九 主要英語國家的詞匯特征

1、 第九單元 主要英語國家的詞匯特征 一、21 21世紀英語的球土化What s the definition of Glocalization?一、球土化 Globalization (or globalisation) is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and mutual sharing, and other aspects of culture. + GlocalizationlocalizationGlobali

2、zation 二、英語的全球化發(fā)展二、英語的全球化發(fā)展Some frameworks might help us better Some frameworks might help us better understand some of these complexities.understand some of these complexities. one useful way forward can be found in the work of Walter Mignolo（2000）. we have a way of focusing on the process of globa

3、lization that does not mere reduce it to homo-genization.Because of the influences of former British Empire and the USAs political/economic power, English nowadays is used in a lot of areas around the world. With the globalization of English, English is popular in many fields, such as academy, inter

4、national political meetings, entertainment, business, and even personal social interaction. (Buck, 2005) Currently, the language chosen most often around the world is English (House, 2003). English is used as a tool to achieve something beneficial to their lives, e.g., for making money, job promotio

5、netc (Mufwene, 2006). However, some people think that such wide uses of English bring some negative impacts to the world.Why so many names for English?the emergency of scholarship that critically assesses the spread of English.The increase in the use of English globally.The attempts of ELT professio

6、nals themselves to counter the perceived dominance of English.Can you make a definition for lingua franca ?When two speakers with different first languages want to communicate with each other, each speaker has to choose a common language to make himself/herself understood. The chosen common language

7、 is the lingua franca. 二、英國英語二、英國英語Main languages used in UKMain languages used in UKCelticsCeltics (-5C,Before English )EnglishEnglish (Since 5C)Both belong to Indo-European Language familyThe term of The term of B Br ri it ti is sh h E En ng gl li is sh h英國英語（British or UK English）又稱英式英語主要是指居住在不列顛

8、群島上的英格蘭人的英語規(guī)則，為英國本土及英聯(lián)邦國家的官方語言Do you know what is Do you know what is RPRP? ? When used by British speakers , it often refers to the written Standard the written Standard English English and the sociolectsociolect known as Received Pronunciation. Received Pronunciation English can be divided into th

9、e English can be divided into the following types in the British Isles:following types in the British Isles: Scottish English Welsh English Irish English Other dialectsBroad use of the termBroad use of the term Standard and non-standard Formal and imformal At all times In all regions At all social l

10、evelsNarrow useNarrow use The form of standard English The form of standard English used in Britain , used in Britain , or in England , or in south-east England: or in England , or in south-east England: traditionally the medium of the upper and traditionally the medium of the upper and （especially

11、professionalespecially professional）middle classmiddle class. .二、英國英語的來源二、英國英語的來源 British EnglishBritish English Standard English Standard English Regional English Regional English The West Countrys distinctive rural dialects The West Countrys distinctive rural dialectsBritish EnglishBritish English

12、 American EnglishAmerican EnglishBritish English British English contrast withcontrast with Australian English Australian English South Africa English South Africa English etc. etc. The form of English uesd in BritainStandard EnglishStandard EnglishBefore the 15Before the 15thth century, standards o

13、f century, standards of pronunciationpronunciation and and vocabularyvocabulary gradually became established. gradually became established.In the 18In the 18thth century, there was a lot of discussion about century, there was a lot of discussion about correctcorrectEnglish.English.Samuel Johnsons Sa

14、muel Johnsons dictionary dictionary Published in 1775Be considered an authority on the correct use of words What What is Dialectis Dialect? ? What can Standard English also be What can Standard English also be called?called?Forms of a language used in a particular region were considered inferior to

15、standard English.The Queens /Kings EnglishOr BBC EnglishRegional EnglishRegional English Modern dialects have their roots in “Old English” or “Middle English”.Dialects are often characterized by use of non-standard forms such as double negative structures eg. I dont want none. .Can you tell me somet

16、hing about Cockney?The The West West Countrys distinctive Countrys distinctive rural rural dialectsdialects Scottish dialectScottish dialect: ayeaye for yesyes , , weewee for littlelittle WalesWales: boyboy for manman, look you look you for you seeyou see Irish dialectIrish dialect: would you be aft

17、er waiting would you be after waiting for dodo you want you want Welsh , Irish and some Scottish accents often have an attractive lilt(= rising and falling intonation pattern.) 許許多擁有方言和口音的人會被他們的第一語言多擁有方言和口音的人會被他們的第一語言和和他他們現(xiàn)在所居住的地方方言影響。們現(xiàn)在所居住的地方方言影響。在英國，許多人在英國，許多人的家庭是來自南的家庭是來自南亞或者加勒比海亞或者加勒比海 來來自這些地方的

18、年輕自這些地方的年輕人把英語作為他們的第人把英語作為他們的第一語言，而一些老人則一語言，而一些老人則把它作為第二語言。把它作為第二語言。三、美國英語三、美國英語一、美國英語的發(fā)展狀況一、美國英語的發(fā)展狀況An outline to the development of An outline to the development of American EnglishAmerican English The first expedition from England The first expedition from England to the New World in to the New

19、World in 15841584 was proved to was proved to be a failure.be a failure. 16071607年，約翰年，約翰史密斯（史密斯（John SmithJohn Smith）等首）等首批殖民者批殖民者120120人乘三艘大船橫越大西洋，在人乘三艘大船橫越大西洋，在弗吉尼亞弗吉尼亞州州（VirginiaVirginia）的詹姆斯河口建立了）的詹姆斯河口建立了詹姆斯城詹姆斯城（JamestownJamestown）。）。 在1620年，從英國東部諾?？丝ず?沙?？丝淼那褰掏匠俗拔逶禄ㄌ枴保∕ay F l o w e r ） 船 駛

20、抵 馬 薩 諸 塞 州（Massachusetts）的東南部普利茅斯（Plymouth）， 建立了殖民地。 當時的英國正處于伊莉莎白一世時期，從英語發(fā)展史來看，正處于現(xiàn)代英語的早期開始階段。 在最早移居新英格蘭的清教徒中有一百多名還是牛津大學和劍橋大學的畢業(yè)生，他們將伊莉莎白時期的英語帶到了北美新大陸，成為美國英語的起點。 從這時起，兩國都說伊莉莎白時代的英語。 從十七世紀初英國清教徒踏上美國的土地到后來很長的一段時間里，美國的英語和英國的英語沒有什么明顯的差異。 美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭的勝利是一個歷史性的轉折點，它標志著一種嶄新的美國英語的產生,革命者們試圖在各個生活領域脫離英國的統(tǒng)治。 本杰明富蘭克

21、林發(fā)表的題為美國采用新字母表和改革拼寫模式的計劃的文章，雖然方案沒被采納，但卻給詞匯學家和辭典編纂家諾亞韋伯斯特（Noah Webster）產生了巨大的影響他的理論使得一些單詞有了新的拼寫方法，如honorhonor取代了honourhonour，theatertheater取代了theatretheatre。 可以說富蘭克林是一位英語發(fā)展史的先驅者。 諾諾亞亞韋伯斯特韋伯斯特是美國最負盛名的詞典學家.1828年，出版了他的美語詞典（American Dictionary of English Language） ，這標志著他對美國英語的貢獻達到了一個頂峰時期,美國規(guī)范化的民族語言終于形成。

22、作為一個移民國家，美國一直被譽為“nation of nations”，但其主流文化仍是Anglo-Saxon文化。 任何新移民，為了在新大陸生活下去，不得不接受或適應這種主流文化。 同時，美國人民為自己的文學和語言的獨立和形成所進行的斗爭，實際上是政治斗爭的繼續(xù)與發(fā)展。美國英語的形成的過程是漫長而曲折的. 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)前后的時期是美國英語和英國英語關系的轉折點（turning point）， 在此之前的傾向是美國英語偏離英國英語，在此之后的主要傾向是英國英語向美國英語靠攏。After the second World War, Americas international status h

23、ad been raised quicklyThe economic base determines the superstructure, so American English soon came up from the behind二、美國英語和英國英語發(fā)生差異的原因二、美國英語和英國英語發(fā)生差異的原因what is the semantic approach? Perhaps the most common way to deal with the lexis of the two varieties is what may be called the semantic approac

24、h.Five different groups of the semantic Five different groups of the semantic approachapproach First, most words and meanings are the same between American English and British English. The second group comprises words that refer to something unknown in the other future. Third ,different words and ph

25、rases are used to express the same meaning. Fourth,the two varieties share a word/phrase, but with a fully different meaning. Fifth, both varieties share an expression and its meaning, but where one or both have a further expression for the same thing not shared by the other. 三、美國英語和英國英語詞匯的差異三、美國英語和

26、英國英語詞匯的差異拼寫拼寫差異差異 美美國國 英國英國中心：center centrecenter centre行為：behavior behaviour behavior behaviour 練習：practice practisepractice practise公斤：kilogramme kilogramkilogramme kilogram詞義詞義差異差異 美國美國 英國英國First floor: First floor: 一樓一樓 二樓二樓Public school: Public school: 公立學校公立學校 私立學校私立學校To wash up: To wash up: 洗

27、手洗手 洗碗洗碗公公寓：寓： apartment flatapartment flat假假期：期： vacation holidayvacation holiday 特定詞語特定詞語差異差異英國有prince , knight , duck等詞，而美國沒有。 美國有president , vice-president等詞，而英國沒有。一些介詞的使用差異 美國 英國 on the weekend at the weekend on the street in the street 某些動詞的過去式和過去分詞差異 美國 英國 burn burned burntlearn learned learn

28、t And so on And so on四、美國英語詞匯的特點和發(fā)展前景四、美國英語詞匯的特點和發(fā)展前景The characteristics of American EnglishThe characteristics of American English 美美國英語的一致國英語的一致性性 作作為美國唯一的官方語言和多民族通用語言為美國唯一的官方語言和多民族通用語言, , 美國英語具有驚人的一致性美國英語具有驚人的一致性。 豐豐富多彩的美國英語詞匯富多彩的美國英語詞匯 美美國英語詞匯是指在美國形成或主要在美國國英語詞匯是指在美國形成或主要在美國使用的一些詞使用的一些詞語語。 整個殖民地時

29、期, 新增加的美國英語詞匯中最多的是以下三類詞語: 一從印第安語中吸收的詞匯 二英語復合詞 三從其他語言中借用的詞匯(即“外來詞”) 美美國英語的一些讀寫差異國英語的一些讀寫差異 一是拼寫方面的差別 二是口語發(fā)音的差別美國英語的發(fā)展變化主要體現(xiàn)在詞匯上,其發(fā)展趨勢為: 各行各類的新詞大量出現(xiàn); 許多舊詞的語義量不斷擴大; 詞匯的拼寫形式日趨簡化。1340501278Canadian Canadian EnglishEnglishIntroductionIntroductionlThe Canadian was influenced by many different languages whi

30、ch are spoken by native Canadians and immigrants in terms of Americans and English. The features of Canadian Canadian spelling and vocabulary show both the characters of Americans and English . The meaning of some words have the special features, but there is little differences in grammar.lCanadian

31、English is the variety variety of English spoken in Canada. According to the 2011 census, English was the first language of approximately 19 million Canadians, or 57% of the population; the remainder of the population were native speakers of French (22%) .82% of Canadians outside Quebec reported spe

32、aking English natively, but within Quebec the figure was just 7.7% as most of its residents are native speakers of Quebec French.OriginOriginuIn early 18 18 century ,the immigrants speaking Emglish came here at first time.uIn the 1750s , plenty of immigrants being from England ,Ireland and Scotland

33、flocked here.uin the 1760s,the conqueror strongly commanded that Canadian must keep in accordance with English.uIn 1867, Canadian developed its own characteristics。HistoryHistoryThe term Canadian English is first attested in a speech by the Reverend AReverend A. Constable Geikie Constable Geikie in

34、an address to the Canadian Institute in 18571857. Geikie, a Scottish-born Canadian, reflected the Anglocentric attitude that would be prevalent in Canada for the next Canada for the next hundred years hundred years when he referred to the language as a corrupt dialectcorrupt dialect, in comparison t

35、o what he considered the proper English spoken by immigrants from Britain.HistoryHistoryCanadian English is the product of four waves four waves of immigration over a period of two centuries. The first large first large wave of permanent English-speaking settlement in Canada, and was the influx of L

36、oyalists fleeing the American Revolution,so Canadian English is believed by some scholars to have derived from northern American English. Canadian English has been developing features of its own since the early 19 century. The second wave from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada a

37、fter the War of 1812 by the governors of Canada. Waves of immigration from around the globe peaking in 1910 and 1960 had a lesser influence.PronunciatiPronunciationoninclining to Amertican English in regard to intonation, tempo, and stress, e.g. apricot, patriot, patent,status, data, leisure, erase,

38、 record.lbeing based on British English,e.g.lever, lieutenant, greasy,cashmere,docile,fertile.lshowing irregularities in some words,e.g.else elts, oncewqntz,PronunciationPronunciationT h e m o s t t y p i c a l C a n a d i a n T h e m o s t t y p i c a l C a n a d i a n feature :Canadian raisingfeat

39、ure :Canadian raising， which is found most prominently throughout central and west-central Canada, as well as in parts of the Atlantic Provinces. For the beginning points of the diphthongs (gliding vowels) /a/ (as in the words height and mice) and /a/ (as in shout and house), the tongue is often mor

40、e raised in the mouth when these diphthongs come before voiceless consonants, namely /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, / and /f/, in comparison to other varieties of EnunciationpronunciationBefore voiceless consonants, /a/ becomes . One of the few phonetic variables that divides Canadians regionally is

41、the articulation of the raised allophone of this as well as of /a/; in Ontario, it tends to have a mid-central or even mid-front articulation, sometimes approaching , while in the West and Maritimes a more retracted sound is heard, closer to . Among some speakers in the Prairies and in Nova Scotia,

42、the retraction is strong enough to cause some tokens of raised /a/ to merge with /o/, so that couch merges with coach, meaning the two sound the same, and about sounds like a boat; this is often inaccurately represented as sounding like a boot for comic effect in American popular culture.SpellingSpe

43、llinglFrench-derived words that in American English end with -or and -er, such as color or center, retain British spellings (colour and centre). While the United States uses the Anglo-French spelling defense and offense (noun), Canadians use the British spellings defence and offence. (Note that defe

44、nsive and offensive are universal.)lIn other cases, Canadians and Americans differ from British spelling, such as in the case of nouns like curb and tire, which in British English are spelled kerb and tyre. lWords such as realize and paralyze are usually spelled with -ize or -yze rather than -ise or -yse. (The etymological convention that verbs derived from Greek roots are spelled with -ize and those from Latin with -ise is preserved in that practice.SpellingSpellinglSome nouns, as in British English, take -ice while matching verbs take -ise for example, practice