論文中常用詞匯和短語

1、英語論文中常用詞匯和短語差另1J gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies, no intergroup differenceNo statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. AlthoughMMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage,this di fference failed to achieve statistical sign

2、ificance.存在，出現(xiàn) occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present多數(shù)，少數(shù) the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases , a marked majority, h andful方法 approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools發(fā)生率 Incidence, frequency, prevalenceIn contrast with regions of high incidence,

3、 the mutation spectrum did not show a high pre valence of mutations at A:T base pairs.發(fā)現(xiàn)，闡明，報道，證實 verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize,clarify, est ablish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate,illustrate , demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal,display, mani

4、fest, suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply,disclose , report, describe, facilitate the identification of , screening, isolation改變 change, alteration,高，增力口 high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced各種，多種 in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors關(guān)系，相關(guān)，參

5、與 closely involved in, associated,廣泛的 in an extensive survey進彳c conducte, perform, carry out,降，少，缺 decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression,deficient, low, weak, fa int, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduc ed or completelyabsen

6、t, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous andwea ker expression, completely negative, was not detectable ordramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barelydetectable, no expression was found,角色，起作用 role, part (limited, potential, early, possible role) , serve antiapop

7、totic functions可能性 feasibility密切地 intimately難理解的，似謎的 enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)潛在假定的 potential, candidate, putative,縮寫 abbreviations識另1J,辨另1J discernment事件Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.a putative tumor initiating eventa (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly)

8、common initial,a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction proce ssesa common event associated with the mechanisms ofa common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapya common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicantsa common even

9、t (that occurs)during apoptosis is acommon event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastictransformation that directly or indirectly involves activation ofspecific tyrosine kinase signaling pathwaysa common event through whicha common event in vivoa rather common event of unknown biological sig

10、nificancea common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrationsa common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative si gnificancea common event contributing toarare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation,stressful, critical, crucial, sec ondary

11、, independent, regulatory,early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untowar d,upstream, irreversible, very frequent event提供，幫助 provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in 調(diào)節(jié)(失調(diào)，上調(diào)，下調(diào)) dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression

12、, overexpression, down-expression, down-regulation, 推測 presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce, deduction （推論）無所不在地（表達，如 MEN1）ubiquitously顯著，優(yōu)先的 prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong,striking ,notable,Conspicuously, remarkably, significant, preferential,prevalence,

13、 prevalent, 相關(guān)性related, more relevant with , the relevance ofno intergroup difference , irrespective ofThere was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density,

14、 tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, h istology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.wedid not find any correlation between bax expression and anyclinicopathologic parameters （sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade,hist

15、ological type）.相同，同等并列The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itselfwith a similar pattern to協(xié)同，加強synergize with研究 analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial,observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue in

16、vestigationinto, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine,test, assess, evaluate, explore, which is in accord with the resultswhich corroborated the resultswhich supported the results 優(yōu)缺1點 merits and drawbacks, beneficial and detrimental異常 aberration, abnormality重要 crucial, key,

17、 important, major, be of critical importance相反On the contrary,In contrary,but quite on the contraryin sharp contrast,contrary to what would be expectedContrary to the expectation thatContrary to previous beliefs,Contrary to the hypothesis,Contrary to current popular truismsContrary to current cognit

18、ive theories,However, contrary to expectation, Contrary to predictions, in contrast to previous observations Contrary to prediction, Contrary to most previous claims,與起 in combination with, coupled with由于、鑒于In light ofIn view that常用翻譯技巧轉(zhuǎn)自譯天下英漢兩種語言在句法、詞匯、修辭等方面均存在著很大的差異，因此在進行英漢互譯時必然會遇到很多困難，需要有一定的翻譯技巧作

19、指導。常用的翻譯技巧有增譯法、省譯法、轉(zhuǎn)換法、拆句法、合并法、正譯法、反譯法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重組法和綜合法等。這些技巧不但可以運用于筆譯之中，也可以運用于口譯過程中，而且應該用得更加熟練，因為口譯工作的特點決定了譯員沒有更多的時間進行思考。1. 增譯法：指根據(jù)英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習慣和表達方式，在翻譯時增添一些詞、短句或句子，以便更準確地表達出原文所包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。漢語無主句較多，而英語句子一般都要有主語，所以在翻譯漢語無主句的時候，除了少數(shù)可用英語無主句、被動語態(tài)或There be/結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語境補出主語，使句子完整。英漢兩種語言

20、在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。英語中代詞使用頻率較高， 凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關(guān)的事物時，必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此，在漢譯英時需要增補物主代詞，而在英譯漢時又需要根據(jù)情況適當?shù)貏h減。英語詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來表示，而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種關(guān)系。因此，在漢譯英時常常需要增補連詞。英語句子離不開介詞和冠詞。另外，在漢譯英時還要注意增補一些原文中暗含而沒有明言的詞語和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語，以確保譯文意思的完整?？傊?，通過增譯，一是保證譯文語法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。如：（ 1 ） What

21、about calling him right away?馬上給他打個電話，你覺得如何？（增譯主語和謂語）（ 2 ） If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四個現(xiàn)代化實現(xiàn)該有多好?。。ㄔ鲎g主句）（3） Indeed, the reverse is true 實際情況恰好相反。（增譯名詞）*（4） 就是法西斯國家本國的人民也被剝奪了Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights. （增譯物主代

22、詞）（ 5 ）只許州官放火，不許百姓點燈。While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common p eople were forbidden to light lamps. （增譯連詞）（ 6 ）這是我們兩國人民的又一個共同點。This is yet another common point between the people of our two cou ntries. （增譯介詞）（ 7 ）在*領(lǐng)域，中國反對以大欺小、以強凌弱。In the field of human rights, China opposes t

23、he practice of the big o ppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak. （增譯暗含詞語）（ 8 ）三個臭皮匠，合成一個諸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mast ermind. （增譯注釋性詞語）2. 省譯法：這是與增譯法相對應的一種翻譯方法，即刪去不符合目標語思維習慣、語言習慣和表達方式的詞，以避免譯文累贅。增譯法的例句反之即可。又如：（ 1 ） You will be staying in this hote

24、l during your visit in Beijing.你在北京訪問期間就住在這家飯店里。（省譯物主代詞）（2） I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在這兒過得愉快。（省譯物主代詞）3 ）中國政府歷來重視環(huán)境保護工作。The Chinese government has always attached great importance to en vironmental protection. （省譯名詞）3. 轉(zhuǎn)換法：指翻譯過程中為了使譯文符合目標語的表述方式、方法和習慣而對原句中的詞類、句型和語態(tài)等進行轉(zhuǎn)換。具體的說，就是在詞性方面，把名詞

25、轉(zhuǎn)換為代詞、形容詞、動詞；把動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞；把形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞和短語。在句子成分方面，把主語變成狀語、定語、賓語、表語；把謂語變成主語、定語、表語；把定語變成狀語、主語；把賓語變成主語。在句型方面， 把并列句變成復合句，把復合句變成并列句，把狀語從句變成定語從句。在語態(tài)方面，可以把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。如：（1） 我們學院受教委和市政府的雙重領(lǐng)導。Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. （名詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞）（ 2 ） Too

26、 much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the e yesight of children.孩子們看電視過多會大大地損壞視力。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞）（ 3 ）由于我們實行了改革開放政策，我國的綜合國力有了明顯的增強。Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our com prehensive national strength has greatly improved. （動詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞）4. ） Im all for you opinion.我完全贊成你的意見

27、。（介詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞）5. 5 ） The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革開放政策受到了全中國人民的擁護。（動詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞）6. 6 ） In his article the author is critical of mans negligence toward hi s environment.作者在文章中，對人類疏忽自身環(huán)境作了批評。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞）7. 7 ） In some of the European countries, the people are given the bi gg

28、est social benefits such as medical insurance.在有些歐洲國家里，人民享受最廣泛的社會福利，如醫(yī)療保險等。（被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)主動語態(tài)）8. 8 ）時間不早了，我們回去吧！We dont have much time left. Lets go back. （句型轉(zhuǎn)換）9. 9 ）學生們都應該德、智、體全面發(fā)展。All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.（名詞轉(zhuǎn)副詞）10. 拆句法和合并法：這是兩種相對應的翻譯方法。拆句法是把一個長而復雜的句子拆譯成若干個較短

29、、較簡單的句子，通常用于英譯漢；合并法是把若干個短句合并成一個長句，一般用于漢譯英。漢語強調(diào)意合，結(jié)構(gòu)較松散，因此簡單句較多；英語強調(diào)形合，結(jié)構(gòu)較嚴密，因此長句較多。所以漢譯英時要根據(jù)需要注意利用連詞、分詞、介詞、不定式、定語從句、獨立結(jié)構(gòu)等把漢語短句連成長句；而英譯漢時又常常要在原句的關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、主謂連接處、并列或轉(zhuǎn)折連接處、后續(xù)成分與主體的連接處，以及意群結(jié)束處將長句切斷，譯成漢語分句。這樣就可以基本保留英語語序，順譯全句，順應現(xiàn)代漢語長短句相替、單復句相間的句法修辭原則。如：（1） Increased cooperation with China is in the intere

30、sts of the United States.同中國加強合作，符合美國的利益。（在主謂連接處拆譯）（ 2 ） I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which th e Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我要感謝你們無與倫比的盛情款待。中國人民正是以這種熱情好客而聞明世界的。（在定語從句前拆譯）（ 3 ） This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, w ho

31、see Britains membership of the Community a guarantee that the polic ies of the community will take their interests into account英聯(lián)邦各國尤其如此，它們認為英國加入歐共體，將能保證歐共體的政策照顧到它們的利益。（在定語從句前拆譯）（ 4）中國是個大國，百分之八十的人口從事農(nóng)業(yè)，但耕地只占土地面積的十分之一，其余為山脈、森林、城鎮(zhèn)和其他用地。China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engage

32、d in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mo untains, forests and places for urban and other uses. （合譯）11. 正譯法和反譯法：這兩種方法通常用于漢譯英，偶爾也用于英譯漢。所謂正譯， 是指把句子按照與漢語相同的語序或表達方式譯成英語。所謂反譯則是指把句子按照與漢語相反的語序或表達方式譯成英語。正譯與反譯常常具有同義的效果，但反譯往往更符合英語的思維方式和表達習慣。因此比較地道。如：1 ) 在美國，人人都能買到槍。In the

33、 United States, everyone can buy a gun. （正譯）In the United States, guns are available to everyone. （反譯 ） （ 2 ） 你可以從因特網(wǎng)上獲得這一信息。You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正譯）This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反譯）（ 3 ） 他突然想到了一個新主意。Suddenly he had a new idea. （正譯）He suddenl

34、y thought out a new idea. （正譯 ）A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反譯）（ 4） 他仍然沒有弄懂我的意思。He still could not understand me. （正譯）Still he failed to understand me. （反譯）（ 5 ） 無論如何，她算不上一位思維敏捷的學生。She can hardly be rated as a bright student. （正譯）She is anything but a bright student. （反譯）（ 6 ） Please

35、 withhold the document for the time being.請暫時扣下這份文件。（正譯） 請暫時不要發(fā)這份文件。(反譯Unit 5 Translation Skill Omission( 減詞法 )減詞法與增詞法相對。原文中有些詞語在譯文中不必顯示出來，因為譯文中雖無此詞，但已有其意。換言之，減詞法是減去一些可有可無的，或者有了反而啰嗦，或違背譯文語言習慣的詞語。減詞法一般用于以下兩種情況：一是從語法角度進行減??；二是從修飾角度進行減省。The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accura

36、te than those of mechanical ones.I. 從語法角度進行減省由于英漢句法上的差異，英語句法上所必需的一些表達某種句法關(guān)系或語法功能的詞語，其表意作用不大或無表意作用，譯成漢語時往往省譯。1. 省略連詞1) If the rise of blood pressure occurs with some other diseases, it is called secon dary hypertension.2) The most valuable advice which can be given to a patient with a cold is that h

37、e should keep warm and take much water and go to bed if the fever is high.注意當 and 連接句子時，不僅可翻譯成漢語的并列句：并且、而且、還可翻譯成漢語的偏正復句：因而、所以、雖然 但(是)等1) The pulse is rapid, the temperature may be as high as 39 , and there may be shortness of breath.2) In the other two cases, operation was refused and it was impossi

38、ble to decide whether cancer was the cause of death.* They loved each other and there is no love lost between them.* Anthrax was not known in the area at the time, or if it was, wasn tthought to beof any consequence by the local tribes, and went unmentioned.2. 省略代詞1) Dr. Stevenson resumed this exper

39、iment as soon as he came into the laboratory.I washed my face.2) He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.* 漢語物主代詞的使用往往有特殊的含義，可以表示其他所屬關(guān)系，強調(diào)或不耐煩、不滿情緒等。她開他的車去。（其他所屬關(guān)系）讓他們散布他們的謠言去。（不滿情緒）當 one、 we、 they、 you 用作泛指代詞時infinitive pronoun ，通?？梢允÷浴?) To really appreciate I

40、talian painting, one should see it in Italy.4) It is dead quiet and pitch dark in the outer space.5) It was Pasteur who discovered that diseases are caused by living germs.6) Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history bo oks are great conquerors and generals and sold

41、iers.3. 省略介詞省略表示時間的介詞表示時間的英語介詞譯成漢語時，如果置于句首一般可以省略，若出現(xiàn)在句尾大多不省略。1) The people sRepublic of China was founded in 1949 .2) Rumor had it that hostilities were to begin on April 23.3) Newton, theoretical physicist and mathematician, was born in 1642.省略表示地點的介詞同表示時間的介詞類似，表示地點（包括位置、場所等）的介詞譯成漢語時若置于句首，也經(jīng)?？梢允÷?，若

42、出現(xiàn)在句尾大多不省略。4) Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.5) She hid behind the door.6) Mount the meter on that panel.4. 省略同義詞有些同義詞連用，表示強調(diào)，或?qū)η霸~提供解釋，可譯出其中一個即可。1) He is a man of culture and learning.2) The liver, or hepar, is the largest of the glandular organ of the body.II. 冗詞贅語的省略原文中有些詞語是不言而喻的，如果將這些詞

43、語全盤照譯往往會形成不必要的冗言贅語。因此，根據(jù)漢語的修辭規(guī)范常常需要將這些詞省略，以便使譯文更加簡潔洗練。1) Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.2) Job hunters who worked at a job will receive preference over those who have n ot.3) There was no snow. The leaves were gone from the trees. The grass was dea d.4) We take this opportu

44、nity to inform you that we are now in a position to make p rompt shipment of the merchandise.Unit 6 Translation SkillTranslationMethods of Complex Sentences(難句長句譯法 )I. 定語從句的翻譯方法前置通常把較短的定語從句譯成帶“的 ”字的前置定語。1) Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.2) Body movements ar

45、e due to the action of the muscles that are attached to the bones.后置在英語中定語從句總是在所修飾的名詞后面，而漢語中定語一般在所修飾的名詞前面。如果英語的從句過于復雜、冗長，放在所修飾的名詞前，漢語句子會顯得臃腫，不通順，這時就可以把定語從句放在所修飾的名詞后面來翻譯，譯成漢語的并列分句。由于定語從句中的連接詞通常在從句中充當句子成分，所以可用重復先行詞，或用代詞及“該、其、每 ”等字樣代替先行詞的方法引出漢語的并列分句。1) This is a medical university, the students of whic

46、h are trained to be medical wo rkers.2) One major concern is the rise of managed health care and its accompanying de creases in clinical earnings, which have traditionally helped to subsidize the coasts of medical education.融合即把主句和從句融合成一個簡單句，其中定語從句中的謂語變成了譯文句子的謂語。There is a man downstairs who wants t

47、o see you.3) In recent years , many discoveries have been made which greatly facilitate the study of medicine.狀譯有些定語從句在意義上與主句有狀語關(guān)系，表明原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、假設(shè)等，這時需弄清其與主句的邏輯關(guān)系，將它們翻譯成漢語各種相應的分句。1) A driver who is driving the bus mustn ttalk with others or be absent -minded.2) The disease, which may occur at any a

48、ge, is most frequent in early adult life.3) He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.II. 同位語從句的翻譯方法一般來說，同位語從句可直接放在主句后面翻譯，或?qū)⑵浞旁谒揎椀拿~前面，相當于前置的定語，但不一定使用定語的標志“的 ”。還可通過增加“即、以為、這樣、這個事實是”等字樣，或用冒號、破折號直接翻譯。Behaviorists say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are of

49、ten deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whit es enjoy.III. 狀語從句的翻譯方法時間狀語從句由于時間狀語的引導詞除了顯示時間關(guān)系外，有時可以表示條件關(guān)系，所以還可以翻譯成條件句。1) Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.2) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the poi

50、nt w here the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to acce pt more “ unnatural food ”.原因狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句大多數(shù)可放在主句前1) The crops failed because the season was dry.2) While we cannot see the air, we can feel it.目的狀語從句和結(jié)果狀語從句大多數(shù)可按原文語序順譯Home appliances will also become so s

51、mart that controlling and operating them willresult in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage.IV. 難句譯法拆分與組合法(Division and Combination)英語的句子無論多么復雜，都是通過一些語法手段和邏輯手段連接起來的。所以，在理解英語難句長句的時候，可以把主句和從句拆分出來，或者把主干部分和修飾部分拆分出來。也就是說可以通過尋找下面一些“信號詞 ”作為句子的拆分點來對英語難句長句進行拆分，進而更加有效地理解英語原文。拆分之后，分段理解，然后再

52、根據(jù)漢語習慣，應用各種翻譯技巧進行重新組合。信號詞：1. 連詞并列連詞：and, or but, yet for 等連接并列句連接副詞：when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, though, although, sothat, how, why 等連接狀語從句。連接代詞：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever 等連接名詞性從句和定語從句2. 介詞 :on, in, with, at, of, to 等介詞常常引導介詞短語作修飾語3不定式符號:to4分詞5標點符號以

53、上列舉的這些信號詞只是在拆分英語原文的時候可能斷開句子的地方,但不是絕對的。它們有助于譯者看清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，進而更好地理解英語原文。改變原文順序，組合漢語譯文Sample Analysis1） Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavor in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the s

54、tudy of natural phenomena. （后置） 社會科學是知識探索的一個分支，它試圖像科學家研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，以理性的、有序的、 系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式來研究人類及其行為。2） Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be reje cted, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. （條件）3） Additional social stresses may also occur because of

55、 the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements themselves made relatively eas y nowadays by modern means of transport. （原因）4） The onset of chronic leukemia is frequently so insidious that it is accidentally di scovered when a blood count is obtained for other reasons or

56、when the patient re ports to his physician that he has noted a few enlarged lymph nodes or felt, while bathing, a firm left upper quadrant abdominal mass.V. 長句譯法碰到復雜的長句不要畏難、急躁，無論什么復雜的長句都有固定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，經(jīng)過分析，總是可以理出頭緒。但在對語法結(jié)構(gòu)沒有理出頭緒，對原文意思沒有完全理解之前，不要急于動手翻譯。為了正確理解復雜長句，可先把句中各種次要成分（如分詞短語，獨立成分，同位語等）和各種從句暫時排除，讓主句暴露

57、出來，這樣就可以了解這個長句的中心意思，然后再把從句和次要成分加上，就可以前后連貫地理解整個長句意思。在理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，即可著手翻譯，要敢于打破原句結(jié)構(gòu)，分清主次，考慮漢語表達習慣，重新組合。Sample AnalysisNevertheless, until additional knowledge becomes available it seems best to continu e to consider the clinical problems under the generic heading “ arteriosclerosisrec”ognizing that medial sclerosis appears to be a manifestation chiefly of either aging or of elevated blood pressure an