第五單元課后習(xí)題講解

1、Home. Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words.1.The lies were most often not what most of us would call earth-shattering. Very important/shocking/traumatic2. According to DePaulo, women in their in their interactions with other women lied mostly to spare the others feelings. a

2、void hurting the others feelings/avoid doing something that would upset the other personHome3.And then there are professions-lawyers，pundits. PR consultants-whose members specialize in shaping or spinning the truth to suit clients needs.telling the truth with a favorable emphasis or slant/modifying

3、the truth4. Philosopher Sissela Bok warns us that they can put us on a slippery slope.a course of action which can easily lead to something unacceptable, wrong or disastrous5. Are all white lies to be avoided at all costs？ under any circumstances/whatever might happenHomevAstound vt. 使震驚，使大吃一驚vFalte

4、r vi.蹣跚;（嗓音）顫抖;支吾其詞;搖晃n.顫抖;支吾，結(jié)巴;躊躇，不穩(wěn);搖晃vFib n.小謊，無(wú)關(guān)緊要的謊話;慣撒小謊的人vi.撒小謊vPerceive v.理解;意識(shí)到;察覺(jué)，發(fā)覺(jué)vPrevarication n.搪塞;支吾;說(shuō)謊;有枝有葉vSupportive adj.支持的，擁護(hù)的，贊助的vUndermine v.逐漸削弱;使逐步減少效力;從根基處破壞;挖的墻腳vVolunteer n.志愿者，志愿兵;軍義勇軍;植自生植物;林先鋒樹(shù)種adj.自愿的，志愿的vt.&vi.自愿去做;當(dāng)志愿兵義勇軍vi.志愿，義務(wù)服務(wù)vt.志愿提供Grammar. Fill in the blank

5、in each sentence with a word taken from the box in its appropriate form. Home1.My boss was very and gave me time off work to look after my daughter.2. She him as a rather shy man.3.All her attempts to question the authorities on the subject have been met by evasion and .supportiveperceivedprevaricat

6、ion4.The eruption in May 1980 of Mount St. Helens, Washington State, the world with its violenceastoundedHome5.The continued fighting threatens to efforts to negotiate an agreement.7.Clearly either Angelina or Jonna was telling _ _ .undermine6.The soldiers have never _ _ in their determination.falte

7、redfibs8. The doctor who had _ _ to settle down in the poor village became the chief fable of the villagers.volunteeredHome1.It is generally considered _ for physicians to advertize.(ethics) 醫(yī)生做廣告通常被認(rèn)為是不道德的。 ethic n/adj.倫理學(xué)(的），道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ethical adj.倫理的，道德的，憑處方出售的 ethically adv.倫理地，倫理上 ethicist n.倫理學(xué)家 . F

8、ill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.Home2.The young actor was requested to speak in a _ voice.(feign)這位年輕的演員被要求用假的聲音說(shuō)話。 feigned adj.假的，做作的，捏造的 feigned v.假裝，捏造Home3.We must be _ in our criticism of the arms trade.(spare)我們必須毫不留情地批評(píng)武器交易行為。 adj. sparing 節(jié)約的，貧乏的，保守的 adv. Spar

9、ingly 節(jié)儉地，保守地，愛(ài)惜地 sparely 節(jié)儉地，瘦瘦地，缺乏地 n. sparing 抽出，寬恕，免去，給予 spareness 缺乏，瘦弱，貧乏 sparer 節(jié)省物質(zhì)Home4.Her hard experience has not coarsened her or made her _ (cynicism)她艱苦的經(jīng)歷不會(huì)使她變粗俗或使她憤世嫉俗。 adj. cynical 憤世嫉俗的，冷嘲的 cynic 犬儒學(xué)派的 adv. cynically 愛(ài)嘲笑地，冷嘲地 n. cynic 憤世嫉俗者，犬儒學(xué)派的人Home5.Most shops are shut down duri

10、ng this_ hot spell.(confound)大多數(shù)的商店都在這段非常炎熱的期間關(guān)門(mén)。 adj. confounded 困惑的，糊涂的，討厭的，驚慌失措的 adv. confoundedly 非常地，惱人地，十分地，混亂地 n. confounding 混雜，混淆 v. confounding 混淆，使困惑，弄糊涂 confounded 使混淆 Home6.The availability of credit _ the channels of trade.(lubricant) 信貸的有效性對(duì)貿(mào)易的通道有幫助。adj. lubricated 潤(rùn)滑的，喝醉了的n. lubricat

11、ion 潤(rùn)滑，潤(rùn)滑作用lube 潤(rùn)滑油lubricator 潤(rùn)滑器，潤(rùn)滑物，油壺，加油工lubricity 潤(rùn)滑能力，不穩(wěn)定（性），狡猾，難以捉摸v. lubricated 給注潤(rùn)滑油，使平滑，對(duì)有幫助vi. lubricate 潤(rùn)滑，涂油 vt. 使?jié)櫥琀ome7.The rapes were _ so Johnny was not able to untie the parcel.(tangle)繩子纏繞在一起，所以約翰無(wú)法解開(kāi)包裹。 adj. tangled 紊亂的，糾纏的，纏結(jié)的，復(fù)雜的 n. Entanglement 糾紛，混亂狀態(tài) vt. intertangle/entangle

12、使糾纏，處于混亂狀態(tài) Home8. _ people cannot tolerate the slightest frustration of their wishes.(will) 任性的人不能忍受他們的愿望受到人這一點(diǎn)的挫折即使是最小的。 adj. willing 樂(lè)意的，自愿的，心甘情愿的 willful 有意的，任性的，故意的 adv. willingly 欣然地，愿意地，樂(lè)意地 willfully 故意地，任性固執(zhí)地 n. willingness 樂(lè)意，心甘情愿，自動(dòng)自發(fā) willpower 意志力，毅力 willfulness 任性，故意 v. willing 決心，用意志力驅(qū)使，

13、遺贈(zèng)某人Home1.The governor is trying hard to _ the scandal. cover up 政府工作人員正在努力掩飾這一丑聞。cover up: 掩蓋，蓋住,包庇，覆蓋2.Samantha was amazed when late one evening , Adam _ that he loved her.blurted out 當(dāng)一天晚上，亞當(dāng)突然說(shuō)他愛(ài)她時(shí)，薩曼莎感到很驚訝。blurt out: 脫口而出，沖口而出，不假思索說(shuō)出 . Fill the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal

14、 verb or collocation taken from the text.Home3.He claimed that he had been _ after drugs were discovered in his suitcase.set up他聲稱(chēng)在他的行李箱中發(fā)現(xiàn)了毒品后，他就被安排好了。 set up:建立，裝配，開(kāi)業(yè)，豎立，設(shè)立4.Did you eve _ why the man deserted his wife and four children?find out你知道為什么這個(gè)男人拋棄了他的妻子和四個(gè)孩子？ find out:找出，查明，發(fā)現(xiàn)，揭發(fā)Home5.Wind

15、 and water slowly _ the mountains jagged edges.wear/wore down 風(fēng)和水慢慢地侵蝕著山的鋸齒狀邊緣。wear/wear down:磨損，使疲勞，使厭煩，損耗，由于堅(jiān)持而克服的反對(duì)，逐漸克服，說(shuō)服6.They are going to a restaurant which _ Mexican food.specializes in他們要去一家專(zhuān)門(mén)經(jīng)營(yíng)墨西哥食物的餐廳。specialize in:專(zhuān)門(mén)從事，專(zhuān)攻，專(zhuān)門(mén)研究Home7.A modest scholar never _ have exhausted his

16、fesses to一位謙虛的學(xué)者絕對(duì)不會(huì)聲稱(chēng)自己已經(jīng)耗盡了他的研究對(duì)象。 profess to:宣稱(chēng)，聲稱(chēng)8.The press _ them _ their breakthroughs in the research into the cause of plimented to媒體稱(chēng)贊他們?cè)谘芯堪┌Y起因方面取得的突破。 compliment to:稱(chēng)贊，問(wèn)候，恭維，夸獎(jiǎng)Home1.But there is evidence that this attitude towards casual use of prevarication is common.V. Give a synonym or

17、 an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.Synonym: evasion, equivocation2.Ninety-two percent of the teenagers admitted having lied to their parents in the previous year, and 73 percent characterized themselves as “serial liars,” meaning they told lies weekly.Synonym

18、: chronic, repeatedHome3.Little white lies have become ubiquitous, and the reasons we give each other for telling fibs are familiar.Synonym: common, prevalent, omnipresent4.Tom dislikes her “special” pumpkin pie intensely.Antonym: slightlyHome5.How often do we compliment people on how well they look

19、, or express our appreciation for gifts, when we dont really mean it?GrammarAntonym: insult, reproach, criticize6. “Psychological barriers wear down; the ability to make moral distinctions can coarsen; the liars perception of his chances of being caught may warp.”Synonym: distortHome7.Still, the end

20、less proliferation of these little prevarications does matter.Synonym: growth, multiplication8.Or will he feel his long-term trust in you has been undermined?Antonym: strengthened, consolidatedHome1.The outdoor concert was called off due to the weather.2.The expanded vocabulary, as well as the impro

21、ved reading speed and accuracy, will be a record that can encourage you to get over the boredom.3.They knew that any failure to abide by the terms of the treaty would bring international condemnation.4.He was reduced to begging in the streets of Manhattan.Answer: cancelled Answer: overcomeAnswer: fo

22、llowAnswer: fell into. Explain the underline phrasal verbs in your own words.Home5. The plain fact is that the are giving me the sack, however they try to dress it up.6. The secrets not to brood over your failures, but to accept them as inevitable.7. The option of increasing investment has been rule

23、d out.8. It is wise to set food and money by in case of a future emergency.Answer: make it more acceptableAnswer: feel unhappy aboutAnswer: removed from considerationAnswer: reserve for future useGrammarModal auxiliariesModal auxiliaries情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞HomeGrammarCONTENT Review: AuxiliariesReview: Auxiliari

24、esDifferences among modalsDifferences among modals情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之間的區(qū)別情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之間的區(qū)別 Difficult PointsDifficult Points重點(diǎn)及難點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)及難點(diǎn)Modals Expressing Modals Expressing Prediction and Prediction and predictability predictability 表示推測(cè)表示推測(cè)Modals + have + past Modals + have + past participleparticiple 情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的“時(shí)時(shí)”的形式和意義

25、的形式和意義 Grammatical FeaturesGrammatical Features：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征HomeGrammarReview: Review: AuxiliariesAuxiliariesvThe grammatical function of auxiliaries is to help main verbs.vAuxiliaries fall into three categories: primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries.v助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法功能是協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞表示

26、不同的語(yǔ)法意義或情態(tài)意義,比如表示某一動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或已經(jīng)完成，“應(yīng)該”做某事或“不應(yīng)該”做某事。助動(dòng)詞分為三類(lèi)：基本助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞和半助動(dòng)詞。HomeGrammarPrimary AuxiliaryPrimary AuxiliaryvThere are three primary auxiliaries: be, do, have. With no lexical meanings of their own, these auxiliaries have only grammatical functions or grammatical meanings.v 基本助動(dòng)詞只有三個(gè)：be, d

27、o, have。作為助動(dòng)詞，be, do, have本身沒(méi)有詞匯意義，只在動(dòng)詞詞組中起語(yǔ)法作用或者說(shuō)只表示語(yǔ)法意義。比如助動(dòng)詞be經(jīng)常用來(lái)協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成進(jìn)行體或被動(dòng)態(tài)。HomeGrammarSemi-auxiliariesSemi-auxiliariesvSemi-auxiliaries constitute a category of verbs between auxiliaries proper and main verbs. Semi-auxiliaries, such as have to and seem to, can help the main verb to form the

28、 complex verb phrase and express the modal meaning on the one hand, and can, when preceded by other auxiliaries, function as main verbs on the other.v半助動(dòng)詞指某些兼有主動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞特征的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，比如have to, seem to之類(lèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)既可與主動(dòng)詞搭配構(gòu)成復(fù)雜動(dòng)詞詞組并表示情態(tài)意義。HomeGrammarModal AuxiliariesModal AuxiliariesvThere are thirteen modal auxiliar

29、ies including some past tense forms.vThey are: can/could, may/might, will/ would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to.v情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞一共有13個(gè)，其中包括一些過(guò)去時(shí)形式。它們是：can/could, may/might, will/ would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示情態(tài)意義，其過(guò)去時(shí)形式并不一定并不一定就表示過(guò)去時(shí)間。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能重疊使用；隨后的主動(dòng)詞無(wú)一例外

30、地是不帶不帶to的的不定式即動(dòng)詞原形不定式即動(dòng)詞原形。HomeGrammar情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的“時(shí)時(shí)”的形式和意義的形式和意義v如前所述，情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞共有九個(gè)，或者說(shuō)總共有十三個(gè)。其中四個(gè)各有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)兩種形式（即may/might, can/could， will/would, shall/should），其余的或者只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式而無(wú)過(guò)去時(shí)形式（即must, ought to, need, dare），或者只有過(guò)去時(shí)形式而無(wú)現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式（即used to）。v在上述情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞中，dare（敢）和need（需要）也能作主動(dòng)詞用。比較：vHe dare not come. (作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用)

31、He doesnt dare to come.(作主動(dòng)詞用)vNeed he study? (作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用)Does he need to study? (作主動(dòng)詞用)HomeGrammarv另有一個(gè)used to（過(guò)去經(jīng)常）雖然不能作主動(dòng)詞用，但其否定形式既可以是 used not to，也可以是 did not use to等。因此，有的語(yǔ)法學(xué)家把上述三個(gè)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞稱(chēng)為“邊際情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞邊際情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞”（Marginal Modal Auxiliary）。HomeGrammarv如前所述，情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的“時(shí)”的形式并不是時(shí)間區(qū)別的主要標(biāo)志，就是說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)形式有時(shí)是時(shí)間區(qū)別的標(biāo)志，有時(shí)卻

32、又不是，而且可以說(shuō)多半不是。如： vCan you lift that table？你能舉起那張桌子嗎？ Could you lift that table when you were younger？ 你年輕一些的時(shí)候能舉起那張桌子嗎？vCan/could在這兩例中的時(shí)間區(qū)別是顯而易見(jiàn)的，前者指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，后者指過(guò)去時(shí)間。但是，can/could在下列兩例中并不表示時(shí)間區(qū)別，而只有語(yǔ)氣上的差異：vCan you help me？你能幫幫我嗎？vCould you help me, please？請(qǐng)你幫幫我好嗎？HomeGrammarv以上是就直接引語(yǔ)（Direct Speech）的通常情況而言

33、。在間接引語(yǔ)（Indirect Speech）中，如果引述動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)形式，通常的情況是：v第一，如果所用的情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞有過(guò)去時(shí)形式，根據(jù)時(shí)間第一，如果所用的情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞有過(guò)去時(shí)形式，根據(jù)時(shí)間向過(guò)去推移的原則，需將現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式改為過(guò)去時(shí)形式。如：向過(guò)去推移的原則，需將現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式改為過(guò)去時(shí)形式。如：v“It may rain”可能會(huì)下雨。We were afraid it might rainv“You can help me carry the cases”你們能夠幫我攜帶這些箱子。He said that we could help him carry the casesv“The plan wi

34、ll fail”這計(jì)劃不會(huì)成功。I warned them that the plan would failv“Shall I open the window？”我可以把窗打開(kāi)嗎？He wondered whether he should open the windowHomeGrammarv如果在直接引語(yǔ)中已經(jīng)用了情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的如果在直接引語(yǔ)中已經(jīng)用了情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)形式，間接引語(yǔ)中情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞形式過(guò)去時(shí)形式，間接引語(yǔ)中情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞形式不變，不過(guò)，時(shí)間關(guān)系應(yīng)理解為是向過(guò)去不變，不過(guò)，時(shí)間關(guān)系應(yīng)理解為是向過(guò)去作了推移。作了推移。例如：v“Would you like a cup of tea？”來(lái)

35、杯茶好嗎？He asked if I would like a cup of teaHomeGrammarv第二，如果所用情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞無(wú)過(guò)去時(shí)形式，在第二，如果所用情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞無(wú)過(guò)去時(shí)形式，在間接引語(yǔ)中則仍采用現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式，不過(guò)，時(shí)間關(guān)間接引語(yǔ)中則仍采用現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式，不過(guò)，時(shí)間關(guān)系應(yīng)理解為是向過(guò)去作了推移。系應(yīng)理解為是向過(guò)去作了推移。例如：v“You must reach camp by ten”你們必須10點(diǎn)鐘以前到達(dá)營(yíng)地。They were told they must reach camp by tenv“You ought to be ashamed of yourself”你應(yīng)該為自己感到害

36、臊。He told me I ought to be ashamed of myselfHomeGrammarvmust和need這兩個(gè)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)所用人稱(chēng)以及是否用于肯定陳述句、否定陳述句、疑問(wèn)句等情況，在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)也可作其他變動(dòng)。通常是：v（I） must must/had to/would have tov（I） must not must notv Must （I） had tov（YouHe）must mustv（YouHe） must not must not/werent to， wasnt tovMust（youhe） had tov（ Iyouhe ）neednt n

37、eednt/didnt have towouldnt have tovNeed（Iyouhe） needhad toHomeGrammar情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征v1） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計(jì)某事的發(fā)生。v2） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。v3） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)，數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)不加-s。v4） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有非謂語(yǔ)形式，即沒(méi)有不定式，分詞等形式HomeGrammar比較can 和be able to v1）can/could 表示能力；可能 (過(guò)去時(shí)用could), 只用于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式

38、(could), be able to可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告訴你消息了。2）只用be able to a. 位于助動(dòng)詞后。 b. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后。 c. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻動(dòng)作時(shí)。 d. 用于句首表示條件。 e. 表示成功地做了某事時(shí)，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。HomeGrammarvHe was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war b

39、roke out.注意：could不表示時(shí)態(tài)1）提出委婉的請(qǐng)求，（注意在回答中不可could）。 - Could I have the television on? - Yes, you can. / No, you cant.2）在否定，疑問(wèn)句中表示推測(cè)或懷疑。He couldnt be a bad man.他不大可能是壞人。HomeGrammar be able to 表示在特定情景中努力做成某事。 The first spread through the building very quickly, but luckily everyone was able to escape. 大火在

40、樓里蔓延，幸好大家都及時(shí)撤離了。（在此不能用could ） They didnt want to come with us at first, but in the end we were able to persuade them. 起初他們不想與我們一起來(lái)，但是最后我們還是說(shuō)服了他們。（在此不能用could）HomeGrammar比較比較maymay和和mightmightv1） 表示允許或請(qǐng)求；表示沒(méi)有把握的推測(cè)；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。 May God bless you! He might be at home.注意： might 表示推測(cè)時(shí)，不表示時(shí)態(tài)。只是可能性比may小。2

41、） 成語(yǔ)：may/might as well，后面接不帶to 的不定式，意為不妨。If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例題Peter _come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. 【本題請(qǐng)同學(xué)們舉手回答】 A. mustB. may C. can D. will答案B. 表可能性只能用may.此句意可從后半句推出HomeGrammar比較比較have tohave to和和mustmustv1) 兩詞都是必須的意思，have to 表示客觀的需要， must 表示說(shuō)話人主觀上的看法，既主觀上的

42、必要。My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請(qǐng)來(lái)。(客觀上需要做這件事)He said that they must work hard. 他說(shuō)他們必須努力工作。（主觀上要做這件事） 2) have to有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)的變化，而must只有一種形式。但must 可用于間接引語(yǔ)中表示過(guò)去的必要或義務(wù)。He had to look after his sister yesterday.HomeGrammarv3） 在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中： vDont

43、 have to 表示“不必”mustnt表示“禁止”，You dont have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告訴他。You mustnt tell him about it. 你一定不要把這件事告訴他。HomeGrammarmustmust表示推測(cè)表示推測(cè)1)must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測(cè)，意為“一定”。2)must表對(duì)現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)時(shí)， must 后面通常接系動(dòng)詞be 的原形或行為動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行式3)You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（對(duì)現(xiàn)在情

44、況的推測(cè)判斷）He must be working in his office. 他一定在辦公室工作呢。比較： He must be staying there. 他現(xiàn)在肯定呆在那里。 He must stay there. 他必須呆在那。 HomeGrammar3) must 表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)時(shí)，must 要接完成式。I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我剛才沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到電話，我想必是睡著了。4) must表示對(duì)過(guò)去某時(shí)正發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，must 后面要接不定式的完成進(jìn)行式。-Why didnt you answer my p

45、hone call?-Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it.5) 否定推測(cè)用cant。If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home yet.如果湯姆五點(diǎn)才離開(kāi)這兒，他此時(shí)一定還未到家。HomeGrammarwouldwould與與 used to used to 的區(qū)別的區(qū)別 vwould 可表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向。vused to表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在已不存在。例如：vShe used to work into the night. 過(guò)去

46、她常工作到深夜。（現(xiàn)在不了）vShe would work into the might. 以前她常工作到深夜。（不表示現(xiàn)在不了）vPeople used to think that the sun went round the earth. 以前人們總認(rèn)為太陽(yáng)是圍繞地球轉(zhuǎn)的。（現(xiàn)在不這樣認(rèn)為了）vI used to smoke quite a lot, but I have given it up. 我過(guò)去抽煙很兇，現(xiàn)在戒了。HomeGrammar比較need和darev這兩詞既可做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用，又可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用。作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，兩者都只能用于疑問(wèn)句，否定句和條件句。 need 作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)后面

47、的不定式必須帶to，而dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用時(shí), 后面的to 時(shí)?？梢员皇÷?。1) 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：need（需要, 要求） need + n. / to do sth2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式為need not。Need you go yet? Yes, I must. / No, I neednt.3) need 的被動(dòng)含義：need, want, require, worth（形容詞）后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)：need doing = need to be doneHomeGrammarwill和would v注意： 1）would like； Would

48、 like to do = want to 想要，為固定搭配。 Would you like to go with me?2）Will you?Would you like? 表示肯定含義的請(qǐng)求勸說(shuō)時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句中一般用some, 而不是any。 Would you like some cake?3）否定結(jié)構(gòu)中用will，一般不用would, wont you是一種委婉語(yǔ)氣。 Wont you sit down?HomeGrammarwould rather表示寧愿 would rather dowould rather not dowould rather than 寧愿而不愿。還有would

49、sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“寧愿”、“寧可”的意思。If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.HomeGrammar典型例題-Shall we go skating or stay at home?-Which _ do?【本題請(qǐng)同學(xué)們舉手回答】A. do you ratherB. would yo

50、u rather C. will you rather D. should you rather答案B。本題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意為寧愿，本題為疑問(wèn)句，would 提前，所以選BHomeGrammarhad better表示“最好” had better 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，它只有一種形式它后面要跟動(dòng)詞原形。had better do sth had better not do sthIt is pretty cold. Youd better put on my coat.Shed better not play with the dog.

51、 had better have done sth 表示與事實(shí)相反的結(jié)果，意為本來(lái)最好。You had better have come earlier.HomeGrammarshould 和ought toshould 和ought to 都為應(yīng)該的意思，可用于各種人稱(chēng)。-Ought he to go?-Yes. I think he ought to.表示要求，命令時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣由 should（應(yīng)該）、had better最好）、must（必須）漸強(qiáng)。HomeGrammar帶to 的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 帶to 的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有四個(gè)：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上

52、have got to ,(=must), be able to，為六個(gè)。它們的疑問(wèn)，否定形式應(yīng)予以注意：Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?She didnt use to play tennis before she was fourteen.You ought not to have told her all about it.Ought he to see a heart specialist at once?HomeGrammar ought to 本身作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。其他的詞作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用，變疑問(wèn)

53、，否定時(shí)，須有do 等助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助。典型例題Tom ought not to _ me your secret, but he meant no harm.【請(qǐng)同學(xué)們舉手回答】A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told答案A。由于后句為過(guò)去時(shí)，告訴秘密的動(dòng)作又發(fā)生在其前因，此地應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，但它在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ought to 后，所以用have。HomeGrammar表示推測(cè)的用法表示推測(cè)的用法vcan, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推測(cè)，其用法如下：1）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形。表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況的推測(cè)，此時(shí)動(dòng)詞

54、通常為系動(dòng)詞。I dont know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)正在進(jìn)行的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)。At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.這時(shí)，我們老師想必在批改試卷。HomeGrammarv3）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)。 表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)。 We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我們很可能已完成這項(xiàng)工作了。 The road is w

55、et. It must have rained last night.地是濕的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。HomeGrammarv4）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。表示對(duì)過(guò)去正在發(fā)生事情的推測(cè)。Your mother must have been looking for you.你媽媽一定一直在找你。5）推測(cè)的否定形式，疑問(wèn)形式用cant, couldnt表示。Mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.邁克一定還沒(méi)有找回他的車(chē)，因?yàn)樵缟纤亲财?chē)來(lái)上班的。注意：could, might表示推測(cè)時(shí)不

56、表示時(shí)態(tài)，其推測(cè)的程度不如can, may。HomeGrammar情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have +過(guò)去分詞1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示過(guò)去，推測(cè)過(guò)去時(shí)間里可能發(fā)生的事情。Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2) must have +done sth，對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)間里可能發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)，

57、具有肯定，諒必的意思。-Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.-She must have gone by bus.HomeGrammar3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth本應(yīng)該做某事，而事實(shí)上并沒(méi)有做。否定句表示“不該做某事而做了”。 You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事實(shí)

58、上已扔了。） ought to 在語(yǔ)氣上比should 要強(qiáng)。HomeGrammar4) neednt have done sth 本沒(méi)必要做某事I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I neednt have done so. The weather was hot.5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy .HomeGrammar情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的回答方式 問(wèn)句 肯定回答 否定回答Need you? Yes,

59、 I must. No, I needntMust you? /dont have to. 典型例題1）-Could I borrow your dictionary? -Yes, of course, you_. A. mightB. will C. can D. should答案C. could表示委婉的語(yǔ)氣，并不為時(shí)態(tài)。答語(yǔ)中of course，表示肯定的語(yǔ)氣，允許某人做某事時(shí)，用can和 may來(lái)表達(dá)，不能用could或might。復(fù)習(xí)： will 與you連用，用來(lái)提出要求或下命令。should與you 連用，用來(lái)提出勸告。HomeGrammar2）-Shall I tell Joh

60、n about it? -No, you _. Ive told him already. A. needntB. wouldntC. mustntD. shouldnt答案A。neednt 不必，不用。 wouldnt 將不, 不會(huì)的。 mustnt 禁止、不能。 shouldnt不應(yīng)該。本題為不需要，不必的意思，應(yīng)用neednt。HomeGrammar3）-Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. -_.A. I dont B.I wont C. I cant D. I havent 答案B.will既可當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表請(qǐng)求、建議