英美文學(xué)選讀串講講義

1、英美文學(xué)選讀應(yīng)考指導(dǎo)一、教材說明英美文學(xué)選讀是全國高等教育自學(xué)考試英語專業(yè)本科段的必修課程，也是廣大考生比較頭疼的課程。教材大體可以分為兩個大的部分，文學(xué)發(fā)展史和作家介紹及作品選讀。讓考生頭疼的事情是課本信息量太大，考綱要求的內(nèi)容較多，學(xué)習(xí)的時候理不出頭緒，也不便記憶。事實(shí)上，文學(xué)課有著相當(dāng)強(qiáng)的邏輯性和系統(tǒng)性，只要我們把握住這一點(diǎn)，這門課程并不難學(xué)，也不難考過。2、 考情分析2009年，本門課程的考試大綱做了一些調(diào)整，這種調(diào)整在某種程度上減輕和考生的復(fù)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)，但也同時考察的內(nèi)容更細(xì)，更全。（1） 關(guān)于考核要求的調(diào)整考核要求中每章概述內(nèi)容不作調(diào)整；“該時期的重要作家”只包含對考核知識點(diǎn)中保留的重

2、要作家的相關(guān)內(nèi)容的考核。（2） 大綱調(diào)整后的特點(diǎn)（1）新大綱更加突出了英美各個文學(xué)時期的時代特點(diǎn)。如：文藝復(fù)興時期的戲劇和詩史，浪漫主義時期的詩歌等。從這個意義上講，命題的重點(diǎn)突出了。（2）新大綱中考核的作家，都是每一個文學(xué)時期文學(xué)潮流的最具代表性的作家，都是對該時期文學(xué)的發(fā)展起到?jīng)Q定作用的作家。從這個意義上講，命題的焦點(diǎn)集中了。（3）新大綱中所保留的作家的作品大多是廣大考生耳熟能詳?shù)淖髌?，從這個意義上講，考試的難度降低了。3、 復(fù)習(xí)方法（1） 概述：考試大綱調(diào)整以后，可命題的作家的數(shù)量減少了，但命題的深度會增加；同時，由于作家數(shù)量的減少，這也意味著在每一章的概述部分和作品選讀部分的命題點(diǎn)會增

3、多。（2） 每章概述部分的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)在對這部分的復(fù)習(xí)中，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注每一個文學(xué)時期的界定以及其標(biāo)志性事件；另外每一個文學(xué)時期的時代特點(diǎn)和突出文學(xué)成就也是考查的重點(diǎn)，還有本時期同時存在的文學(xué)流派的特點(diǎn)也是重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。（3） 每章重點(diǎn)作家的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)作家的文學(xué)史上的地位和貢獻(xiàn)；作家的代表作以及代表作的中心大意和所反映的社會現(xiàn)實(shí)；作家的寫作風(fēng)格和寫作特點(diǎn)也是命題的重點(diǎn)。（四）每章作品選讀的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)作品選讀前面的斜體字部分的簡介和概括；作品中的名句；作品選讀中的注釋部分，小說作品中的人物關(guān)系。四、結(jié)束語考綱的實(shí)施，從總體上講，命題的重點(diǎn)突出了，密度增加了，深度也拓展了，但是，整體難度不會有太大的變化。對于考生而

4、言，復(fù)習(xí)的內(nèi)容刪減了，壓力減輕了，考試也就容易了。在對新考綱解讀完了之后，剩下的事情就是大家去聽后面的串講，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)，通過考試PartOne:EnglishLiteratureAnIntroductiontoOldandMedievalEnglishLiteratureIUnderstandingandapplication:理布罕應(yīng)用）1. England'inhabitantsareCelts.AnditisconqueredbyRomans,AngloSaxonsandNormans.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheGermaniclanguageandcult

5、uretoEngland,whileNormansbroughttheMediterraneancivilization,includingGreekculture,RomelawandtheChristianreligion.ItistheculturalinfluenceofthesetwoconqueststhatprovidedthesourcefortheriseandgrowthofEnglishliterature.2. TheoldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEng

6、land.3. TheoldEnglishpoetrythathassurvivedcanbedividedintotwogroups:Thereligiousgroupandthesecularone4. Beowulf:atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetryisregardedasthenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.Itisanexampleoftheminglingofnaturemythsandheroiclegends.5. AftertheNorman'conquest,threelanguagesco-existe

7、dinEngland.FrenchistheofficiallanguagethatisusedbykingandtheNormanlords.Latinistheprincipaltongueofchurchaffairsandinuniversities.OldEnglishwasspokenonlybythecommonEnglishpeople.6. Inthesecondhalfof14thcentury,EnglishliteraturestartedtoflourishwiththeappearanceofwriterslikeGeoffreyChaucer,WilliamLan

8、gland,JohnGower,andothersIIRecite:（識記再現(xiàn)）1.Romance:Itusesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeedsisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod.Ithasdevelopedthecharacteristicmedievalmotifsofthequest,thetest,themeetingwiththeevilgiantandtheencounterwiththebeautifulbeloved.Theheroisu

9、suallytheknight,whosetsoutonajourneytoaccomplishsomemissions.Thereareoftenmysteriesandfantasiesinromance. Romanticloveisanimportantpartoftheplotinromance.Characterizationisstandardized,Whilethestructureislooseandepisodic,thelanguageissimpleandstraightforward. Theimportanceoftheromanceitselfcanbeseen

10、asameansofshowingmedievalaristocraticmenandwomeninrelationtotheiridealizedviewoftheworld.2. Heroiccouplet:Heroiccoupletisarhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter.ItisChaucerwhouseditforthefirsttimeinEnglishinhisworkTheLegendofGoodWoman.3. ThethemeofBeowulf:Thepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeople

11、wageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.Thepoemisanexampleoftheminglingofthenaturemythsandheroiclegends.4. TheWifeofBathinTheCanterburyTales:TheWifeofBathisdepictedasthenewbourgeoiswifeassertingherindependence.Chaucerdevelopshischaracterizationtoahigherar

12、tisticlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.5. Chaucer'sachievement: Hepresentedacomprehensiverealisticpictureofhisageandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersinhisworks,especiallyinTheCanterburyTales. Heanticipatedanewear,theRenaissance,tocomeundertheinflue

13、nceoftheItalianwriters. Hedevelopedhischaracterizationtoahigherlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions. HegreatlycontributedtothematuringofEnglishpoetry.Today,Chaucer'reputationhasbeensecurelyestablishedasoneofthebestEnglishpoetsforhiswisdom,humorandhumanity.

14、6. TheFatherofEnglishpoetry”:Originally,OldEnglishpoemsaremainlyalliterativeverseswithfewvariations. ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplaceit. InTheRomauntoftheRose（玫瑰傳奇）,hefirstintroducedtotheEnglishtheoctosyllabiccouplet（音節(jié)對偶句）. InTheLegendofGoodWomen,heu

15、sedforthefirsttimeinEnglishheroiccouplet. Andinhismasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,heemployedheroiccoupletwithtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature. HisartmadehimoneofthegreatestpoetsinEnglish;JohnDrydencalledhim"thefatherofEnglishpoetry【例題】Theworkthatpresented,forthefirs

16、ttimeinEnglishliterature,acomprehensiverealisticpictureofthemedievalEnglishsocietyandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeismostlikely.(0704)A. WilliamLangland'sPiersPlowmanB. GeoffreyChaucer'sTheCanterburyTalesC. JohnGower'sConfessionAmantisD. SirGawainandtheGreenKnigh

17、t【答案】B【解析】(P4.para.2)本題考查的是中世紀(jì)時期幾位詩人作品的創(chuàng)作主題和創(chuàng)作范圍。A答案是農(nóng)夫皮爾斯及其作者威廉?蘭格倫他在其作品中描述了他那個時期的宗教與社會問題。C愛人的告白，D高文爵士和他的綠衣騎士都是約翰？高厄的作品，屬于時最精美的騎士文學(xué)作品；然而只有喬叟，在英國文學(xué)史上第一次向我們展示了表現(xiàn)當(dāng)時英國社會的一幅綜合性、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的畫卷，在他的代表作坎特伯雷故事集中塑造了一系列來自社會各階層的生動形象的人物。本章小結(jié)本章重點(diǎn)：Chaucerandhisachievement本卓提示：本部分內(nèi)容以選擇題考查，所以，復(fù)習(xí)時以識記為主。Chapter1:TheRenaissan

18、cePeriodGeneralIntroduction考核要求：1 .識記：(1)文藝復(fù)興時期的界定(2)歷史文化背景2 .領(lǐng)會：(1)文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動的意義與影響(2)文藝復(fù)興時期的文學(xué)特點(diǎn)(3)人文主義的主張及對文學(xué)的影響3 .應(yīng)用：文藝復(fù)興，人文主義及玄學(xué)詩等名詞的解釋考點(diǎn)中講：1. TheRenaissance:TheRenaissancemarksa_transition_from_the_medieval_to_the_modern_world.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14th&17thcenturies.Itfirstst

19、artedinItalywiththefloweringofpainting,sculpture&literature.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.TheRenaissance,whichmeans"rebirth"or"revival,"isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchas: There-discoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture Thenewdis

20、coveriesingeography&astrology,thereligiousreformation&theeconomicexpansion. TheRenaissance,therefore,inessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkers&scholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherising

21、bourgeoisie,&torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.【例題】TheRenaissanceisactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricaleventsEXCEPT.(0804)A. therediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekcultureB. thevastexpansionofBritishcoloniesinNorthAmericaC. thenewdiscoveriesinge

22、ographyandastrologyD. thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion【答案】B【解析】(P7.paral)文藝復(fù)興是歐洲中世紀(jì)和現(xiàn)代社會的分水嶺，它的發(fā)生有著深刻的社會歷史根源，當(dāng)時的社會發(fā)展刺激了文藝復(fù)興的發(fā)生，如地理天文大發(fā)現(xiàn)，席卷歐洲的宗教改革以及對古希臘，古羅馬文化的發(fā)掘等。2. Humanism:HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Itsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheancientauthorsandis

23、frequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside,fortheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Throughthenewlearning,humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedintheworks.Renaissancehumanistsfo

24、undintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepres

25、entlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWiJJiam.ShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.3. TheRenaissanceinEngland: Thefirst-thebeginning(1485-1558)-imi

26、tationandassimilationPoetry:Wyatt&SurreyTheformerintroducedthePetrarchansonnetintoEngland,whilethelatterbroughtinblankverse. Thesecond-(thepeak)theElizabethAge(1558-1603)一TheElizabethandramaPoetry:Spenser&MarloweSpenserianstanza:SpenserianstanzawasinventedbyEdmundSpenser.Itisastanzaofninelin

27、es,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameter&thelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbcc.Drama:Marlowe&ShakespeareTheRenaissancehero:ARenaissanceheroreferstoonecreatedbyChristopherMarloweinhisdrama.Suchaheroisalwaysindividualisticandfullofambition,facingbravelythechallengefrombothgodsandmen

28、.HeembodiesMarlowe'shumanisticidesofhumandignityandcapacity.Differentfromthetragicheroinmedievalplays,whoseeksthewaytoheaventhroughsalvationandgod'swill,heisagainstconventionalmoralityandcontrivestoobtainheavenonearththroughhisownefforts.Withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,th

29、eherointerpretsthetrueRenaissancespirit.BothTamburlaineand_Faustusaretypicalinpossessingsuchaspirit.TheElizabethandrama:ItistherealmainstreamofEnglishRenaissance.ItcouldbedatedbacktotheMiddleAges.EnglishmaterialwasputintotheregularformoftheLatincomediesofPlautusandTerence.TragedieswereinthestyleofSe

30、necaThemostfamousdramatistsintheRenaissanceEnglandare:Marlowe,Shakespeare&.BenJackson Thethird-furtherdevelopment(16031660)Poetry:JohnDonne&JohnMiltonMetaphysicalpoetry:Theterm"metaphysicalpoetry"iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohn_Donn

31、e.Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.ThedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.Theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumen

32、twiththepoet'sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.Drama:BenJacksonEssay:FrancisBaconHeisthefirstimportantEnglishessayist,isknownforhisessayswhichgreatlyinfluencedthedevelopmentofthisliteraryform.HeisalsothefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.HiswritingspavedthewayfortheuseofscientificmethodThetypicalautho

33、rsduringthisperiod考核要求：1 .一般識記：重要作家的文學(xué)生涯2 .識記：重要作品及主要內(nèi)容3 .領(lǐng)會：重要作家的創(chuàng)作思想，藝術(shù)特色及其代表作品的主題結(jié)構(gòu)，人物塑造，語言風(fēng)格，藝術(shù)手法，社會意義等。4 .應(yīng)用：(1)莎士比亞詩歌的主題，意象（2）喜劇威尼斯商人的主題和主要人物性格分析（3）哈姆雷特的性格分析（4）史詩失樂園的結(jié)構(gòu)，人物性格，語言特點(diǎn)等的分析考點(diǎn)申講：I.WilliamShakespeare1. ThebibliographyWilliamShakespeareisoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetstheworld

34、haseverknown.2. ViewpointsViewpointsonpolitics:necessityofmightyandjustsovereign,andthecondemntotheanti-natureandanti-humanismofthefeudalwarsanti-feudalismViewpointsonreligion:againstthereligiouspersecutionandracialdiscrimination,againstthesocialinequalityandthecorruptinginfluenceofthegoldandmoney-a

35、nti-CatholicismViewpointonliterature:literatureshouldbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andshouldreflectnatureandreality-humanism3. Themajorcontributions38plays（historicalplays,tragediesandcomedies）212narrativepoems:Venus,TheRapeofLucrece154sonnets4. fourstagesforhisplay-creation Thefirststage:

36、hisdramaticcareerisoneofthe.apprenticeshipsfivehistoricalplays:HenryIV,partI,II,andIII;RichardIII;andTitusAndronicus（泰特斯，提圖斯）.fourComedies,including:TheComedyofErrors;TheTwoGentlemenofVerona（維羅納）;TheTamingoftheShrew（潑婦的馴服），andLove'sLabor'sLost Thesecondstage,hisstylebecamehighlyindividualize

37、dFivehistorical:RichardII,KingJohn,HenryIV,partI,II,HenryVSixcomedies:AMidsummerNight'sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,MuchAdoAboutNothing,AsYoulike（皆大歡喜）,TwelfthNight,andtheMerryWivesofWindsor（溫莎公爵的快樂情婦）Twotragedies:RomeoandJuliet,JuliusCaesar（克利奧帕特拉）ThTheThirdstageisthepeakofhiscreation,includedhisg

38、reatesttragediesandhisso-calleddarkcomedies:Seventragedies:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,AntonyandCleopatraTroilus and Cressida（特洛伊羅斯和克雷西達(dá)），Coriolanus（科里奧蘭納斯）Twocomedies:All'sWellThatEndsWell,MeasureforMeasure ThelastperiodofShakespeare'sincludeshisprincipalromantictragicomediesPericles,Cy

39、mbeline,TheWinter'sTale,andTheTempestTwofinalplays:HenryIII,andTheTwoNobleKinsmen5. Abouthisdramas historicalplaysShakespeare'shistoryplaysaremainlywrittenundertheprinciplethatnationalunityunderamightyandjustsovereignisanecessity.ThethreehistoryplaysinthereignofHenryVIarethebeginningofShakes

40、peare'sepictreatmentofEnglishhistory.Romantic ComediesInhisromanticcomedies,Shakespearetakesanoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouth,andtheromanticelementsarebroughtintofullplay.TheyareTheMerchantofVenice,AMidsummerNight'sDream,AsYoulike,Twelfth Night,but the most important one isThe .Merchant

41、 of Venice. TragediesThesuccessfulromantictragedyisRomeoandJuliet,whicheulogizesthefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.Shakespeare'sgreatesttragediesareHamlet,-thefirstofgreatesttragedies,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth（麥克白.）TheyhavesomecharacteristicsincommonWilliamShakespeare'sfourg

42、reattragediesareHamlet,Othello,KingLearandMacbeth.Theyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon.Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.Eachherohashisweaknessofnature:Hamlet,themelancholicscholarprince,f

43、acesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;Othello'sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;theoldkingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity;andMacbeth'slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionleadshimtoincessantcrimes. RomantictragicomediesTheTempestisatyp

44、icalexampleofhispessimisticviewtowardshumanlifeandsocietyinhislateyear6. AbouthissonnetsLyric:Apoem,usuallyashortone,whichexpressesaspeaker'spersonalthoughtsorfeelings.Theelegy,ode,andsonnetareallformsofthelyric2）Thetheme:mostofthesonnetsconcernswiththeflyingofthetime,andtheyouth,beauty,beliefan

45、dthelovearealsogone.7. Shakespeare'swritingcharacteristicsTheprogressivesignificanceofthetheme-humanismThesuccessfulcharacterportrayal-womenscharactersThemasterhandinconstructingtheplotTheingenuityofhispoetryThemasteryofhislanguage8. Aboutselectedreading aboutsonnet18Sonnet18isoneofthemostbeauti

46、fulsonnetswrittenbyShakespeare,inwhichhehasaprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftimeandtheeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytotheoneheloves.Typicallines:ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:Thetheme:Immortality,Beautyandlove aboutTheMerchantofVeniceMajorcharacters:Bas

47、sanio:-ayoungVenetiancourtPortia,acceptedAntonio:-amerchantofVenice,allmoneyinventedinships,atsea,returnnotontimeShylock:-theJewishusurer（放高利貸者）Portia:-standingforthegreatbeauty,witandloyaltyMainplot:Bassanio,ayoungVenetian,wouldliketotraveltoBelmonttowoothebeautifulandwealthyheiressPortia.Heapproac

48、heshisfriendAntonio,amerchant,forthreethousandducatsneededtosubsidizehistravelingexpendituresasasuitorforthreemonths.AsallofAntonio'sshipsandmerchandisearebusyatsea,AntonioapproachestheJewishmoneylenderShylockforaloan,andtherewardofbreakingthereturningoathisapoundoffreshfromAntonio'sbody.Cou

49、rthappening:unsuccessfulpersuading,nomoreandnolessthanonepoundofflesh,spillingnodropofbloodTheanalysistothepersonalities:Antonio:-faithfultofriend,Shylock:-greedy,brutalandinhumanPortia:-beautiful,wittyandloyalTheme:traditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealize

50、Portiaasaheroineofthegreatbeauty,witandloyalty,andtoexposethegreedandbrutalityoftheJew.Typicallines:"Superfluitycomessoonerbywhitehairs,butcompetencyliveslonger."(Acti.Sc.2.)"ThedevilcanciteScriptureforhispurpose."(Acti.Sc.3.)"Mislikemenotformycomplexion,theshadow'dliver

51、yoftheburnish'dsun."(Actii.Sc.1 .)"Inthetwinklingofaneye."(Actii.Sc.2.)"Allthatglistersisnotgold."(Actii.Sc.7.)aboutHamletTheMajorcharacters:Hamlet:thetitlecharacter,isthesonofthelateking,forwhomhewasnamed.HehasreturnedtoElsinoreCastlefromWittenberg,wherehewasauniversity

52、student.Claudius:istheKingofDenmark,electedtothethroneafterthedeathofhisbrother,KingHamlet.ClaudiushasmarriedGertrude,hisbrother'swidow.Gertrude:istheQueenofDenmark,andKingHamlet'swidow,nowmarriedtoClaudius.theGhost:appearsintheexactimageofHamlet'sfather,thelateKingHamlet.Majorplot:Hamle

53、tfeelsaresponsibilitytoavengehisfather'smurderbyhisuncleClaudius,butClaudiusisnowthekingandthuswellprotected.Moreover,HamletstruggleswithhisdoubtsaboutwhetherhecantrusttheghostandwhetherkillingClaudiusistheappropriatethingtodo.ThepersonalityofHamlet:Brave,justifiedandcleverbutindecisiveViewsofHa

54、mletPerhapsthemoststraightforwardviewseesHamletasseekingtruthinordertobecertainthatheisjustifiedincarryingouttherevengecalledforbyaghostthatclaimstobethespiritofhisfather.ThemoststandardviewisthatHamletishighlyindecisive,OthersseeHamletasapersonchargedwithadutythatheknowsandfeelsisright,yetisunwilli

55、ngtocarryout.Inthisview,allofhiseffortstosatisfyhimselfofKingClaudius'guilt,orhisfailuretoactwhenhecan,areevidenceofthisunwillingness,andHamletberateshimselfforhisinabilitytocarryouthistask.Theme:Theimpossibilityofcertainty;thecomplexityofaction;themysteryofdeath;thenationasadiseasedbodymotifs:I

56、ncestandincestuousdesire;earsandhearing;deathandsuicide;darknessandthesupernatural;misogynySymbols:Theghost(thespiritualconsequencesofdeath);Yorick'sskull(thephysicalconsequencesofdeath)TypicalLines:"Tobeornottobe,thatisaquestion”Whatarethequestions:Whetherbelievetheghost'swordsornotWhe

57、therkillhisuncleornotWhatshouldhedo,dieorliven.JohnMilton1. Personalintroduction Milton'slifeBorninpuritanfamilyinLondon,Motherinterestedinreligionandlocalcharity,Fatherawell-to-doscrivenerandmusician EducatedatCambridgeGraduated:studyandwritingofpoetryBegantravelingabroadin1638,returnedLondonto

58、writepamphletsandtractstosupporttherevolutionDIn1649LatinsecretarycorrespondingforeigngovernmentIn1652wentblindcompletelyandincurablyat43duetohardworkdayandnightKingCharlesIIrestoration:KeepingwritingagainstkingshipArrestedandfinedandreleasedLeftinpeacetoproducehispoeticworksIn1674diedpeacefullyinasmallhouse辯論家）ThegreatestEnglishpoetafterShakespeare,polemicist（2. LiteratureachievementsMilton'sliteraryachievementscanbedividedintothreegroups:theearlypoeticworks,themiddleprosepamphlets&thelastgreatpoems.EarlyPoetryLycidas（利西達(dá)斯）isacollectionofelegiesdedicated