機電專業(yè)英語第Unit電子元件在線路中怎樣聯(lián)接的PPT課件

1、第1頁/共42頁What the meaning of “Circuit”? (radio)第2頁/共42頁“Circuit”是什么意思？(單選)：提交第3頁/共42頁 There are many components that may be used in circuits: batteries, light bulbs, wires and switches. The parts of a circuit can be connected in two different ways. When they are connected such that there is a single

2、conducting path between them, they are said to be connected in series. When circuit elements are connected across common points such that there is more than one conducting path through the circuit, they are connected in parallel. A typical electrical device is composed of many smaller series and par

3、allel portions. In general, only very simple circuits can be entirely in series or in parallel.第4頁/共42頁Series circuitsA series circuit and its matching circuit diagram are shown in Fig. 16-1. Because there is only one path for charge movement through the circuit, the current is the same throughout t

4、he circuit. As electrons move through the circuit, their flow is resisted by each light bulb, so that the total resistance to charge movement is the sum of all the resistances in the path . From Ohms law (I=VR), we know that the total current is equal to the voltage divided by the total resistance.

5、There is a voltage drop across each bulb. The sum of the voltage drops is equal to the voltage of the power source, which in this case is a battery. Because the current is the same throughout a series circuit, the voltage drop across each light bulb is directly proportional to that bulbs resistance.

6、第5頁/共42頁Parallel circuitsA parallel circuit and its corresponding circuit diagram are shown in Fig. 16-2. Since there is more than one path for charge to flow as it moves through the circuit, the current is divided between the two bulbs. Therefore, the current is the same before the bulbs (at the no

7、de; intersection of two wires) and after the bulbs (at the node; intersection of two wires), but is divided at the bulbs. In other words, the total current in the circuit is equal to the sum of the currents in the parallel portions. Note that if the bulbs have the same resistance, the current is div

8、ideded equally among them. On the other hand, if the bulbs have different resistances, the bulb with greater resistance has less current. The total resistance of the circuit decreases if the number of parallel paths increases. The voltage drop across each part of a parallel circuil is the same becau

9、se each part is connected across the same two points.第6頁/共42頁 A very complicated circuit that combines thousands to millions of parallel and series circuits working together is called an integrated circuit (see Fig. 16-3). A microprocessor, known as a central processing unit or a CPU, is a type of i

10、ntegrated circuit that works as a complete computation engine. 第7頁/共42頁 component kmpunnt adj. 組成的，構(gòu)成的 n.元件；組件circuit s:kit n. 電路，回路 vt. 繞回環(huán)行conduct kEndQkt vt.導(dǎo)電；引導(dǎo) n. 行為；實施proportional prupC:Fnl adj. 比例的，成比例的；均衡的diagram daigrm n. 圖表；圖解 vt. 用圖解法表示current kQrnt n.（電）流；趨勢 adj. 現(xiàn)在的；通用的electron ilektrE

11、n n. 電子resistance rizistns n. 抵抗；電阻；阻力第8頁/共42頁 voltage vultidV n. 電 電壓 node nud n. 節(jié)點；瘤；叉點 intersection ,intsekFn n. 十字路口；交叉點；交集 decrease dikri:s n. 減少；減少量 vt. 減少 integrated intigreitid adj. 綜合的；完整的v. 整合 microprocessor ,maikrupruses n. 計 微處理器 process pruses v. 加工；處理；對起訴第9頁/共42頁 connected in series 串

12、聯(lián)connected in parallel 并聯(lián)integrated circuit 集成電路computation engine 計算引擎，計算中心CPU 中央處理單元第10頁/共42頁 1. A typical electrical devicein series or in parallel. 譯文：任何常見的電子設(shè)備都是由許多小型串聯(lián)和并聯(lián)電路組成的。一般來說，只有那些非常簡單的電路才會完全由單一的串聯(lián)或并聯(lián)電路組成。 說明：be composed of ：由組成 又如： The rings themselves are seen to be composed of many ind

13、ividual ringlets. 可以看到光環(huán)本身是由許多單道小環(huán)形組成。 in general：總之，通常；一般而言 又如： In general, the wheels of European policy turn slowly. 總的來說，歐洲政策制定進(jìn)程緩慢前行。第11頁/共42頁 2. As electrons move throughthe sum of all the resistances in the path. 譯文：電子流過電路過程中，它們的流動會受到每一個電燈泡阻礙。因此，電子運動的總電阻就是電路中所有電阻的總和。 說明：the sum of：的總數(shù) 又如： But

14、 the whole seems less than the sum of those parts. 但從整體上來看就略遜于那些優(yōu)秀部分的總和。第12頁/共42頁 3. In other words, the total current in the circuit is equal to the sum of the currents in the parallel portions. 譯文：也就是說，電路當(dāng)中的總電流等于各并聯(lián)部分的電流之和。注意，如果兩個燈泡有相同的電阻，那么電流就將被分為相等的兩部分。 說明：in other words：也就是說；換句話說 又如： In other w

15、ords, with hard work any obstacle can be overcome. 換句話說，只要努力工作任何障礙都可以被克服。第13頁/共42頁 4. A microprocessor,as a complete computation engine. 譯文：大家都知道的微處理器(也叫做中央處理單元或CPU)就是一種作為完整的計算中心的集成電路。 說明：句中 known asa CPU 是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾 microprocessor, 相當(dāng)于一個非限制性定語從句?！癈PU” 意為“中央處理單元”。 第14頁/共42頁I. Answer the following

16、questions according to the text. 1. What are the two different ways the parts of a circuit can be connected? 2. What is CPU? They can be connected in series or in parallel. A microprocessor, which is a type of integrated circuit that works as a complete computation engine.第15頁/共42頁II. Place a “T” (t

17、rue) or an “F”(false) beside the sentences according to the text. 1. A lot of circuits may be entirely in series or in parallel. 2. The current is the same throughout the circuit in parallel. 3. The bulb with greater resistance has less current in the circuit in series.4. The current is divided in p

18、arallel circuit.FFFT第16頁/共42頁1.When they are connected such that there is a single conducting path between them, they are said to be connected in series.2. When circuit elements are connected across common points such that there is more than one conducting path through the circuit, they are connecte

19、d in parallel. Translate the following sentences intoChinese當(dāng)這些元件以單一的傳導(dǎo)路徑來連接時，這種連接方式就稱為串聯(lián)。當(dāng)電路元件的連接通過公共節(jié)點，也就是說電路中有多條傳導(dǎo)路徑時，我們稱這種連接為并聯(lián)。 第17頁/共42頁 3.The sum of the voltage drops is equal to the voltage of the power source, which in this case is a battery. 4.The total resistance of the circuit decreases

20、if the number of parallel paths increases. Translate the following sentences into Chinese電路中總的壓降等于電源電壓，在此處即電池電壓。如果并聯(lián)的路徑增加了，那么電路中的總電阻就會減小。第18頁/共42頁 科技術(shù)語是準(zhǔn)確地標(biāo)志科技和社科領(lǐng)域的一定概念的詞語，用來記錄和表述各種現(xiàn)象、過程、特性、關(guān)系、狀態(tài)等不同名稱，是科技文獻(xiàn)的靈魂、精華和關(guān)鍵。在進(jìn)行英譯時，科技術(shù)語翻譯往往也是難點和亮點。如何把這類術(shù)語譯成適當(dāng)?shù)臐h語且又不失科技文體準(zhǔn)確性與嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性呢？下面介紹一些常用的翻譯方法： 第19頁/共42頁按照原詞所

21、表達(dá)的具體事物和概念譯出科學(xué)概念。這種譯法最為普遍，例如：holography全息攝影、guided missile導(dǎo)彈、aircraft carrier航空母艦、videophone可視電話、E-mail電子郵件等。多適用于以下幾類術(shù)語：1.合成詞： 由兩個或兩個以上舊詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞。例如：skylab太空實驗室；moonwalk月球漫步；friction factor摩擦系數(shù)。2.多義詞： 舊詞轉(zhuǎn)義，即通過賦予舊詞以新義而構(gòu)成新術(shù)語。例如：drone雄蜂無人駕駛飛機；bug臭蟲竊聽器；computer計算者計算機。3.派生詞： 在原有的詞根上加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成新術(shù)語。例如：thermocou

22、ple熱電偶；voltmeter電壓表。第20頁/共42頁根據(jù)英語單詞的發(fā)音譯成讀音與原詞大致相同的漢語。主要適用于以下兩類術(shù)語：1.計量單位詞 例如：hertz赫茲(頻率單位)；bit比特(度量信息單位，二進(jìn)制位)；lux勒克司(照明單位)；joule焦耳(功或能的單位)2.某些新發(fā)明的材料或產(chǎn)品名稱 例如： nylon尼龍(酰胺纖維)；sonar聲納(聲波導(dǎo)航和測距設(shè)備)；vaseline凡士林(石油凍)；morphine嗎啡。一般來說，意譯能夠明確地表達(dá)涵義。因此，有些音譯詞常被意譯詞所取代，或二者同時使用。例如：combine康拜因聯(lián)合收割機；laser萊塞激光；vitamin維他命維

23、生素；penicillin盤尼西林青霉素。第21頁/共42頁用英語常用字母的形象來為形狀相似的物體定名。常用的形譯法適用于以下三種情況：1.選用于原字母形似的漢語 例如：T-square丁字尺；I-column工字柱；U-bend馬蹄彎頭；V-slot三角形槽。2.保留原字母不譯，在該字母后加“形”字 例如：A-bedplate A形底座；D-valve D形閥；C-network C形網(wǎng)絡(luò)；M-wing M形機翼。 3.保留原字母不譯 例如：X ray X射線；L-electron L層電子(原子核外第二層的電子)；N-region N區(qū)(電子剩余區(qū)，即電子導(dǎo)電區(qū))。 第22頁/共42頁 根

24、據(jù)具體情況音譯與意譯混用。例如：logiccircuit邏輯電路；covar科伐合金( 鐵鎳鈷合金)；microampere微安(培)；kilowatt千瓦；radar-man雷達(dá)手；Morse code莫爾斯電碼； Babbit metal巴氏合金。 在科技文獻(xiàn)中商標(biāo)、牌號、型號和表示特定意義的字母均可不譯，直接使用原文，只譯普通名詞。例如：B-52 E bomber B-52 E轟炸機；Kubota Mobile Crane Model KM-150；庫寶塔KM-150型流動式起重機。第23頁/共42頁 在翻譯科技術(shù)語時，應(yīng)避免譯名不統(tǒng)一，不規(guī)范化，以免給讀者帶來麻煩。首先要盡量采用已公布

25、的統(tǒng)一譯名，或者已為大家所公認(rèn)的譯名。例如：lathe一詞就應(yīng)譯為車床，而不應(yīng)譯為旋床。gram 的新舊譯名有“公分”，“克蘭姆”，“克”等等，則應(yīng)譯為“克”。對于那些已經(jīng)有了習(xí)慣譯法的科技術(shù)語，則不適合標(biāo)新立異，別出心裁。例如Nylon，現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣譯為“尼龍”，如果隨便譯成為“乃隆”，就可能被當(dāng)成另一種材料。對于那些有幾種習(xí)慣譯法，幾個譯名都通用的術(shù)語，應(yīng)注意保持前后譯名一致。第24頁/共42頁 科技術(shù)語翻譯的難點主要集中于對專業(yè)詞語的認(rèn)知理解上，因此在日常學(xué)習(xí)與工作中，應(yīng)多注意搜集相關(guān)專業(yè)知識以及表達(dá)方法，包括專業(yè)術(shù)語、專業(yè)詞匯以及語言特色等。并且，要對搜集到的資料及時進(jìn)行歸納、整理和總結(jié)。

26、只有這樣，才能不斷地提高自己的專業(yè)素質(zhì)和外語能力。第25頁/共42頁 Nowadays all of us are familiar with the computer. The ability of a computer to solve a problem depends upon its ability to make certain decisions as it progresses through the various steps of the problem. For example, the computer must make decisions (called logic

27、al decisions) as to whether a number is positive, whether a certain number is larger or smaller than another, or whether a portion of the problem is finished so that the computer may proceed to the next portion. The various circuits that enable the computer to make its decisions are called logic cir

28、cuits, or digital circuits. 如今，我們對計算機都很熟悉。計算機解答問題的能力取決于它對問題的各個步驟進(jìn)行判斷的能力。例如，計算機必須判斷（叫做邏輯判斷）一個數(shù)字是不是正確的，某個數(shù)比另一個數(shù)大還是小，或者問題的某一部分是否已經(jīng)完成以便進(jìn)行下一步。使計算機能進(jìn)行判斷的各種電路叫做邏輯電路，或數(shù)字電路。第26頁/共42頁 The term digital circuit is used to describe those circuit systems which primarily operate with the use of only two different

29、voltage levels or two other binary conditions or states. The two different states by which digital circuits operate may be of several forms. They can, in the simplest form, consist of the opening and closing of a switch. In this case, the closed-switch condition can be represented by 1 and the open-

30、switch condition by 0. Likewise, the lighted lamp can be considered as being in the 1 condition when the switch is closed, while the unlighted lamp can be considered as being in the 0 condition when the switch is open. 數(shù)字電路這個術(shù)語被用來描述僅用兩種不同電壓電平，即兩種不同的二進(jìn)制狀態(tài)進(jìn)行工作的電路系統(tǒng)。 數(shù)字電路進(jìn)行工作的兩種不同狀態(tài)可以有很多種形式。最簡單的形式是由開關(guān)的

31、斷開和閉合形式形成的。就這而言，開關(guān)閉合狀態(tài)可以用“1”表示，開關(guān)斷開狀態(tài)用“0”表示。同理，當(dāng)開關(guān)閉合時，亮著的燈可以看作“1”的狀態(tài)，而當(dāng)開關(guān)斷開時，熄滅了的燈可以看作“0”的狀態(tài)。第27頁/共42頁 A very common method of digital operation is achieved by using voltage pulse. A pulse is defined as a rapid change from one voltage level to another and then a rapid return to the original level. T

32、he duration or time at the second level is usually quite short compared with the time at the first level. The pulse is made up of a positive step and a negative step. (If the step is above the baseline, it is called a positive step, if it is below the baseline it is called negative). If the positive

33、 step comes first it is a positive pulse and if the negative step is first it is a negative pulse. The presence of a positive pulse can be represented by 1 and the absence of a pulse by 0. 數(shù)字電路工作的最普通的方法是采用電壓脈沖進(jìn)行的。脈沖的定義是：從一個電平迅速變化到另一個電平，然后又快速回到初始電平。第二個電平的持續(xù)時間通常比第一個電平短得多。一個脈沖由一個正階躍和一個負(fù)階躍組成。(如果階躍位于基線之上

34、，那么它被稱為正階躍；如果在基線之下，則被稱為負(fù)階躍。）如果正階躍首先出現(xiàn)，脈沖是正的，相反，如果負(fù)階躍首先出現(xiàn)，脈沖就是負(fù)的。有正脈沖存在，用“1”表示，沒有正脈沖存在用“0”表示。第28頁/共42頁 Pulses are various in forms. Pulse waveforms used in electronic devices are: rectangular waveform, sawtooth waveform, differentiated waveform and so on. With a square-wave signal, the positive pulse

35、 can represent 1 and the negative pulse can represent 0. 脈沖形式是多種多樣的。電子儀器中用到的脈沖波形有：方波形、鋸齒形波、微分波形等等。若用方波信號，正脈沖可代表“1”，負(fù)脈沖代表“0”。第29頁/共42頁progress prugres n. 進(jìn)步，發(fā)展；vi. 進(jìn)行portion pC:Fn n . 部分，命運vt. 分配；proceed prusi:d v.（繼續(xù)）進(jìn)行，開展，著手binary bainri adj. 二元的，二進(jìn)制的，有兩個部分的pulse pQls n. 脈搏；脈沖 vt. 使跳動original ridVn

36、l adj. 原始的；新穎的n. 原型duration djureiFn n. 為期，持續(xù)（時間）positive pCztiv adj. 正的，陽性的n.正數(shù)negative negtiv adj. 負(fù)的；陰性的 n.負(fù)數(shù)baseline beislain n. 基線，底線，起線rectangular rektgjul adj. 矩形的，長方形的，成直角的sawtooth sC:tu: n. & adj. 鋸齒（形的），銳齒的第30頁/共42頁logical decision 邏輯判斷digital circuit 數(shù)字電路pulse waveform 脈沖波形differentia

37、ted waveform 微分波形第31頁/共42頁1.What is logic circuits or digital circuits? 2. What is a pulse? And what is it made up of ?3. Can you give us some forms of the pulse?IAnswer the following questions according to the reading The various circuits that enable the computer to make its decisions are called lo

38、gic circuits, or digital circuits.It is a rapid change from one voltage level to another and then a rapid return to the original level. The duration at the second level is usually quite short compared with the first one. The pulse is made up of a positive step and a negative step.There are rectangul

39、ar waveform, sawtooth waveform, differentiated waveform and so on.第32頁/共42頁1.脈沖數(shù)字電路 2. 邏輯電路 3. 電壓脈沖 4. 正/負(fù)階躍IITranslate the following into English pulse digital circuitlogic circuitvoltage pulsepositive/negative step第33頁/共42頁 如今，我們對計算機都很熟悉。計算機解答問題的能力取決于它對問題的各個步驟進(jìn)行判斷的能力。例如，計算機必須判斷（叫做邏輯判斷）一個數(shù)字是不是正確的，某個數(shù)比另一個數(shù)大還是小，或者問題的某一部分是否已經(jīng)完成以便進(jìn)行下一步。使計算機能進(jìn)行判斷的各種電路叫做邏輯電路，或數(shù)字電路。 數(shù)字電路這個術(shù)語被