國際私法第五章

1、第五章 國際私法關(guān)系的主體Subjects of Private International Law 5-1 自然人 Natural Person 5-1-1 自然人的國籍 Nationality 國籍的概念 Definition 國籍沖突及其解決Conflict of Nationalities 5-1-2 自然人的住所 Domicil 住所的概念Domicil v. residence 住所的沖突及其解決Conflict of domicils5-2 法人 Legal Person 5-2-1 法人的國籍 Nationality of a Legal Person A.成員國籍主義 the

2、 Nationality of Members Doctrine B.設(shè)立地主義 the Register Place Doctrine C.住所地主義 the Domicil Doctrine D.準據(jù)法主義 the applicable Law Doctrine E.實際控制主義 the Capital Control Doctrine F.復合標準說 the Mixed Standard Doctrine5-2 法人 Legal Person 5-2-2 法人的住所 the Domicil A.管理中心所在地說the Headquarter B.營業(yè)中心所在地說the Business

3、Center C.章程規(guī)定說 the Regulation of Incorporation5-2-3 外國法人的認可Recognition and Permission of Foreign legal Persons A.一般認可制 general Recognition System B.相互認可制 Mutual Recognition System C.特別認可制 Special Recognition System5-3 國家 5-3-1 國家作為國際私法關(guān)系主體的特殊性 名義/平等地位/國庫財產(chǎn)/豁免權(quán) 4-3-2國家豁免問題 A.絕對豁免論the Doctrine of Abso

4、lute Immunity B.限制豁免論the Doctrine of Restrictive Immunity C.廢除豁免論the Doctrine of Abolishing Immunity D.平等豁免論the Doctrine of Equal Immunity F.我國的立場 Chinas Arguments5-4 外國人民事法律地位的制度 Several Systems of Civil Legal Status for Foreigners 4-4-1 國民待遇 National Treatment 4-4-2 最惠國待遇 the Most Favored-nation T

5、reatment 4-4-3優(yōu)惠待遇 Preferential Treatment 4-4-4 普遍優(yōu)惠待遇 Treatment of Generalized System of Preference 4-4-5不歧視待遇 Non-discriminate TreatmentGeneral Rules on Domicile It is a settled principle that nobody shall be without a domicile, and in order to make the effective the law assigns what is called a d

6、omicile of origin to every person at his birth, namely, to a legitimate child the domicile of the father, to an illegitimate child the domicile of the mother, and to a foundling the place where he is found.Second, a person cannot have two domiciles.Third, the fact that domicile signifies connection

7、with a single system of territorial law does not necessarily connote a system that prescribes identical rules for all classes of persons.Fourth, there is a presumption in favor of the continuance of an existing domicile.Fifth subject to certain statutory exception, the domicile of a person is to be

8、determined according to the English and not the foreign concept of domicile.The Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity One of the oldest principles of international law is the doctrine of sovereign immunity. Under this doctrine, countries are granted immunity form suits in courts in others countries. Origin

9、ally, the United States granted absolute immunity to foreign governments from suits in U.S. courts. In 1952, the United States switched to the principle of qualified or restricted immunity, which was eventually codified in the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act of 1976. This act provides that a foreign

10、country is not immune from lawsuits in U. S. courts in the following two situations: 1.the foreign country has waived its immunity, either explicitly or by implication. 2. the action is based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign country or carried on outside the

11、United States but causing a direct effect in the United States.案例5-1 美國空難家屬在美向中國民航總局索賠案1985年1月9日，兩位美國人通過泛美航空公司購買了中國航空公司從南京到北京的機票，但沒有按原來購票的時間飛往美國，改乘同天5點第5109航班。不幸的是，該航班在濟南上空發(fā)生空難，乘客全部遇難。家屬在美起訴中國民航總局，要求賠償300萬美圓。中國民航于1980年獲得美國民用航空局的許可，從事美中間定期載客航班飛行，但有一個條件：中國民航根據(jù)本許可從事活動產(chǎn)生的索賠，中國民航放棄以主權(quán)豁免來辯護。1986年10月18日，美國聯(lián)邦地區(qū)法院認為沒有管轄權(quán)?？针y家屬上訴，認為美國法院有管轄權(quán)；中國