閱讀備課材料

1、Part 川 Reading Comprehension （ 40 minutes ）Sectio n AA rat or pige on ?p?d? ?n 鴿子 might not be the obvious choice to tend to some one who is sick, but these creatures have some?26 K superior ?skills that could help the treatme nt of huma n diseases.Pigeons are often seen as dirty birds and an urban?

2、27 D nuisanee ?, but they are just the latest in a long line of ani mals that have bee n found to have abilities to help huma ns. Despite havi ng a brain no bigger tha n the?28 M tip?of your in dex fin ger （食指），pige ons have a very impressive?29 O visual memory. Recen tly it was shown that they coul

3、d be trained to be as accurate ?kj?r?t精確的 as humans at detecting（探測，檢查）breast （胸部）cancer in images （影像）.Rats are often?30 A associated?with spreading disease rather than?31 F preventing?it, but this Iong-tailed ani mal is highly?32 H sen sitive ?. In side a rat's nose are up to 1,000 differe nt

4、types of olfactory receptors （ 嗅覺 感受器）,whereas humans only have 100 to 200 types. This gives rats the ability to detect 33 I slight ?smells. As a result, some rats are being put to work to detect TB（肺結(jié)核）.When the rats detect the smell, they stop and rub （擦，摩擦） their legs to?34 C indicate ?a sample i

5、s infected.Traditi on ally, a hun dred samples would take lab tech nicians more tha n two days to?35 B exam ine?, but for a rat it takes less tha n 20 minu tes. This rat detect ion method does n't rely on specialist equipme nt. It is also more accurate the rats are able to find more TB infection

6、s and, therefore, save more lives. 一只老鼠或鴿子可能不 是照顧生病的人的明顯選擇，但這些生物擁有大約的高級技能，可以幫助治療人類疾病。鴿子通常被視為骯臟的鳥類和城市的滋擾，但它們只是最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的一長串動物，有能力幫助人類。 盡管有大腦 不大于28米的食指尖，鴿子有一個非常令人印象深刻的視覺記憶。最近的研究表明，他們 可以被訓(xùn)練得和人類一樣精確地在圖像中檢測乳房。大鼠通常與傳播疾病有關(guān)，而不是阻礙，但這種長尾動物高度敏感。在老鼠的鼻子里有多達(dá)1000種不同類型的奧爾法而人類只有100到200種類型。這使大鼠有能力檢測出輕微的氣味。結(jié)果，一些老鼠被投入到檢測結(jié)核病

7、（肺結(jié)核）的工作中。當(dāng)老鼠發(fā)現(xiàn)了氣味，他們停下來，把腿摩擦，表明樣本被感染了。傳統(tǒng)上，一百個樣本需要實(shí)驗(yàn)室技術(shù)人員兩天以上的時間來進(jìn)行檢測，但對于一只老鼠，它所需的 時間不到20分鐘。這種老鼠檢測方法不依賴于專家裝備。這也是更準(zhǔn)確的-老鼠能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的結(jié)核病感染，因此，拯救更多的生命。Section BDo In-Class Exams Make Students Study Harder?.在課堂上考試使學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)更努力嗎？Research suggests they may study more broadly （完全地; 大體上）for the unexpected rather than

8、 searchfor answers研究表明，他們可能會研究更廣泛，以尋找意想不到的答案，而不是尋找答案。我一直是個 很差的應(yīng)試者。所以我回來了可能有點(diǎn)奇怪44A I have always bee n a poor test-taker. So it may seem rather stra nge that I have retur ned to college toColumbia University, surrounded by students who quickly supply the verbal 言語的;口頭的 answer while I am still process

9、ing?pr?sesn.（過程；工序vt. 加工；處理）the question.我一直是個很差的考生。因此，我 回到大學(xué)完成了 40年前未完成的學(xué)位，這似乎有點(diǎn)奇怪。我要通過哥倫比亞大學(xué)在我還在處理這個問題的時候，學(xué)生們迅速地提供了口頭的答案。40B Since there is no way for me to avoid exams, I am currently （當(dāng)前， 目前）questioning what kind are the most taxing （繁重的，費(fèi)力的） and ultimately beneficial. I have already sweated （流汗

10、； 做苦工） through nu merous ?nju:m?r?s in-class midterms and fin als, and now I have a professor who issues （發(fā)布） take-home on es. I was excited when I learned this, figuring （算出）I had a full week to do the research, read the texts, andwrite it all up. In fact, I was still rewriting my midterm the morni

11、ng it was due（應(yīng)有的權(quán)禾U ;應(yīng)得至U的東西 ;）.To say I had lost the thread is putting it mildly.由于我沒有辦法避免考試，我目前在質(zhì)疑哪種考試最費(fèi)錢，最終是有益的。我已經(jīng)在無數(shù)的期中和期末考試中汗流浹背?，F(xiàn)在我有一位教授負(fù)責(zé)給我?guī)Щ丶摇．?dāng)我學(xué)到這個的時候，我很興奮，我想我有整整一周的時間來做研究，閱讀課文，然后把它全部寫出來。事實(shí)上，我還在 在我期中考試即將到來的那一天。說我把線弄丟了，這是溫和的說法。38C As I was sufferi ng through my week of an xiety, overth ink

12、ing the material and guess ing my grasp（控制; 控制力; 能力所及） of it, I did some of my own polling（對進(jìn)行調(diào)查）among students and professors.David Eise nbach, who teaches a popular class on U.S. preside nts at Columbia, prefers the in-class variety （多樣 化） . He believes students ultimately learn more and encourage

13、s them to form study groups. “That way they't happen without the pctassrExafran ” hesocialize over history outside the class, which would n explained, “ Furthermore）n-class exams force students to learn how to perform under pressure, and essentialwork skill.當(dāng)我經(jīng)歷了一周的焦慮，過度思考和猜測我對它的掌握時，我在學(xué)生和教授中做了一些

14、自己的調(diào)查。大衛(wèi) 艾森巴赫，教流行音樂在哥倫比亞大學(xué)的美國總統(tǒng)的班級，更喜歡課堂上的各種.。他相信這樣，他們就可以在歷史上進(jìn)行社交活動了。學(xué)生最終會學(xué)到更多的東西，并鼓勵他們組成學(xué)習(xí)小組。他解釋道：課堂考試沒有壓力，課堂考試就不會發(fā)生， 而且，課堂考試迫使學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)如何在壓力下表演, 以及基本的滑雪作業(yè)。39D He also says there is less chanee of cheating with the in-class variety. In 2012, 125 students atthoucJHarvard were caught up in a sca ndal whe

15、n it was discovered they had cheated on a take-home exam for a class en titled"In troduct ion To Con gress.” Some colleges have what they call an“ honor code,eno ugh to get into these schools, you are either smart eno ugh to get around）（繞開） any codes （ 行為準(zhǔn)貝 U ; 代 碼） or hopefully , too ethical ?

16、e0 ?kdj.道德的） to consider doing so. As I sat blocked （圭寸鎖的） andclueless （無能的） for two solid?s?l?d（固體的；實(shí)心的；結(jié)實(shí)的，可靠的） days, I momentarily ?m?m?ntr?li（馬上） wondered if I couldn ' t just call an expert on the subject matter which I ckanga （解 決），or someone who took the class previously, to get me going.

17、他還說，在課堂上作弊的可能性較小。2012,有125名哈佛學(xué)生被發(fā)現(xiàn)在一次帶回家的考試中作弊，從而卷入了一樁丑聞。題為 國會簡介”的班級。有些大學(xué)有他們所謂的榮譽(yù)守則”，但如果你足夠聰明進(jìn)入這些學(xué)校，你要么聰明到可以繞過任何一所學(xué)校?；蛘呦Ｍ翘赖铝?，不能考慮這么做。當(dāng)我坐在那里呆了兩天，毫無頭緒的時候，我突然想，如果我不能找一個專家來研究我所做的事情，我會不會感到困惑？或者是以前上過課的人，讓我開始上課。37E Following the Harvard scandal, Mary Miller, the former dean di:n教務(wù)長 of students at Yale, m

18、adean impassioned appeal to her school' s professors to（r忍忍住n f制止） take-home exams. Students risk體教職員）ofers take-home exams without clear, time-limited boundaries, ” she told me. “ Research now shows that regular quizzes, short essays, and other assig nments over the course of a term better enha

19、nce lear ning and retention r?ten?n（保留；記憶力）.在哈佛丑聞之后，耶魯大學(xué)前系主任瑪麗米勒（MaryMiller）強(qiáng)烈呼吁該校的教授們不要參加磨練考試。學(xué)生的健康和健康受到威脅。她對我說：除了在其他期末工作中的表現(xiàn)外，教師們還會在沒有明確、有時間限制的情況下提供帶回家的考試?！薄，F(xiàn)在的研究表明，定期的測驗(yàn)，短文，以及其他學(xué)期的作業(yè)，更能加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)和留用。“43F Most college professors agree the kind of exam they choose largely depends on the subject. A qua nt

20、itative-based one, for example, is un likely to be sent home, where one could ask their older brothers and sisters to help. V ocati on al-type classes, such as computer scie nee or journ alism?d? ?:n? I?z?m（ 新聞學(xué); 新聞工 作）,on the other hand, are often more research-oriented（定向的）and lend themselves to t

21、ake-home testing.Chris Koch, who teaches“ History of Broadcast Journalism” at Montgomery Community College in Rockville,Maryland , points out that reporting is about investigation rather than the memorization of minute details. field, it 'not what you know it 'what you know how to find out,

22、"says Koch. “Therms way too much information, and more coming all the time, for anyone to remember. I want my students to search out the answers to questions by using all the resources available to them.大多數(shù)大學(xué)教授都認(rèn)為他們選擇的考試類型 主要取決于這門學(xué)科。例如，一個基于數(shù)量的方法不太可能被送回家，在那里你可以問他們的哥哥們。和姐妹們一起幫忙。另一方面，職業(yè)類課程，如計算機(jī)科學(xué)或

23、新聞學(xué)，往往更注重研究，并適合于帶回家 進(jìn)行測試?？死锼箍坪?，世衛(wèi)組織Teac馬里蘭州羅克維爾蒙哥馬利社區(qū)學(xué)院的廣播新聞史”指出，報道是關(guān)于調(diào)查的，而不是對細(xì)節(jié)的記憶。在我的小說里科赫說：事實(shí)上，這不是你所知道的-而是你知道如何發(fā)現(xiàn)。”。有太多的信息，而且越來越多的時刻到來，任何人都無法記住。我要我的學(xué)生去找他利用所有可用的資源來回答問題。42G Students 'testform preferences vary, too, often depending on the subject and course dificulty. “ I prefer take-home essay

24、s because it is then really about the writing, so you have time to edit ?ed?t（ 編輯; 校訂） and do more research, s”ys Elizabeth Dresser, a junior at Barnard. Then there is the stress factor. Francesca Haass, a senior at Middlebury, says,the in-ciassi ones are more stressful in the short term, but there

25、isimmediate relief as you swallow （吞，忍受） information like mad, and then you get to forget it all. Take-homes require thoughtful en gageme nt which can lead to Ion ger term stress as there is n ever a mome nt whe n the time is up. ” Mean while, Olivia Rub in, a sophomore ?s?f?m?:（r） at Emory, says sh

26、e hardly even con siders take -homes true exams. “If you understand the material and have the ability to articulate說出）your thoughts, they should be a breeze bri:z（微風(fēng)；輕而易舉的事）."學(xué)生的考試形式偏好也各不相同，往往取決于科目和課程難 度。我更喜歡帶回家的文章，因?yàn)樗鼘?shí)際上是關(guān)于寫作的，所以你有時間來編輯和做。更多的研究，” Barnard的一名三年級學(xué)生伊麗莎白德雷塞爾說。還有壓力因素。米德爾伯里的大四學(xué)生弗朗西絲卡

27、哈斯說：我發(fā)現(xiàn)課堂上的學(xué)生在短期內(nèi)壓力更大。術(shù)語，但是當(dāng)你像瘋了一樣吞下信息，你就會立刻得到解脫，然后你就會忘記它。帶回家需要深思熟慮的參與，這可能會導(dǎo)致長期壓力，因?yàn)橛行碌摹５葧r間到了。與此同時，埃默里大學(xué)二年級的奧利維亞魯賓（OliviaRubin）表示，她甚至幾乎不考慮參加真正的考試。如果你了解材料，并且有發(fā)音的能力（說出）你的想法，應(yīng)該是輕而易舉的。“41H How stude nts ultimately han dle stress may depe nd on their pers onal test-tak ing abilities. There are people who

28、 always wait until the last minute, and make it much harder than it needs to be. And then there those who, not knowing what questi ons are coming at them, and hav ing no resources to refer to, can freeze. And the n there are we rare re?（r） folks 'f?ks（人們；家屬） who fit both those descriptions.學(xué)生最終如

29、何處理壓 力可能取決于他們的個人應(yīng)試能力。有些人總是等到最后一刻，使事情變得比實(shí)際需要困難得多。然后 在 那里，那些不知道有什么問題在向他們提出，而且沒有資源可供參考的人，可以凍結(jié)。然后，我們也有 罕見的人，他們符合這兩種描述。36l Yes, my advaneed age must factor（ vt. 把因素包括進(jìn)去）into the equation ?kwe?n（等式）,inpart because of my in ability to access the in formati on as quickly. As ano ther retur ning stude nt at

30、Columbia, Kate Marber, told me, “ We are learning not only all this information, but essentially how to learn again. Our fellow（ 同伴;男子 adj. 同伴的;同事的）students have just come out of high school. A lot has changed since wewere last in school.'是的，我的高齡必須考慮到方程式（等式），部分原因是我無法快速地獲取這些信息。作為哥倫比亞大學(xué)的另一名返校學(xué)生，凱特

31、馬伯告訴我：我們是利亞。不僅是這些信息，而且本質(zhì)上是如何重新學(xué)習(xí)。我們的同學(xué)剛從高中畢業(yè)。自從我們上一次上一所學(xué)校以來，已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很多變化。45J If nothing else, the situati on has give n my college son and me somethi ng to share, When I asked his opinion on this matter, he resp on ded,-class IeIXamin because the time is already reserved, as opposed tousing my free tim

32、e at home to work on a test," he responded.It seems to me that a compromise would be receiving the exam questions a day or two in advanee, and then doing the actual test in class the ticking ?t?k?（發(fā)出滴答聲;）clock overhead.如果沒有其他的事，情況已經(jīng)給我上大學(xué)的兒子和我分享的東西，當(dāng)我 問他對這件事的，看來他回答說：我喜歡在課堂考試，因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)預(yù)留了時間，為他回答道：我反對利

33、用我在家的空閑時間去做一個測試?！痹谖铱磥恚讌f(xié)的辦法是提前一兩天收到考題，然后再做實(shí)際的測試。把倒計時的鐘記在頭頂上。K Better yet, how about what one Hun ter College professor reportedly did recen tly for her final exam: She en couraged the class not to stress or even study, promis ing that,piecet of gakeg to be" a When thestudents came in, sharpened

34、 pencils in hand, there was not a blue book in sight. Rather, they saw a large chocolate cake and they each were given a slice.更好的是，據(jù)報道一位亨特學(xué)院教授最近為期末考試做了什 么：她鼓勵全班學(xué)生不要有壓力，甚至不要學(xué)習(xí)，并承諾說：這將是每一個c級的學(xué)生。 阿克。學(xué)生們進(jìn)來時，手里拿著鉛筆，眼前看不到一本藍(lán)色的書。相反，他們看到了一個巨大的巧克力蛋糕，他們 每人都得到了一片。36. Elderly ?eld?li 較老的 stude nts find it hard

35、 to keep up with the rapid cha nges in educati on.37. Some believe take-home exams may affect stude nts' performa nee in other courses.38. Certain professors believe in-class exams are ultimately?lt?m?tli 最后 more helpful to students.39. In-class exams are believed to discourage cheat ing in exam

36、s.40. The author was happy to lear n she could do some exams at home.41. Students who put off their work until the last moment often find the exams more difficult than they actually are.42. Different stude nts may prefer differe nt types of exams.43. Most professors agree whether to give an in-class

37、 or a take-home exam depe nds on type of course being taught.44. The author dropped out of 退學(xué) college some forty years ago.45. Some stude nts thi nk take-home exams will eat up their free time.Section CPassage OneQuesti ons 46 and 50 are based on the follow ing passage.That people often experienee t

38、rouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar surroundings is a phenomenon known as the -nfgsit ” effect. If a person stays in the same room the following night they tend to sleep more soundly. Yuka Sasaki and her colleagues at Brown University set out to investigate the origins of this effect.Dr

39、. Sasaki knew the first -ni ght effect probably hassometh ing to do with how huma ns evolved. Thepuzzle was what ben efit would be gained from it whe n performa nee might be affected the follow ing day. Shealso knew from previous work con ducted on birds and dolph ins that these ani mals put half of

40、 their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remaining alert eno ugh to avoid predators ( 捕食者).This led her to won der if people might be doing the same thing. To take a closer look, her team studied 35 healthy people as they slept in the unfamiliar environment of the universityDepar

41、tment of Psychological Sciences. Theparticipa nts each slept in the departme nt for two n ights and were carefully mon itored with tech niq ues that looked at the activity of their brains. Dr. Sasaki found, as expected, the participants slept less well on their first night than they did on their sec

42、 ond, tak ing more tha n twice as long to fall asleep and sleep ing less overall. During deep sleep, the participa nts' brains behaved in a similar manner see n in birds and dolph ins. On the first ni ght only, theleft hemispheres (半球)of their brains did not sleep n early as deeply as their righ

43、t hemispheres did.Curious if the left hemispheres were in deed remai ning awake to process in formatio n detected in the surrounding environment, Dr. Sasaki re-ran the experiment while presenting the sleeping participants with a mix of regularly timed beeps ( 蜂鳴聲)of the same tone and irregular beeps

44、 of a different tone during the night. She worked out that, if the left hemisphere was stay ing alert to keep guard in a stra nge en vir onment, the n it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones. This is precisely what she found.46. W

45、hat did researchers find puzzli ng about the first -ni ght effect?A) To what exte nt it can trouble people. C) What circumsta nces may trigger it.B) What role it has played in evolutio n. D) In what way it can be ben eficial.47. What do we lear n about Dr. Yuka Sasaki doing her research?A) She found

46、 birds and dolph ins rema in alert while asleep.B) She found birds and dolph ins sleep in much the same way.C) She got some idea from previous studies on birds and dolph insD) She con ducted studies on birds ' and dolph ins ' sleep ing patter ns.48. What did Dr. Sasaki do when she first did

47、her experiment?A) She mon itored the brain activity of participa nts sleep ing in a new environment.B) She recruited 35 participa nts from her Departme nt of Psychological Scie nces.C) She studied the differences between the two sides of participants' brains.D) She tested her findings about bird

48、s and dolph ins on huma n subjects.49. What did Dr. Sasaki do whe n re-running her experime nt?A) She an alyzed the n egative effect of irregular tones on brains.B) She recorded participants ' adaptation to changed environment.C) She exposed her participa nts to two differe nt stimuli.D) She com

49、pared the resp on ses of differe nt participa nts.50. What did Dr. Sasaki find about the participants in her experiment?A) They ten ded to enjoy certa in tones more tha n others.B) They ten ded to perceive irregular beeps as a threat.C) They felt sleepy whe n exposed to regular beeps.D) They differe

50、d in their tolera nee of irregular ton es.Passage TwoQuesti ons 51 to 55 are based on the follow ing passage.It ' s time to reevaluate how women handle conflict at work. Being overworked or over -committed athome and on the job will not get you where you want to be in life. It will only slow you

51、 dow n and hin der your career goals.Did you know wome n are more likely tha n men to feel exhausted? Nearly twice as many wome n tha n men ages 18-44 reported feeling“ veryrtired exhausted ” , according to a recent study.This may not be surpris ing give n that this is the age range whe n wome n hav

52、e childre n. It's also the age range whe n many wome n are trying to bala nee careers and home. One reas on wome n may feel exhausted is that they have a hard time saying "no." Women want to be able todo it all volunteer for school parties or cook delicious meals- and so their an swer

53、to any request is ofte n“ Yes, I can. ”Women struggle to say "no" in the workplace for similar reasons, includig the desire to be liked bytheir colleagues. Un fortun ately, this in ability to say "no" may be hurting wome n's heath as well as their career.At the workplace, men

54、 use con flict as a way to positi on themselves, while wome n ofte n avoid con flictor strive to be the peacemaker, because they don't want to be viewed as aggressive or disruptive at work. For example, there ' s a problem that needs to be addressed immediately, resulting in a dispute over s

55、hould be the one to fix it. Men are more likely to face that dispute from the perspective of what ben efits them most, whereas wome n may approach the same dispute from the perspective of what's the easiest and quickest way to resolve the problem-eve nif that means doing the boring work themselv

56、es.This differenee in handling conflict could be the deciding factor on who gets promoted to a leadership positi on and who does not. Leaders have to be able to delegate and man age resources wisely -in cludi ng staff expertise. Shoulderi ng more of the workload may not earn you that promoti on. In stead, it may highlight your in ability to delegate effectively.51. What does the author say is the problem with wome n?A) They are ofte n un clear about the career goals to re