植物生理學(xué)甲雙語復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、Chapter 1 Water Relationship in Plant一、Term definition：1、Water potential (w): Water potential is defined as the difference in free energy per unit volume, between matrically -bound, pressurized, or osmotically- constrained water and pure water.水勢(shì)就是每偏摩爾體積水的化學(xué)勢(shì)差。2、 Apoplast (質(zhì)外體)是指原生質(zhì)以外的包括細(xì)胞壁、細(xì)胞間隙和木質(zhì)部

2、的導(dǎo)管等無生活物質(zhì)互相連結(jié)成的一個(gè)連續(xù)的整體3、 ansymplast 是指活細(xì)胞內(nèi)的原生質(zhì)體通過胞間連絲及質(zhì)膜本身互相連結(jié)成的一個(gè)連續(xù)的整體.4、 Free water (自由水) It does not tightly bind to components of cell and it moves freely in plant.距離細(xì)胞質(zhì)膠體微粒遠(yuǎn)而可以自由流動(dòng)的水分。5、 bound water（結(jié)合水）：It tightly binds to components of cell and cannot move freely in plant. 靠近細(xì)胞質(zhì)膠體微粒而被膠粒吸附束縛不易

3、自由流動(dòng)的水分。6、 Bleeding傷流汁液從傷口（殘莖）的切口溢出的現(xiàn)象 7、 Guttation吐水土壤水分充足、大氣溫暖、濕潤的環(huán)境中或清晨，未受傷葉尖或葉緣向外溢出液滴的現(xiàn)象8、 Root pressure由于根系的生理活動(dòng)使液流從根部沿木質(zhì)部導(dǎo)管上升的壓力。9、 Soil available water(土壤有效水或土壤可利用水）是指能被植物直接吸收利用，其含水量高于萎蔫系數(shù)(wilting coefficient)以上的水10、 Temporary wilting 暫時(shí)萎焉當(dāng)蒸騰作用大于根系吸水及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)水分的速度時(shí)，植物會(huì)產(chǎn)生萎蔫現(xiàn)象稱暫時(shí)萎蔫。當(dāng)蒸騰速率降低時(shí)，能消除萎蔫狀態(tài)。如

4、晚間、遮陰等and11、 permanent wilting永久萎焉土壤中缺少有效水，根系吸不到水而造成的萎蔫叫做永久萎蔫。12、 Transpiration pull蒸騰拉力由于蒸騰作用產(chǎn)生的一系列水勢(shì)梯度使水分沿著導(dǎo)管上升的力13、 Transpiration coefficient (water requirement) (蒸騰系數(shù)又名需水量） 植物制造1 g干物質(zhì)所需水分的克數(shù)。14、 Transpiration efficiency (ratio)植物每消耗1kg的水所形成的干物質(zhì)的g數(shù)。15、 Transpiration rate植物在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)單位葉面積蒸騰的水量(g/m2s)1

5、6、 Critical period of water(水分臨界期)是指需水量不一定多，但植物對(duì)水分不足最敏感，最易受害的時(shí)期17、 Transpiration-cohesion-tension theory (蒸騰內(nèi)聚力張力學(xué)說)用水分子由于蒸騰作用和分子間內(nèi)聚力大于張力，來解釋水分在導(dǎo)管內(nèi)連續(xù)不斷向上輸送的學(xué)說18、Osmosis absorption19、imbibition absorption20、metabolism absorption21、Semipermeable membrane半透膜 水分子能通過而大分子物質(zhì)不能通過的膜22、Plasmolysis 高濃度溶液中，植物細(xì)胞

6、液泡失水，原生質(zhì)體與細(xì)胞壁分離的現(xiàn)象23、Deplasmolysis 質(zhì)壁分離復(fù)原低濃度溶液中，植物細(xì)胞液泡吸水，原生質(zhì)體與細(xì)胞壁重新接觸的現(xiàn)象 ssolute potential:滲透勢(shì)是由于溶質(zhì)顆粒的存在，降低了水的自由能，因而其水勢(shì)低于純水水勢(shì)的水勢(shì)下降值。 ppressure potential:由于細(xì)胞膨壓的存在而提高的水勢(shì)。 mmatric potential: 細(xì)胞內(nèi)膠體物質(zhì)（如蛋白質(zhì)、淀粉、細(xì)胞壁物質(zhì)等）對(duì)水分吸附而引起水勢(shì)降低的值 Water channel proteins or aquaporins指細(xì)胞膜或液泡膜上，可減少水分跨膜運(yùn)輸阻力，加快水分進(jìn)出生物膜的一類蛋白質(zhì)

7、 Stomatal transpiration植物通過氣孔將水蒸氣從體內(nèi)排到體外的蒸騰過程，氣孔蒸騰是作物蒸騰的主要途徑。 Law of micro-pore diffusionperimeter diffusion小孔條件下面積、周長與水分?jǐn)U散的關(guān)系 Stomatal complex（氣孔復(fù)合體）保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞與鄰近細(xì)胞或副衛(wèi)細(xì)胞共同組成二、 key points1.Understand water relationship between plant tissue and the surrounding water status. 回答：當(dāng)外界環(huán)境濃度高于細(xì)胞液濃度時(shí)，細(xì)胞失水；當(dāng)外界環(huán)境濃度低

8、于細(xì)胞液濃度時(shí)，細(xì)胞吸水；當(dāng)外界環(huán)境濃度等于細(xì)胞液濃度時(shí)，細(xì)胞不吸水也不失水。2.Distingush two kinds of wilting.回答：暫時(shí)萎焉：是由于蒸騰作用過強(qiáng)引起的萎焉。遮陰、增加空氣濕度可以消除。永久萎焉：是因?yàn)槿狈ν寥烙行鸬牡奈伞菜梢韵?。三、Questions:1. Why do we often see that some plants wilt at noon but recover to normal at night in the sunny summer day? And what should you do to avoid this wil

9、ting?回答：夏天中午氣溫很高，植物蒸騰作用十分強(qiáng)烈，吸水的速度沒有蒸騰來得快，植物出現(xiàn)暫時(shí)萎蔫。遮陰，增加空氣濕度。2. Why should we not apply a large number of fertilizers to plant in one time? 回答：一方面：在外界溶液濃度較低的情況下，隨著濃度的增高，根部吸收離子的數(shù)量也增多，兩者幾乎成正比。而當(dāng)一次性施肥過多時(shí)，造成土壤濃度增高，根系吸收例子的速率與外界溶液濃度無緊密聯(lián)系，原因是離子載體和通道數(shù)量有限。所以一次性施肥過多，造成了肥料的浪費(fèi)。另一方面：土壤溶液濃度增加，滲透勢(shì)低，水勢(shì)低，而植物細(xì)胞內(nèi)的水勢(shì)就相對(duì)

10、高，水分交換是從水勢(shì)高處流向水勢(shì)低處，導(dǎo)致植物細(xì)胞失水即根系吸水困難，從而產(chǎn)生“燒苗”現(xiàn)象Because the application of a large number of fertilizer to plant in one time may result in the rapid increase of soil solute concentration. Since the root absorbs water from the soil only when the water potential of the root cell is lower than that of the

11、 soil solution, the high soil solute concentration means very low water potential of soil solution, which prevent the absorption of water by the root. It can bring about the deficiency of water and wilting of plant, which damages the plant.3. How to improve water utilization efficiency in production

12、.回答：根據(jù)作物的需水規(guī)律，制定合理的灌溉指標(biāo)。噴灌滴灌調(diào)虧灌溉控制性分根交替灌溉第二章1.Essential elements （必須元素）and all element names 所有元素的名稱Essential elements, in brief, is necessary for plants to grow and develop, and a deficiency of the element makes it impossible for the plant to complete a normal life cycle. 必需元素就是植物生長所必不可少的元素。三個(gè)特性：不可

13、缺失性、不可替代性、直接性。C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mm、B、Zn、Cu、Mo、Cl、NiIron/copper/zinc/manganese/molybdenum/chlorine/nickel/boron2. Macroelements (Major elements)大量元素是指植物需要量較大的元素，在植物體內(nèi)含量較高，占干重的0.1%以上。它們是C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、MgThe elements are in large quantity required by plants and are higher contents(higher than 0.1%

14、 of the dry weight) in plant body, including3. Microelements (Trace elements)微量元素是指植物需要量較少，在植物體中含量較低，常占干重的0.01%一下。它們是Fe、Mm、B、Zn、Cu、Mo、Cl、NiThe elements are in small quantity required by plants and are lower contents(lower than 0.01% of dry weight)in plant body, including4.Beneficial elements 有益元素有益元

15、素是指能促進(jìn)植物生長發(fā)育，但不為植物普遍所需的，或在一定條件下為植物所必須，或只有某些植物生長所必須的元素。例如Si、Al、Na等A group of elements to enhance plant growth and development, but they are not necessary for plants. It can become necessary for special plants or conditions, like Si required by rice, Al by tea, and Na by beet.5.Physiologically acid ,

16、alkaline and neutral salts 生理酸性鹽、生理堿性鹽、生理中性鹽由于植物的選擇性吸收，引起陽離子吸收量大于陰離子吸收量使溶液變酸的這一類鹽，稱為生理酸性鹽，如氯化銨，硫酸銨等相反，植物對(duì)陰離子的吸收量大于陽離子的吸收量，溶溶液pH上升的這一類鹽，稱為生理堿性鹽。如硝酸鉀，硝酸鈣還有一類鹽，植物對(duì)其陰陽離子的吸收相等，不因植物的吸收引起溶液pH的改變，稱為生理中性鹽，如硝酸銨。6. Solution (water) culture (hydroponics) 水培法It is a kind of method to identify plant essential ele

17、ments and study for function of the elements and mechanism of its absorption. 是把植物生長所需的各種元素按一定的比例，適宜的pH配制成溶液，用以培養(yǎng)植物的方法。7.Critical period of nutrition 營養(yǎng)臨界期植物對(duì)缺乏礦質(zhì)元素最敏感，缺乏后最易受害的時(shí)期。8.Nutrition maximum period 營養(yǎng)最大效率期這個(gè)時(shí)期對(duì)礦質(zhì)元素需要量最大，吸收能力強(qiáng)，若能滿足肥料需求，增產(chǎn)效果十分顯著。9. Hydrophyte 水生植物指那些能夠長期在水中正常生活的植物。10. Ion anta

18、gonism 離子拮抗作用離子鍵相互消除單鹽毒害的現(xiàn)象。11. Halophyte鹽生植物能在鹽含量較高的環(huán)境中正常生活的植物。12. Deficient symptoms缺乏癥植物因缺少某種元素所表現(xiàn)出的癥狀13. Chlorosis萎黃病14. Biomembrane 生物膜生物膜式細(xì)胞內(nèi)所有膜系統(tǒng)的總稱，包括脂膜和所有細(xì)胞器膜。15. Donnan equilibrium 杜南平衡 細(xì)胞內(nèi)可擴(kuò)散正負(fù)離子濃度乘積等于細(xì)胞外液可擴(kuò)散正負(fù)離子濃度乘積時(shí)的狀態(tài)16. Ion active transport利用呼吸釋放的能量才能逆電化學(xué)梯度吸收離子。17. Carrier theory 載體學(xué)說

19、載體蛋白是一類跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)物質(zhì)的內(nèi)在蛋白。18. Ion channel theory 離子通道學(xué)說通過細(xì)胞膜中一類具有選擇性功能的橫跨膜兩側(cè)的孔道蛋白進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。19Ion pump theory 離子泵學(xué)說 一些膜載體蛋白具有ATP水解功能，能利用ATP的能量將離子逆電化學(xué)勢(shì)梯度進(jìn)行跨膜運(yùn)輸?shù)哪ぽd體蛋白。20. Root hair 根毛21.Ion intereaction 離子間相互作用22.Antagonism and synergism 拮抗作用和協(xié)同作用離子鍵相互消除單鹽毒害的現(xiàn)象。一種離子的存在促進(jìn)另一種離子的吸收，從而提高了后者的有效性稱為協(xié)同作用。23. .Nitrate redu

20、ctase 硝酸還原酶催化硝酸鹽還原為亞硝酸鹽的酶24. Nitrite reductase 亞硝酸還原酶催化亞硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化為銨的酶25.Rhizosphere根區(qū)二、Key points1. Symptoms of N, P, K ,Fe and Mg deficiency in plant. 回答：deficient symptoms,N, 1）Growth stun, roots show thinner and longer, less branches and tillerings 2) Older leaves turn yellow 3) Base of stem appears

21、vinicolor in N-deficient maize（anthocyanin accumulation） 植物細(xì)胞分裂及生長受阻，發(fā)育停滯，植株矮小，分枝或分蘗少或無，根系老化細(xì)長；老葉發(fā)黃；P, Extremely stun，young leaves appear dark-green in color and older leaves and base of stem exhibit vinicolor.葉色暗綠；葉小，分枝或分蘗少，根系發(fā)育不良，植株特別矮?。òl(fā)僵）；葉色暗綠；影響開花期和成熟期。K, Stem weak, lodging easily, less resista

22、nce to stresses. Older leaves develop mottling or chlorosis, followed by necrotic lesions at the leaf margins.“焦邊”.Leaf margin (dicots) or leaf tip (monocots) appeared yellow spots to brown necrotic lesions“焦邊”.莖稈柔弱，易倒伏，缺鉀前期葉色略深，后期老葉出現(xiàn)壞死黃斑，逐漸褐色燒焦?fàn)?。與光合產(chǎn)物的運(yùn)輸?shù)綁K莖塊根有關(guān)。Fe, Leaf chlorosis in vein islets. T

23、hereafter, the young leaves become yellowish to white. The leaves are thinner and flaccid (薄而光滑)with less pubescences (表皮毛).首先幼葉葉脈間失綠，葉脈仍為綠色；嚴(yán)重時(shí)整片新葉變?yōu)辄S白甚至灰白，葉薄而柔軟，表面茸毛很少。Mg, 1.Chlorosis in the vein islet of old leaf appears in netlike veins (網(wǎng)狀脈) in dicots) or Striato-reticulate veins (串珠狀脈) in mono

24、cots. 2.Sometimes the plant exhibits reddish in stem base. 3.It produces large area necrosis in severely Mg-deficient.老葉脈間失綠，葉脈仍綠而脈間變黃，常可見到明顯的綠色網(wǎng)狀脈（雙子葉植物）和條狀脈（單子葉植物），葉脈有時(shí)呈紫紅色；嚴(yán)重缺鎂，形成壞死斑塊。2.How does plant cell take up mineral nutrition?回答： 被動(dòng)吸收passive absorption 1.擴(kuò)散diffusion; 2.杜南平衡Donnan equilibrum

25、;3.離子交換主動(dòng)吸收active absorption 1.載體Carrier theory;2.離子通道Ion Channel theory ;3離子泵學(xué)說Ionic pump theory ;4胞飲作用pinocytosis;5溶質(zhì)在液泡中的積累。3.Distingush the different physiologically salts 回答：1） Physiologically acid salts：the salts can result in solution acidification, as uptake of cation by plant is larger than

26、 that of anion. NH4Cl、NH4SO4、KCl、CaCl2 etc.2）Physiologically alkaline salts：the salts can result in solution alkalinization, as uptake of anion by plant is larger than that of cation. Ca(NO3) 2、KNO3.3）Physiologically neutral salts: uptake of cations is equal to uptake of anions, pH keeps stable. NH4

27、NO3.1.生理酸性鹽：由于植物的選擇吸收，引起陽離子吸收量大于陰離子吸收量使溶液變酸 的這一類鹽。NH4Cl、NH4SO4、KCl、CaCl2 etc.2.生理堿性鹽：由于植物的選擇吸收，引起陰離子吸收量大于陽離子吸收量使溶液pH值上升的這一類鹽。Ca(NO3) 2、KNO3.3.生理中性鹽：植物對(duì)陰陽離子的吸收相等，不因植物吸收引起溶液pH值改變的鹽類。NH4NO3.三、 Questions1、 What are the mineral nutrients with deficient symptoms appearing on older leaves or younger leaves

28、? 回答：N, older leaves turn yellow; P, young leaves appear dark-green in color and older leaves and base of stem exhibit vinicolor.K,Older leaves develop mottling or chlorosis, followed by necrotic lesions at the leaf margins.“焦邊”.Ca, Notch in young leafMg, Chlorosis in the vein islet of old leaf appe

29、ars in netlike veins (網(wǎng)狀脈) in dicots) or Striato-reticulate veins (串珠狀脈) in monocots.S, young leaf exhibits chlorosis to whiteFe, the young leaves become yellowish to whiteN，老葉發(fā)黃枯死，新葉色淡P，新葉暗綠，老葉和莖等花色素甘積累，呈（紫）紅色；K，老葉出現(xiàn)缺綠斑點(diǎn)，葉緣（雙子葉）或葉尖（單子葉）出現(xiàn)壞死黃斑；Ca，幼葉先表現(xiàn)癥狀，葉尖與葉緣變黃，有缺刻狀；Mg，老葉脈間失綠，葉脈仍綠而脈間變黃，?？梢姷矫黠@的綠色網(wǎng)狀脈

30、（雙子葉植物）和條狀脈（單子葉植物），葉脈有時(shí)呈紫紅色；嚴(yán)重缺鎂，形成壞死斑塊。S，新葉均一失色，直到黃白色；Fe，幼葉先表現(xiàn)癥狀，葉脈間失綠，葉脈仍為綠色；嚴(yán)重時(shí)整片新葉變?yōu)辄S白甚至灰白； 老組織先出現(xiàn)癥狀 新組織先出現(xiàn)癥狀N P K Mg ZnB Ca Fe S Mo Cu2、 How to improve fertilizer utilization efficiency.回答：(1)Key stages for fertilizer application(2)Nutrients application based on crop types Leaf vegetables、mulbe

31、rry、tea、fiber cropsmuch application of N.N fertilizer inhibits N fixation.Potato, sweet potato and beet- much application P, K, B. And so on.(3)According to the principles for fertilizer application, Nutrient Return Theory (養(yǎng)分歸還說）, Law of Minimum（最小養(yǎng)分律）, Law of diminishing yield increment （報(bào)酬遞減律）;(4

32、)Choose the Physiologically acid salts or alkaline salts or Physiologically neutral salts;一、根據(jù)作物一生的需肥特點(diǎn)施肥：營養(yǎng)臨界期和營養(yǎng)最大效率期是作物一生中施肥的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)間。在這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)間必須保證有適當(dāng)?shù)酿B(yǎng)料供應(yīng)；二、根據(jù)不同作物收獲對(duì)象施肥：葉菜類、桑、茶。麻等以生產(chǎn)莖葉類的作物，對(duì)N的需求量大，應(yīng)多施氮肥；豆科植物對(duì)P、K、Ca需求較多；甘薯、甜菜、馬鈴薯等塊根，塊莖類作物應(yīng)多施P、K、B以利光合產(chǎn)物向地下器官運(yùn)輸；禾谷類、棉花等需要N、P、K配合使用，適當(dāng)增磷可以使谷粒籽粒飽滿，等等；三、結(jié)

33、合施肥原則、規(guī)律進(jìn)行施肥：養(yǎng)分歸還說，最小養(yǎng)分律，報(bào)酬遞減律；四、根據(jù)土壤酸堿性，選擇生理酸性鹽或生理堿性鹽或生理中性鹽。Chapter3 Photosynthesis in Plant 娜娜 葛航 巧燕一、Term definition 1.Greenhouse effectsCO2及CH4會(huì)造成溫室效應(yīng)。透過太陽短波輻射，反回地球長波輻射，地球散失能量減少，地球變暖。The sun emits short-wave radiation which passes though atmospheric layer, but the earth emits long-wave radiation

34、 which difficultly passes though it, making the earth warmer and warmer, which likes in the greenhouse.2.Reaction center pigments 中心色素又名陷井少數(shù)特殊狀態(tài)的葉綠素a，吸收集光色素傳遞而來的激發(fā)能后，發(fā)生光化學(xué)反應(yīng)引起電荷分離的光合色素。Reaction center pigment or trapcan absorb light energy (or accept the energy transferred from the antenna pigment)

35、and then convert that into electric energy.Include a few Chla in special conditions.3.Light harvesting pigments (Antenna pigments)集光色素或天線色素只起吸收和傳遞光能的作用，不進(jìn)行光化學(xué)反應(yīng)的光合色素，包括葉綠素b，類胡蘿卜素，大部分葉綠素a。Light-harvesting pigment or antenna pigmentonly play roles in light absorption and transfer but does not undertak

36、e photochemical reaction.Include all the Chlb, carotenoids, most Chla.4.Photosynthetic chain光合鏈?zhǔn)穷惸殷w膜上由兩個(gè)光系統(tǒng)(PS、PS)和若干電子傳遞體，按一定的氧化還原電位依次排列而成的電子傳遞系統(tǒng)。Photosynthetic chain:A system consists of two photosystems and some electron (or hydrogen) transporters, which are exactly arranged in thylakoid membrane

37、 according to their oxidative-reductive electric potentials. 注：光合鏈的主要成分：1. PS及其集光色素復(fù)合體(LHC)2. PSI及其集光色素復(fù)合體(LHCI)3. 細(xì)胞色素復(fù)合體(含Cytf、Cytb6和Fe-S蛋白)4. 偶聯(lián)因子復(fù)合體(又名ATP合成酶）Main complexes consisting of photosynthetic chain: PSand its light-harvesting complex (LHC) PSI and its light-harvesting complex (LHCI) Cy

38、tochrome complex (Cytf、Cytb6 and Fe-S protein), ATP synthase (Cofactor complex) 5.PQ shutterPQ穿梭：在光合電子傳遞過程中PQ使間質(zhì)中H+不斷轉(zhuǎn)入類囊體腔，導(dǎo)致間質(zhì)pH上升，形成跨膜的質(zhì)子梯度。PQ shutter: H+ is pumped into thylakoid lumen from stromal side, which causes the increase of pH in the stroma, while photosynthetic electron is transported

39、in photosynthetic chain.注：PQ(質(zhì)體醌或質(zhì)醌)：擔(dān)負(fù)著傳遞氫(H+和e-)的任務(wù)。PQ (plastoquinones):hydrogen (H+ and e-) transporter.6.Photophosphorylation 光合磷酸化：綠色植物光下催化ADP和Pi形成ATP的過程。Photophosphorylation:A process, in which generation of ATP by using ADP and Pi is accompanied with photosynthetic electron transport, is call

40、ed photophosphorylation (PSP).注：包括非環(huán)式PSP、環(huán)式PSP和假環(huán)式PSP.7.Assimilatory power光合作用前兩階段結(jié)束形成活躍的化學(xué)能ATP和NADPH合稱為“同化力”。Both ATP and NADPH.8.Photorespiration 光呼吸：是指高等植物的綠色細(xì)胞在光下吸收O2放出CO2的過程。A process is carried out for uptake of O2 and release of CO2 under light.注：光呼吸底物乙醇酸glycolic acid； 條件光；乙醇酸的生物合成及其氧化代謝過程，完成

41、全過程依次涉及到葉綠體、過氧化物體和線粒體三種細(xì)胞器。光呼吸的生理功能：(1) Protection of photosynthetic apparatus from damage by high intensity of light . 防止高光強(qiáng)對(duì)光合器的破壞。同化力的過剩易引發(fā)超氧自由基，或單線態(tài)氧(1O2)對(duì)光合器官有很強(qiáng)的氧化破壞作用。(2) Avoiding inhibition of O2 to photosynthetic carbon assimilates 防止O2對(duì)光合碳同化的抑制作用。維持RuBP羧化酶活化狀態(tài)（E-CO2-Mg2+）。(3) Limiting glyc

42、olic acid poison and amend partial amino acid (Ser and Gly).消除乙醇酸毒害和補(bǔ)充部分氨基酸：甘氨酸和絲氨酸。9.Quantum efficiency 量子效率：每吸收一個(gè)光量子所能同化的CO2(釋放的O2)的分子數(shù)。Quantum efficiency:The plant assimilates number of CO2 by absorption of 1 molecule of quantum.注：C3途徑3ATP和2NADPH。量子需要量是8-10，量子效率則是1/8-1/10。藍(lán)紫光高達(dá)15-20%。1/8 1/10 for

43、 C3 plants. 10.Quantum requirement量子需要量：光合作用中每同化一分子CO2(放出一分子O2)所需的光量子數(shù)。Quantum requirement:During photosynthesis plant requires number of quantum for assimilating 1 molecule of CO22(or releasing 1 molecule of O2).8-10 for C3 plants (3ATP and 2NADPH).11.CO2 compensation and saturation points CO2補(bǔ)償點(diǎn)：凈

44、光合率等于0時(shí)的環(huán)境CO2濃度稱CO2補(bǔ)償點(diǎn)。CO2 compensation point:Environmental CO2 concentration at which Pn is equal to zero.CO2飽和點(diǎn)：在一定范圍內(nèi)，光合速率隨CO2濃度而增加當(dāng)CO2濃度達(dá)到一定數(shù)值，光合速率不再增加，這時(shí)環(huán)境的CO2濃度稱為CO2飽和點(diǎn)。CO2 saturation point:photosynthetic rate rises no longer, even if CO2 concentration further increases. This point of CO2 conc

45、entration is called CO2 saturation point.注：C4植物與C3的CO2飽和點(diǎn)和補(bǔ)償點(diǎn)不同。大氣中的CO2濃度對(duì)于C4植物來說，光合作用已接近飽和，這是因?yàn)镃4植物的PEPCase能強(qiáng)烈地固定CO2。CO2飽和點(diǎn)與光照強(qiáng)度有關(guān)。12.Light compensation and saturation points光飽和點(diǎn)：凈光合速率達(dá)到最大時(shí)的光強(qiáng)叫光飽和點(diǎn)。光補(bǔ)償點(diǎn)：凈光合速率等于零時(shí)的光強(qiáng)，叫做光補(bǔ)償點(diǎn)。LSP (Light saturation point):the light intensity at which Pn reaches maximum

46、.LCP (Light compensation point): the light intensity at which Pn is zero.13、Noncyclic, cyclic and pseudo-electron transports 是光合電子傳遞途徑（Photosynthetic electron transport pathways）的三種方式。Noncyclic:Photosynthetic electrons are transported in photosynthetic chain (H2OPSII PSI NADP).Results: O2 evolving,

47、NADPH2 and ATP formation，70% of total photosynthetic electron transport。產(chǎn)生O2，NADPH和ATP，占總電子傳遞的70%以上。Cyclic: PSI PSI ，only generate ATP, 能產(chǎn)生ATP, ATP的補(bǔ)充形式。占總電子傳遞的30%左右。Pseudo:形成超氧自由基，對(duì)植物體造成危害。在強(qiáng)光下，CO2不足，NADPH過剩下發(fā)生。It happens under high irradiation, CO2-deficiency and superfluous NADPH2.14、Red drop小球藻能

48、大量吸收波長690nm的長波紅光，但光合作用的效率卻很低，這種現(xiàn)象紅降現(xiàn)象。波長大于680nm的光照射植物引起的量子場量急劇下降的現(xiàn)象。15、Emerson enhancement effect 紅降出現(xiàn)，如果加入輔助的短波紅光（650nm）則光合效率大增，并且比這兩種波長單獨(dú)照射的總和還要高，這種現(xiàn)象雙光增益效應(yīng)（愛默生效應(yīng)）。在遠(yuǎn)紅光照射的基礎(chǔ)上再加一個(gè)短波紅光，使量子產(chǎn)量增加的現(xiàn)象。15、Hill reaction希爾反應(yīng)離體葉綠體(類囊體)加到有適宜氫受體(A)的水溶液中，照光后即有O2放出，并使氫受體(A)還原。Hill reaction.With the isolated chlo

49、roplasts and artificial electron acceptors (ferricyanide), light-driven reduction of the electron acceptors was accompanied by O2 evolution. 水在OEC中被氧化，生成質(zhì)子，放出氧氣的反應(yīng)。16、Photosynthetic pathway？C3 photosynthetic pathway (Calvin cycle, RPPP),C4 photosynthetic pathway (C4途徑，C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway),C

50、rassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway.C3 pathway is a photosynthetic pathway, in which the initial product of CO2 fixation is C3 compound. 詳見后面大題。17、CarboxylationCO22與受體結(jié)合，固定在植物體內(nèi)的過程。（待定）18、dicarboxylic acidC4途徑C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway.固定CO2后的初產(chǎn)物是OAA，四碳二羧酸,故稱該途徑為C4途徑或C4二羧酸途徑。19、mesophyll cel

51、l 葉肉細(xì)胞20、Chloroplast chloroplasts in higher plants look like flat balls. 高等植物的葉綠體多呈扁平的橢圓形,直徑約36,厚約23.shade leavessun leaves.50200/cell.被膜(envelop)類囊體(thylacoid) 葉綠體(Chloroplast）外被膜permeability內(nèi)被膜selective permeability (H2O,O2,CO2 Free, Pi,TP,aa-Transporters) 膜光合色素、光合鏈原初反應(yīng)、電子傳遞和光合磷酸化（光合膜 photosynthet

52、ic membrane）腔光合放O2 water photolysis and oxygen evolve 間質(zhì) 光合碳循環(huán)酶（Rubisco ）CO2固定（同化）（stroma） DNA，RNA，核糖體70S部分遺傳自主。21、Envelope被膜包裹葉綠體的生物膜22、Thylakoid類囊體由單層膜圍起的扁平小囊，是光反應(yīng)的場所。23、Stroma間質(zhì) 被膜以內(nèi)的基礎(chǔ)物質(zhì)，以水為主體，內(nèi)含多種離子，低分子的有機(jī)物以及多種核酸和蛋白質(zhì)等。24、 Rubisco1，5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶，依CO2/O2比值決定RuBP進(jìn)行加氧反應(yīng)還是羧化反應(yīng)。25、Carotenoid類胡蘿卜素類植

53、物體中的一種色素，主要吸收藍(lán)紫光。可猝滅激發(fā)態(tài)葉綠素分子或以葉黃素循環(huán)耗散能量，減少或避免強(qiáng)光的損害。26、Xanthophyll葉黃素植物體中的一種色素，主要吸收藍(lán)紫光。可猝滅激發(fā)態(tài)葉綠素分子或以葉黃素循環(huán)耗散能量，減少或避免強(qiáng)光的損害。27、Primary reaction指光合色素分子被光激發(fā)，到引起第一個(gè)光化學(xué)反應(yīng)為止的過程，包括光化學(xué)反應(yīng)和光物理反應(yīng)兩部分28、Glucoprotein糖蛋白29、Porpyrin卟啉葉綠素類有帶極性的頭部：鎂卟啉Mg-porpyrin hydrophilic,head” with color.30、Phytol葉醇葉綠素類有無極性的尾部：葉醇phyt

54、ol（diterpene）,hydrophobic“tail”.31、Fluorescence and phosphorescence熒光現(xiàn)象(Fluorescence)：If a sufficiently concentrated solution of either Chl a or Chl b or mixture of chloroplast pigments is illuminated, a red light called fluorescence can be seen. It is light production accompanying rapid decay of el

55、ectrons in the excited state. 10-9s.葉綠素溶液在透射光下呈綠色，而在反射光下呈紅色(葉綠素a為血紅色，葉綠素b為棕紅色)的現(xiàn)象。熒光的壽命很短,約為10-9s。光照停止，熒光也隨之消失。在進(jìn)行光合作用的葉片很少發(fā)出熒光。熒光的產(chǎn)生是由于Chl分子吸收光能后，重新以光的形式釋放所產(chǎn)生的。磷光現(xiàn)象（phosphorescence）：在暗處葉綠素還會(huì)發(fā)出弱光，磷光的壽命為10-2103秒，強(qiáng)度僅為熒光的1%。32、Photochemical reaction光化學(xué)反應(yīng)Photochemical reaction is defined as the oxidativ

56、e and reductive reaction of pigments (Chla680 or Chla700) driven by photon. 光化學(xué)反應(yīng)是指中心色素分子受光激發(fā)引起的氧化還原反應(yīng)。 作用中心包括原初電子供體(D，Donor)、原初電子受體(A，accepter)、和作用中心色素(P，pigment) 組成。使反應(yīng)中心色素分子與P與原初電子受體A之間發(fā)生電子轉(zhuǎn)移33、Carbon dioxide assimilation碳同化光和生物將二氧化碳轉(zhuǎn)化為碳水化合物的過程。二氧化碳固定與還原過程?；钴S的化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉€(wěn)定的化學(xué)能。34、Accepter接收電子受體35、Donor給出電子供體36、Excited state激發(fā)態(tài)色素分子吸收光能后能量增大,激發(fā)到高能狀態(tài)。.37、Inductive resonance(誘導(dǎo)共振):Inductive resonance is referred as a neighboring pigment molecule is excited, while an excited-state pigment molecule retur