羅森財(cái)政學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料(雙語版)

1、羅森財(cái)政學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料（雙語版）Unified budget: The document which itemizes all the federal governments expenditures and revenues.統(tǒng)一預(yù)算： 聯(lián)邦政府在一種文件中將其支出逐項(xiàng)列出的文件Regulatory budget: an annual statement of the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations管制預(yù)算： 政府管制對經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生的成本Entitlement programs:  programs whose

2、expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify ,rather than preset budget allocations.公民權(quán)利性計(jì)劃： （是指有關(guān)社會(huì)保障、公共福利計(jì)劃、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格維持等法律規(guī)定受益人和收益數(shù)額的政府支出項(xiàng)目）項(xiàng)目的成本不是由固定的美元數(shù)額來決定，而是由符合條件的人的數(shù)量決定。Substitution effect :the tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and less of another because of

3、 a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效應(yīng)：是指一種商品價(jià)格的變化所引起的使消費(fèi)者調(diào)整該種商品與其他商品需求量比例的效應(yīng)。Income effect : the effect of a price change the quantity demanded due exclusively to the fact that the consmers income has changed收入效應(yīng)：收入效應(yīng)指由商品的價(jià)格變動(dòng)所引起的實(shí)際收入水平變動(dòng)，進(jìn)而由實(shí)際收入水平變動(dòng)所引起的商品需求量的變動(dòng)。Welfare

4、economics: the branch of economic theory concerned with the social desirability of alternative economic states.福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：研究各種經(jīng)濟(jì)狀態(tài)的社會(huì)合意性的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論的一個(gè)分支Pareto efficient : an allocation of resource such that no person can be made better off without making another person worse off.帕累托效率：要使一個(gè)人的境況變好，唯一的辦法就是使另一個(gè)人的境

5、況變壞Pareto improvement: a reallocation of resources that makes at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.對在不使其他任何人境況變壞的情況下使某人的境況變好的資源進(jìn)行重新配置Pure public good : a commodity that is nonrival and nonexcludable in consumption.純公共物品：指既沒有排他性有沒有競爭性的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)Privatization ：the process of

6、turning services that are supplied by the government over to the private sector for provision and production私有化：把由政府提供的服務(wù)交給私人部門去提供和生產(chǎn)Commodity egalitarianism : the idea that some commodities ought to be made available to everybody商品平均主義：要求某些商品人人有份Externality: an activity of one entity that affects t

7、he welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market mechanism外部性：當(dāng)某一實(shí)體的活動(dòng)以市場機(jī)制之外的某種方式直接影響他人的福利時(shí)，這種影響稱為外部性Coase theorem : provided that transaction costs are negligible ,an efficient solution to an externality problem is achieved as long as someone is assigned property rights independent

8、 of who is assigned those rights.科斯定理：認(rèn)為只要財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)是明確的，并且其交易成本為零或很小，則無論在開始時(shí)財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的配置是怎樣的，市場均衡的最終結(jié)果都是有效率的理論。Emissions fee（排污費(fèi)） : a tax levied on each unit of pollution Cost effective : a policy that achieves a given amount of pollution reduction at the lowest cost possible成本有效：一種以可能的最低成本實(shí)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果Cap-and-tra

9、de(總量控制與交易制度) : a policy of granting permits to pollute , with the number of permits set at the desired pollution level ,and allowing polluters to trade the permits . Incentive-based regulations(激勵(lì)型管制) : policies that provide polluters with financial incentives to reduce pollution Command-

10、and-control regulations（命令控制型管制） : policies that require a given amount of pollution reduction with limited or no flexibility with respect to how it may be achieved . Crowd out（排擠） : when public provision of a good substitutes for private provision of the good . in the presence of crowd out , w

11、hen the government increases public education ,the net change in the amount of education is less than the amount provided by the government. Charter schools : public school that operate under special state government charters. Within limits established by their charters , these schools can expe

12、riment with a variety of approaches to education and gave some independence in making spending and hiring decisions.特許學(xué)校：特許學(xué)校屬于公立學(xué)校，它們在政府特許的情況下，按國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)辦學(xué)，但教學(xué)有自由，在開支和雇傭方面也有一定的獨(dú)立性。School voucher : a voucher given to a family to help the family pay for tuition at any qualified school . the school redeems

13、 the voucher for cash .教育券：教育券是指政府把教育經(jīng)費(fèi)折算成一定數(shù)額的有價(jià)證券發(fā)給每位學(xué)生Social insurance programs（社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)） : government programs that provide insurance to protect against adverse eventsInsurance premium（保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)） : money paid to an insurance company in exchange for a guarantee of compensation given a specified adverse eve

14、nt.Risk aversion（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)厭惡） : a preference for paying more than  the actuarially fair premium in order to guarantee compensation if an adverse event occurs . Risk premium（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià)） : the amount above the actuarially fair premium that a risk-averse person is willing to pay to guarantee compensation

15、if an adverse event occurs. Asymmetric information（不對稱信息） : a situation in which one party engaged in an economic transaction has better information about the good or service traded than the other party. Adverse selection（逆向選擇）: the phenomenon under which the uninformed side of a deal gets

16、 exactly the wrong people trading with it .由于信息不對稱，保險(xiǎn)公司得到的客戶恰恰是有毛病的人Community rating （團(tuán)體費(fèi)率法）: the practice of charging uniform insurance premiums for pelple in different risk categories within a community , thus resulting in low-risk people subsidizing high-risk people.向某一由不同健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的個(gè)人組成的團(tuán)體收取統(tǒng)一保費(fèi)Moral

17、hazard（道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)） : when obtaining insurance against an adverse outcome leads to changes in behavior that increase the likelihood of the outcome.道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指在委托一代理關(guān)系中，代理人為了追求自身利益最大化而不惜損害委托人利益的行為Deadweight loss（無謂損失） : the waste that exists when trades occur in which marginal cost exceeds marginal benefit ,or wh

18、en trades in which marginal benefit exceeds marginal cost do not take place . Third-party payment （第三方支付）: payment for services by someone other than  the consumer .是指一些和國內(nèi)外各大銀行簽約、并具備一定實(shí)力和信譽(yù)保障的第三方獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)提供的交易支持平臺(tái)Cost-based reimbursement or fee-for-service（按費(fèi)用補(bǔ)償制度或一次一付醫(yī)療費(fèi)制度） : a system under w

19、hich health care providers receive payment for all services required保單對包間提供者的支付都是以治療病人的實(shí)際費(fèi)用為基礎(chǔ)的Managed care（管理保?。?: any of a variety of health care arrangements in which prices are kept down by supply-side control of services offered and prices charged從市場的供給面而非需求面入手，即限制利用并降價(jià)的做法Capitation-based reimb

20、ursement （按人頭補(bǔ)償制）: a system in which health care providers receive annual payments for each patient in their care ,regardless of services actually used by that patient.保健提供者每年按服務(wù)的病人得到費(fèi)用支付，而不管該病人實(shí)際接收的而醫(yī)療服務(wù)是多少M(fèi)edicare（醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)） : federally funded government program that provides health insurance to people

21、 aged 65 and over and to the disabled .政府向65歲以上的老人和傷殘人提供健康保險(xiǎn)Medicaid （醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助）: federal and state- financed health insurance program for the poor醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助是對低收入者的最大政府支出計(jì)劃，為現(xiàn)金福利計(jì)劃的受益者提供健康保險(xiǎn)，由聯(lián)邦政府和州政府共同管理Catastrophic insurance policy（災(zāi)難保單） : an insurance policy that has a high deductible and generous coverage

22、for high medical costs. Fully funded（完全積累制） : a pension system in which an individuals benefits are paid out deposits that have been made during his or her working life ,plus accumulated interest個(gè)人把新進(jìn)的一定比列存入某種基金，隨著時(shí)間推移該基金會(huì)積累利息，到退休時(shí)本金和應(yīng)計(jì)利息用來支付退休金Pay-as-you-go（現(xiàn)收現(xiàn)付制） : a pension system in which b

23、enefits paid to current retirees come from payments made by current workers .退休者領(lǐng)取的養(yǎng)老金來自目前正在工作的人的繳款HI : hospital insurance（醫(yī)院保險(xiǎn)）： part A component of medicare that covers inpatient medical care and is founded through a payroll tax參加醫(yī)院保險(xiǎn)是強(qiáng)制的，它覆蓋住院病人的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)SMI: supplementary medical insurance（補(bǔ)充醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)）：pa

24、rt B component of medicare that covers physician services and medical services rendered outside the hospital and is funded by a monthly premium and by general revenues它對醫(yī)院之外的醫(yī)生、醫(yī)生訂購的用品及提供的醫(yī)療服務(wù)付費(fèi)，補(bǔ)充醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)是資源的，。參保者必須每月支付保費(fèi)，且保費(fèi)不是一成不變的Bequest effect（遺贈(zèng)效應(yīng)） : theory that people may save more in order to fin

25、ance a larger bequest to children in order to offset the intergenerational redistribution of income caused by social security .sustainable solvency : expected present values of revenues and expenditures are equal into the indefinite future .是指人們增加儲(chǔ)蓄，以便消除社會(huì)保障隊(duì)其子女收入的影響，從而增加遺贈(zèng)的現(xiàn)象Sustainable solvency(可持

26、續(xù)償付能力) ： expected present values of revenues and expenditures are equal into the indefinite future社會(huì)保障的任何改革建議，當(dāng)真都應(yīng)在無限的未來使之具有償付能力的條件In-kind transfer（實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)讓） : payments from the government to individuals in the form of commodities or services rather than cash以商品或服務(wù)的形式而非現(xiàn)金的形式支付給個(gè)人Maximum criterion（極大極小準(zhǔn)則

27、） : social welfare depends on the utility of the individual who has the minimum utility in the society指社會(huì)福利等于最小個(gè)人效用這一社會(huì)福利函數(shù)所蘊(yùn)含的社會(huì)目標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則Expenditure incidence （支出歸宿）: the impact of government expenditures on the distribution of real income .支出政策對實(shí)際收入分配的影響Time endowment （時(shí)間稟賦）: the maximum number of hour

28、s an individual can work during a given period .個(gè)人在給定期限內(nèi)所能完成的最大工作時(shí)間Earned income tax credit（勞動(dòng)所得稅收抵免） : a tax credit for low-income individuals .對低收入家庭的一種收入補(bǔ)助Statutory incidence （法定歸宿）: indicates who is legally responsible for a tax誰在法律上負(fù)責(zé)納稅Economic incidence（經(jīng)濟(jì)歸宿） :the change in the distribution of

29、 real income induced by a tax .指稅收引起的私人實(shí)際收入分配的變化Excess burden （超額負(fù)擔(dān)）: a loss of welfare above and beyond taxes collected . also called welfare cost or deadweight loss .稅收造成的福利損失超過稅收收入Equivalent variation (等價(jià)變化): a change in income that has the same effect on utility as a change in the price of a com

30、modity .指用于衡量消費(fèi)者為避免商品價(jià)格的變化，所愿意付出的收入損失的指標(biāo)Lump sum tax（一次總付稅） : a tax whose value is independent of the individuals behavior .可定義為納稅人必須支付一定數(shù)額，與納稅人的行為無關(guān)Ramsey rule(拉姆齊法則) : to minimize total excess burden , tax rates should be set so that the taxinduced  percentage reduction in the quantity demand

31、ed of each commodity is the same為了使總體超額負(fù)擔(dān)最小化，稅率的確定應(yīng)當(dāng)使各種商品的需求量按相同的比例下降。Inverse elasticity rule（反彈性法則） : for goods that are unrelated in consumption , efficiency requires that tax tares be inversely proportional to elasticitys只要商品在消費(fèi)商不相關(guān)，稅率就應(yīng)當(dāng)與彈性成反比例User fee（使用費(fèi)） : a price paid by uses of a government

32、provided good or service由使用政府提供的物品或服務(wù)的人支付的價(jià)格Benefits-received principle （受益原則）: consumers of a publicly provided service should be the ones who pay for it公平性要求公共提供服務(wù)的消費(fèi)者要為其消費(fèi)付費(fèi)Linear income tax schedule（線性所得稅） : see flat income tax Flat income tax （同一所得稅）: a tax schedule for which the marginal

33、tax rate is constant throughout the entire range of incomes Transitional equity（轉(zhuǎn)變公平） : fairness in changing tax regimes改變稅制的公平程序Adjusted gross income(AGI)（調(diào)整后毛所得） : total income from all taxable sources less certain expenses incurred in earning that income所有應(yīng)稅來源的所得總額，減去為取得這些所得而發(fā)生的特定費(fèi)用Capital g

34、ain (loss)（資本利得/損失） : an increase(decrease) in the value of an asset資產(chǎn)價(jià)值的增加/減少Imputed rent （估算租金）: the net monetary value of the services a homeowner receives from a dwelling是指業(yè)主獲得的其住房服務(wù)凈貨幣價(jià)值，等于如果業(yè)主把房子出租而獲得的租金減去維修費(fèi)、稅金等Individual retirement account(IRA) （個(gè)人退休賬戶）: for qualified individuals , a savings

35、 account in which the contributions are tax deductible and the interest accrues tax free , provided the funds are held until retirement . on withdrawal , both contributions and accrued interest are subject to tax .是指專為工資收入者開辦的退休金存款賬戶。剛賬戶的存款可以免交利息所得稅，利率亦沒有上限規(guī)定。Itemized deduction（分項(xiàng)扣除） : a specific ty

36、pe of expenditure that can be subtracted from adjusted gross income in the computation of taxable income指法律規(guī)定的在計(jì)算應(yīng)納稅所得額時(shí)一些具體項(xiàng)目的扣除辦法Standard deduction（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)扣除） : subtraction of a fixed amount from adjusted gross income that does not require documentation是從調(diào)整后毛所得中計(jì)算應(yīng)稅所得時(shí)納稅人可自愿選取的惡意中扣除方案Tax credit（稅收抵免） :

37、 a subtraction from tax liability (as opposed to a subtraction from taxable income )從應(yīng)納稅額中扣減（而不是從應(yīng)稅所得中扣減）Tax expenditure（稅收支出） : a loss of tax revenue because some item is excluded from the tax base某一項(xiàng)目排除在稅基之外而引起的收入損失Alternative minimum tax (AMT) （替代性最低稅）: the tax liability calculated by an alternat

38、ive set of rules designed to force individuals with high levels of preference income to incur at least some tax liability .是指使得益于各種稅收庇護(hù)的富人至少繳納一些稅的稅收制度Tax arbitrage 稅收套利 SSI: supplemental security income （補(bǔ)充性保障收入） AIME : average indexed monthly earnings （月均指數(shù)化收入） PIA: primary insurance

39、 amount （基本保障額） Individual mandates 個(gè)人授權(quán) Single payer 單一支付人 Intergenerational redistribution 代際再分配 The trust fund  信托基金 Pigouvian tax 庇古稅 The size of government:1.purchases of goods and services 2.transfers of income to erest payments.政府規(guī)模1）商品和服務(wù)的購買 2）對

40、個(gè)人、企業(yè)和其他各級政府的收入轉(zhuǎn)移 3）利息支付 The first fundamental theorem of welfare economics :  assume(1)all producers and consumers act as perfect competitors (2) a market exists for eacha and every commodity .  tell us that a competitive economy “ automatically” allocates resources efficiently , wit

41、hout any need for centralized direction . it formalizes an insight that has long been recognized : when it comes to providing goods and services , free-enterprise systems are amazingly productive.福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第一基本定理：假定1）所有生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者的行為都是完全競爭的 2） 每一種商品都有市場  告訴我們競爭的經(jīng)濟(jì)會(huì)“自動(dòng)的”實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的資源配置，無需任何集權(quán)性指導(dǎo) 自由企業(yè)制度在提供商品和服務(wù)

42、方面具有驚人的生產(chǎn)力 Second fundamental theorem of welfare economics: society can attain any pareto efficient allocation of resources by making a suitable assignment of initial endowments and the letting people freely trade with each other .as in our edge worth box model福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第二基本定理： Market failure:

43、1.market power 2.nonexistence of markets (1)asymmetric information (2) externality (3)public good市場失靈：1 市場影響力 2 市場不存在（1）不對稱信息 2）外部性 3）公共商品 Several aspects of our definition of public good : 1.even though everyone consumes the same quantity of the good , it need not be valued equally by all. 2.c

44、lassification as a public good is not an absolute ; it depends on market conditions and the state of  technology.  3.a commodity can satisfy one part of the definition of a public good and not the other. 4.some things that are not conventionally thought of as commodities have public good c

45、haracteristics. 5. private goods are not necessarily provided exclusively by the private sector 6. public provision of a good does not necessarily mean that it is also produced by the public sector .公共物品定義的幾個(gè)問題：1）雖然每個(gè)人消費(fèi)的公共物品數(shù)量相同，但不一定所有人對這種消費(fèi)的評價(jià)都一致 2） 公共物品的分類不是絕對的，它取決于市場條件和技術(shù)狀況 3）一種物品可以滿足公共定義的一部分而不能

46、滿足另一部分 4） 有一些在傳統(tǒng)上不被認(rèn)為是商品的東西具有公共物品的特征 5） 私人物品并不一定只由私人部門提供 6）一種物品的公共提供并不一定意味著也由公共部門生產(chǎn)What criteria should be used to select the amount of each input ?1. relative wage and materials costs   2.administrative costs    2. 3.diversity of tastes      4. dist

47、ributional issues用什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來選擇每種投入品德數(shù)量呢？1）工資和材料的相對成本 2）管理費(fèi) 3）偏好多樣性 4） 分配問題Characteristics of externalities:  1. externalities can be produced by consumers as well as firms 2.externalities are reciprocal in nature.3.externalities can be positive 4. public goods can be viewed as a special kind of exte

48、rnality.外部性特征：1）企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者都可能產(chǎn)生外部性 2）外部性具有相互性 3）外部性可能是正的 4）公共物品可以被看做是一種特殊的外部性 Public responses to externalities  1. taxes 2. subsidies 3.emissions fees 4. cap and trade programs外部性的公共對策 ： 1）稅收 2）補(bǔ)貼 3）排污費(fèi) 4）總量控制與交易制度（私人對策：1）coase theorem 科斯定理2)mergers 合并 3)social comentions 社會(huì)習(xí)性 What cause

49、 the high health care costs ?1. the graying of America   2. income growth   3. improvements in quality造成高額保健成本的原因 ： 1）美國的老齡化 2）收入增長 3）質(zhì)量的改進(jìn) The advantages of employer-provided health insurance  :  1. increase the risk pool  2. reduce adverse selection 3. lower

50、 administrative costs雇主提供健康保險(xiǎn)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)： 1）提高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)能力 2）減少逆向選擇 3）降低管理成本 Why have social security ?1.consumption smoothing and the annuity market 2. Adverse selection and the annuity market   3. lack of justifications   4.moral hazard    5.  economize on decision-making and administrative c