for the position. That is just because he holds prejudice towards people from the country Levadel.Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural munication Keywords (1)
68、160;Verbal intercultural munication hens when people from different cultural backgrounds municate with each other by using language.來自不同文化背景的人用言語進行的交際即言語跨文化交際 (2) Dialect is a form of
69、language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people. 方言是某一群體特有的語言,與整個群體的言語不同。 (3) Sociolect refers to variation in terms o
70、f social class or style. (社會方言指由于社會階級或言語風(fēng)格不同而產(chǎn)生的方言。) (4) Pidgin is a special language variety that mi_es or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 洋涇浜,是一種特殊的語言變體
71、,指為貿(mào)易等目的將兩種或幾種語言混合使用。 (5) When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and bees the permanent language of a region, it is called a Creole. 當(dāng)有人以洋涇浜為母語,并成為某一地區(qū)永久的語言是,它就成
72、為克里奧耳語或混合語 (6) Lingua franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of munication. 通用語指作為國際間交流手段的一種特殊語言。 (7) Taboo refers to prohibition of a se
73、t of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite. 禁忌語指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不禮貌行為。 (8) Euphemism is Taboos linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the of
74、fensive and disturbing vocabulary. 委婉語是替代具有冒犯性的不禮貌的禁忌語詞語。 (9)Jargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such a
75、s medicine and law. 行話指演變而來的專門的或科技詞匯,用以滿足特殊職業(yè)的特殊需要,例如醫(yī)藥和法律。 Case 25:Success Story One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different&
76、#160;notions of what was verbally relevant. In this case, Mary was e_pecting a much more direct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was unfortable with the
77、60;question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question. If Mary had been more&
78、#160;patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms. Gosh
79、imas ments werent really relevant to her query.Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural munication Keywords (1) Nonverbal munication: It refers to the messages sent without using words.
80、 (非言語交際:不運用言語語言傳遞信息被稱為非言語交際。) (2) Pro_emics: It refers to the study of spatial relations.(時空行為:時空行為對空間關(guān)系的研究。) (3) Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial e_pressions, eye contact, body
81、0;positions, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relation to munication.(身勢語行為:身勢語(也稱體態(tài)語),指手勢、面目表情、眼神交流、身體姿勢、肢體運動和問候方式以及和他們與交際的關(guān)系。) (4) Chronemics: It is the study of how people perce
82、ive and use time.(時間行為:對于人們?nèi)绾卫斫夂屠脮r間的研究。) (5) Paralanguage: It is the set of audible sounds that acpany oral language to augment its meaning.(輔助語行為:為增強其含義,伴隨言語語言產(chǎn)生的可聽到的聲音符號系統(tǒng)。) (6) Haptics
83、: It refers to municating through the use of bodily contact.(觸覺行為:指通過身體接觸來交流。) (7) Chromatics: It refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples perceptions, behaviors
84、 and impressions of others.(色彩學(xué):色彩學(xué)指對于影響人們認知、行為和他人印象的色彩的研究。) (8) Olfactics: It is the study of munication via smell.(氣味行為:研究氣味對于交流的影響的學(xué)科。) (9) Oculesics: It is the study of munications
85、0;sent by the eyes.(目光語:對于由眼睛所傳達的信息的研究。不同的文化對于交際時眼神的接觸有不同的要求。) (10) Silence cues affect interpersonal munication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants h
86、ave time to think,check or suppress an emotion,encode a lengthy response,or inaugurate another line of thought.(11) Attire refers to clothing and physical earance .it also ser
87、ves as nonverbal symbols. Case 33:Are Americans Indifferent? This case can reflect different nonverbal munication patterns e_ist in the actual intercultural munication, especially fac
88、ial e_pression differ according to different cultures.pared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial e_pressions in their daily
89、160;lives, even though they have some misfortune. In this case, because of the different opinions about facial e_pressions in intercultural munication, the American lady talked
90、0;about her fathers sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indif
91、ferent and selfish by the Chinese. Case 36:Dont Put Your Hand on My Arm This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations. Different
92、 cultures have very different opinions about an individuals unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have relatively close
93、160;distance when municating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of
94、 being homose_ual.In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly,so he wouldnt let others misunderstand Marks close
95、;body distance and touch with him, even though Mark from Chile doesnt know the cultural taboo at all.Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Keywords (1) Cultural pattern: Shared b
96、eliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.
97、;(文化模式是指在相對穩(wěn)定的共有的信仰、價值觀、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和社會實踐,這些文化模式在相似的情形下會使人產(chǎn)生相似的行為。) (2) Conte_t:It is the information that surrounds an event, and is ine_tricably bound up with the meaning of the event.(語境是指事件發(fā)生時周圍的信息,對事件的意義解
98、讀具有重要參考價值。) (3) High conte_t munication: is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, e_plicitly transmitted
99、;part of the message. (高語境交際是指在交際過程中大部分的信息靠交際人本身傳遞,只有少量信息被明確地用語言的形式傳遞。) (4) Low conte_t munication: is one in which the mass of the information is vested in the e_plicit code. (低語境交際是指大量的信息通過明確的語言編碼被傳遞的交際。) (5) Uncertainty avoidance: deals with the
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