國際結(jié)算課件(國貿(mào)、外語)

1、International settlement 國際結(jié)算 經(jīng)貿(mào)學(xué)院國際貿(mào)易系 朱啟松課程要求v雙語課v熟悉相關(guān)術(shù)語的英文表達(dá)考試要求v缺課30%取消考試資格v平時(shí)成績：20%（考勤15%+發(fā)言5%）v期末成績：80% 50%左右客觀題：英文題目 50%左右主觀題：中文題目Chapter 1 Introduction1. Concept What is settlement? (1) an agreement or decision ending an argument or question 為解決爭端達(dá)成的協(xié)議為解決爭端達(dá)成的協(xié)議 (2)a payment of money claimed

2、 結(jié)算結(jié)算 types* International settlement vs clearing（清算）* International trade settlement vs international non-trade settlement* 現(xiàn)匯貿(mào)易結(jié)算 vs 記賬貿(mào)易結(jié)算 International settlementv transfer of funds（資金劃撥，無形貿(mào)易）v services provided （服務(wù)貿(mào)易，無形貿(mào)易）v sales of goods（貨物貿(mào)易，有形貿(mào)易）v SellerclaimBuyerpaymentbank結(jié)算工具instrument結(jié)算方

3、式paymentmethods金融票據(jù)商業(yè)單據(jù)：匯票、本票、支票：發(fā)票、提單、保險(xiǎn)單裝箱單、倉單、商檢證等：匯款、托收、信用證、保函、保理、包買票據(jù)2. 課程內(nèi)容以支付一定金額為目的支付工具商業(yè)上的權(quán)利憑證/履約證明vWhat are the costs of each method of financing and payment? Etc.Key issues in international settlement:vWho bears the credit risks?vWho finances the transaction?vWho will bear transportation

4、costs and risks?vIn what currency will payment be made?vWhat are the political and legal risks? 3. Characteristics of international settlement國際結(jié)算的特征國際結(jié)算的特征一、按照國際慣例進(jìn)行國際結(jié)算 vInternational rules ICC (non-official organization) UCP 600vInternational rules ICC (non-official organization) ? rules=laws 二、使

5、用可兌換貨幣進(jìn)行二、使用可兌換貨幣進(jìn)行 vConvertible currencyUSD EURGBPJPYHKD 三、實(shí)行“推定交貨”（symbolic delivery) Trade term 出現(xiàn)“物權(quán)憑證” (title document） 海運(yùn)提單 (bills of lading) Development of international settlement Development of international settlement vCash settlement non-cash settlemnt COD(cash on delivery)vDirect settlem

6、ent indirect settlement國際結(jié)算支付清算系統(tǒng)概述vPayment systemvClearing system FEDWIRE (Federal Reserves Wire Transfer System) CHIPS (Clearing House Interbank Payment System) CHAPS (Clearing House Automated Payment System) SWIFT (Society for Worldwide International Financial Telecommunications) Chapter 2 Financ

7、ial Instruments （國際結(jié)算中的金融工具）1. the characteristics and concept of instruments(1)non-causative nature無因性Cause: assets/valueThe right of holder: independent1. the characteristics and concept of instruments(2) requisite in form要式性Form: according to international rules and completeExchange for USD1,000,

8、000.00 Chongqing,10 April,2012At 90 days after sight pay to the order of C the sum of US Dollars one million only.To B For A (signature) 1. the characteristics and concept of instruments(3) Negotiability 流通性Bill of exchangevBill/Draft/Exchangevan unconditional order in writing, addressed by one part

9、y (drawer) to another (drawee), signed by the party giving it, requiring the party to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money, to or to the order of a specified party (payee), or to the bearer.2. Main parties of Bill of ExchangevDrawer

10、vDrawee (payor) Draw on A and B A or B First A then Bv vPayee Payable v to A and Bv to A or Bv first A then BA billvA bill is drawn by us on you payable to them. drawerdraweePayee 3. Requisite forms Essentials of a bill of exchangevThe word” Exchange” vAn unconditional order in writingv A sum certai

11、n money vName and Address of the draweevName or entity of the payeevDate and place of issuev Drawers signature(s)vTenorAcceptable?vA bill shows: pay to Mary the sum of fifty US dollars and give her a suit of clothes.Acceptable?vA bill shows: pay to ABC Co. the sum of twenty thousand US dollars on co

12、ndition that shipment of goods has been made.Acceptable?vA bill shows: pay from our No. 2 account to ABC Co. the sum of twenty thousand US dollars.Acceptable?vA bill shows: pay to the order of ABC Co. the sum of fifty US dollars plus interest.acceptable? vA bill shows: At sight pay to the order of B

13、ank of China the sum of twenty thousand US dollars drawn under L/C No.12345 issued by XYZ Bank New York dated on 15 August 2003.Conditional or unconditional? vA bill shows: pay to ABC Co. or order the sum of twenty thousand US dollars and debit our No.2 account. vA bill shows: debit our No.2 account

14、. pay to ABC Co. or order the sum of twenty thousand US dollars. kinds of tenor for billsvBills payable at sight or on demandvBills payable at determinable future timeveg. payable at 30 days after (from) sight payable at 30 days after shipment date payable at 30 days after date vBills payable on a f

15、ixed future time eg. payable at 4, June, 2013Bills payable at determinable future timevThe word “after” will be understood to exclude the date mentioned.vThe word “from” will be understood to include the date mentioned.A bill is payable at days after sightvThe maturity of one month after 31 Jan. is

16、28 Feb.vThe maturity of two months after 28 Feb is 28 Apr.vThe maturity of 180 days after 4 Apr. is ?5. Act of bill of exchange（票據(jù)行為） （1） draw（出具）Issue sign （簽字） deliver （交付）Legal title: drawer payee5.Act of bill of exchange（票據(jù)行為） (2) Endorsement sign (back)(negotiation) deliverWho has the right to

17、endorse?Payee/holder（債權(quán)人）/endorseeAct of bill of exchange（票據(jù)行為）(3) presentment for payment (claim) for acceptance holder drawee ACCEPTED10 April,2012to mature9 June,2012Payable at Bank of Melbourne, MelbourneFor Importing Co. Melbourne signatureAct of bill of exchange（票據(jù)行為）（4） payment (sight draft)

18、in due course honor acceptance (time draft) drawee payee notice of dishonor: holder drawer dishonor protest(拒付證書): authorized organization recourse（追索)： holder prior party drawer4. Other parties in B/EvHolder for value(付對(duì)價(jià)持票人）vHolder in due course/bona fide holder （正當(dāng)或善意持票人） 通過正當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)讓得到票據(jù)持票人圖例drawer dr

19、awee payee A B C D E F G gift found for value gift holder holder wrongful holder in holder for value for value possessor due course for value案例：善意持票人的法律權(quán)利 -案情介紹v進(jìn)口商：我A公司v出口商： 新加坡B公司vUSD7,000,000.00 可以分批裝運(yùn)v第一批：USD600,000.00 已付清v鑒于A公司資金困難，B公司提出：A可對(duì)B開立遠(yuǎn)期匯票（1 year after sight), Bank of China 承兌后B公司發(fā)貨。vB

20、公司取得已承兌的匯票后在Bank of America貼現(xiàn)后消逝。案例：善意持票人的法律權(quán)利 -問題vOn maturity: Bank of America claimed on Bank of China Bank of China: reimburse or not ?案例：善意持票人的法律權(quán)利 -結(jié)論 票據(jù)的無因性：票據(jù)法律關(guān)系一旦形成，即與基礎(chǔ)關(guān)系分離，票據(jù)關(guān)系的存在和有效與否并不對(duì)善意持票人的票據(jù)權(quán)利產(chǎn)生影響。 B實(shí)際是否交貨、A在Bank of China 資金狀況都不影響B(tài)ank of America對(duì)承兌人的claim. 票據(jù)法律關(guān)系按照票據(jù)法規(guī)定解決；票據(jù)基礎(chǔ)關(guān)系按照民法解

21、決Chapter 3 instrumentsvPromissory Note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person (the maker) to another (the payee) signed by the maker engaging to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or bearer.Chapte

22、r 3 instrumentsvPromissory Note（本票）本票的定義 英國票據(jù)法關(guān)于本票的定義是：本票是一個(gè)人向另一個(gè)人簽發(fā)的，保證于見票時(shí)或定期或在可以確定的將來時(shí)間，對(duì)某人或其指定人或持票來人無條件支付一定金額的書面付款承諾.本票的特點(diǎn)與匯票相比，本票具有以下特點(diǎn)： -promise vs order -2 parties vs 3 parties -no acceptance -one copy vs one set本票的種類和用途 本票通常可以在以下交易和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中使用：遠(yuǎn)期付款的商品貿(mào)易，或是結(jié)合買方信貸的資本貨物交易；金錢借貸的憑證；對(duì)外籌集資金；銀行辦理匯款業(yè)務(wù)，或向

23、大額提款客戶開出本票以代替現(xiàn)鈔。 對(duì)本票而言，有如下幾個(gè)分類，其中最常用也最重要的是商業(yè)本票和銀行本票。 1、商業(yè)本票（Promissory Note）。有即期和遠(yuǎn)期之分。 2、銀行本票（Cashiers Order/Check）。銀行多簽發(fā)即期本票。 3、國際匯票（Overseas Money Order） 4、旅行支票（Travellers Check）本票運(yùn)用實(shí)例vExporter: ABC Co. NorwayvBank of NorwayvImporter: DEF Co. BeijingvBank of China, H.OvUSD720,000.00 for buyers cre

24、dit（買方信貸）（80%）v3 years after issuing dateChapter 3 instrumentsvCheck an unconditional order in writing by the customer to a bank signed by that customer authorizing the bank to pay on demand a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or bearer.(6)Difference between a check and a

25、 bill of exchange Chapter 3 Correspondent banking relationship （代理行關(guān)系）1. Bank organizations in international settlementvBanks own organizationsOverseas network代表處代表處RepresentativeOffice子銀行子銀行附屬銀行附屬銀行Subsidiary海外分行海外分行（聯(lián)行）（聯(lián)行）CorrespondentBank代理行代理行2. 2. 國際結(jié)算業(yè)務(wù)中的往來銀行國際結(jié)算業(yè)務(wù)中的往來銀行Branches3.corresponden

26、t banking relation代理行關(guān)系是指兩家不同國籍的銀行，相互委托，互為辦理國際銀行業(yè)務(wù)所發(fā)生的往來關(guān)系 建立代理行關(guān)系的必要性1、建立代理行是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的要求2、建立代理行是國際貿(mào)易發(fā)展的要求3、代理行的出現(xiàn)是各國金融法規(guī)制約的產(chǎn)物4、代理行的建立可以節(jié)約商業(yè)銀行的外匯開支 Services provided by Correspondent banka. Collecting checks, drafts and other credit instrumentsb. Making loans or investments as agents for their custom

27、er banksc. Making credit investigations of firms that borrow in the open marketd. Providing banks with funds in case of need國際結(jié)算業(yè)務(wù)海外聯(lián)系銀行的選擇代理行中的非賬戶行03代理行中的賬戶行02海外分行（聯(lián)行） 014.建立代理行關(guān)系的幾個(gè)步驟考察資信考察資信賬戶行 vs代理行交換控制交換控制文件文件簽訂代理簽訂代理協(xié)議協(xié)議 開立賬戶開立賬戶控制文件控制文件signaturestest keysterms and conditionsControl documents交

28、換交換5.International Money Transfer賬戶行關(guān)系原理授權(quán)借記主動(dòng)貸記共同賬戶行轉(zhuǎn)賬各自賬戶行轉(zhuǎn)賬ABCDRemitting bank匯出行APaying bank 匯入行|解付行B資金fundsA在B開戶（授權(quán)借記debit) Remitting bankPaying bankIn cover ,please debit our account with youGBP accountcoverv匯款資金的調(diào)撥與償付 the transferring and reimbursement of remitting proceeds（從事某些活動(dòng)的收入）Remitting

29、 bank匯出行APaying bank 匯入行|解付行B資金fundsB在A開戶（主動(dòng)貸記credit) Remitting bankPaying bankIn cover we have credited your account with us.USD accountRemitting bank匯出行APaying bank 匯入行|解付行B資金fundsBank C（A行和B行的共同賬戶行）A行在C行開戶Debit（借記）B行在C行開戶Credit（貸記） Remitting bankPaying bankIn cover we have authorized XYZ Bank , N

30、ew York to debit our account and credit your account with them. XYZ bankOpen USDaccountOpen USDaccountRemitting bank匯出行APaying bank 匯入行|解付行B資金fundsBank C（A行的賬戶行）A在C開戶，借記 A貸記入D賬戶B在D開戶，D貸記B在D的賬戶Bank D（B行的賬戶行）資金funds資金funds資金funds資金fundsChapter 3 Payment methodsvAs seller or buyer, how to consider the

31、way to collect payment?vSafety/SpeedvMutual benefitvTrade finance結(jié)算方式應(yīng)具備的條件 1、安全、比較快捷地結(jié)清對(duì)外貿(mào)易中的債權(quán)債務(wù)。 2、須能保證買賣雙方的利益都能獲得充分照顧。 3、應(yīng)能便于資金融通，即是說，應(yīng)能使買賣雙方(也包括中間商)容易從國際和國內(nèi)金融市場和商業(yè)銀行籌措其所需資金。 不同的概念！vPayment tools/instrument（支付工具/票據(jù)） -匯票、本票、支票vPayment methods（支付方式）Payment methods= instruments/payment tools （金融工具）

32、+ commercial documents（商業(yè)單據(jù)） + ways of reimbursements and clearing（償付和清算方式）Focus on: trader-bank relation and different roles in itRemittance（匯付）/collection（托收）/L/C（信用證）分類1 remittance（順匯） and reverse remittance（逆匯）Remittance順匯Seller Buyer Instruments/instruction/advice Payment reverse remittance逆匯Se

33、ller Buyer Instruments/instruction/advice payment 分類2 v商業(yè)信用traders credit-remittance匯付-collection托收v銀行信用banks credit-L/C 信用證Remittance 的含義 順匯 remittance 逆匯reverse remittance 匯付remittance 托收collection 信用證 L/CPayment methods 1支付方式1 Remittance 匯付（匯款）Remittance 匯付（匯款） 1. main parties 主要當(dāng)事方Remitting Bank

34、匯出行 Paying Bank解付行 Remitter buyerPayee/Beneficiary sellerSuppose Bank of China ,Tianjin would be the remitting bank（匯出行） of the remittance ,they have:(1)a branch office - Bank of China ,London(2)an account bank - National Westminster Bank Ltd., London(3)a correspondent - Barclays Bank Ltd., London2.

35、 types of remittance（匯付的形式）v電匯T/Tv信匯M/Tv票匯D/D票匯D/D運(yùn)用實(shí)例vImporter: B Co. HKvImporters bank: Royal bank of Canada, HKvExporter: A Co. Toronto, Canada vExporters bank: Royal bank of Canada, Toronto, Canada Exchange for USD1,000,000.00 HK,10 April,2012At sight pay to the order of A Co. Canada the Sum of

36、US Dollars one million only.To Royal bank of Canada For Royal bank of Canada Toronto, Canada HK (signature) 3種方式的比較vFormvAuthentication(真實(shí)性證明方式）vSafetyvCostvSpeed匯款(匯付）三種類型特征比較電匯信匯票匯成本費(fèi)用較高較低較低安全性較高較低較低匯款速度最快捷在途時(shí)間長 比較靈活適用范圍時(shí)間緊迫的款項(xiàng) 少時(shí)間不急的款項(xiàng)Remittance 3種方式的比較 T/TM/TD/DTelex/SWIFTmailDemand drafttest ke

37、ysignaturesignaturesafeNot as safe as T/TNot as safe as T/Thigherlowerlowestfastestslowerslowest(negotiable) 3.匯付的運(yùn)用原則 特征特征v基本的結(jié)算方式v以商業(yè)信用為基礎(chǔ)v風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大v資金負(fù)擔(dān)不平衡v手續(xù)簡便，費(fèi)用低 3.匯付的運(yùn)用原則v 良好的客戶關(guān)系v 較小的金額v 預(yù)付貨款/尾款Payment methods 2支付方式2 collection 托收Collection 托收 1. main parties 主要當(dāng)事方Remitting Bank托收行 Collecting Bank

38、代收行Drawer委托人seller Drawee付款人 buyer2. types of collection（托收的種類）vDocuments against Payment(D / P) 付款交單（即期/遠(yuǎn)期匯票）vDocuments against Acceptance (D/A) 承兌交單（遠(yuǎn)期匯票）3. 托收業(yè)務(wù)流程D/P drawer sales contract drawee seller buyer remitting bank collecting bank vD/P T/R 的托收方式vT/R: trust receipt（信托收據(jù)）v代收行對(duì)進(jìn)口商的融資URC522vU

39、niform Rules for Collection , ICC Publication No . 522;which came into effect on 1 Jan., 1996v 4. 托收當(dāng)事方關(guān)系 drawer drawee seller buyer remitting bank collecting bank Collection ordervCollection instructionvCovering lettervP 995. Draft under collectionvCompare sample draft P92(D/D,remittance) and P108(

40、D/P,collection)Whats the difference?Draft under collectionvDrawer: exportervDrawee: importervPayee: exporters bank（代收）制作托收項(xiàng)下的匯票(1)vImporter: B Co. HKvImporters bank: Royal bank of Canada, HKvExporter: A Co. Toronto, Canada vExporters bank: Royal bank of Canada, Toronto, Canada Exchange for USD1,000,

41、000.00 Canada,1,Feb.2013At sight pay to the order of Royal bank of Canada the Sum of US Dollars one million only.To B Co. HK For A Co. Toronto, Canada (signature) 制作托收項(xiàng)下的匯票(2)vImporter: B Co. ChongqingvImporters bank: Bank of China, ChongqingvExporter: A Co. Singapore vExporters bank: Bank of China,

42、 Singapore托收運(yùn)用案例分析vFactory A委托委托Chongqing E Co.從從Hongkong B Co. 進(jìn)口進(jìn)口設(shè)備，設(shè)備，Chongqing E Co.以以 D/A 60 days sight 的方式和的方式和Hongkong B Co.簽約后不久，簽約后不久，Hongkong B Co.即通過即通過HSBC HK將發(fā)貨后的全套單據(jù)寄往將發(fā)貨后的全套單據(jù)寄往ICBC, Chongqing, 但但在在Collecting Order 上顯示的上顯示的drawee 為為Factory A。ICBC Chongqing隨即將單據(jù)以隨即將單據(jù)以 D/A的方式放給的方式放給Fa

43、ctory A。當(dāng)?shù)?。?dāng)?shù)狡谌諄砼R，期日來臨，F(xiàn)actory A無力支付該筆款項(xiàng)。無力支付該筆款項(xiàng)。Hongkong B Co.一方面通過一方面通過HSBC HK發(fā)電傳給發(fā)電傳給ICBC, Chongqing,催促催促Factory A付款，一方面直接向付款，一方面直接向Chongqing E Co.催款，而催款，而這兩家重慶企業(yè)都以充足的理由拒付。試猜想兩家重慶企業(yè)這兩家重慶企業(yè)都以充足的理由拒付。試猜想兩家重慶企業(yè)拒付的理由并就此糾紛進(jìn)行分析。拒付的理由并就此糾紛進(jìn)行分析。6. 托收方式的特點(diǎn) v1.商業(yè)信用/逆匯v2.較匯付方式安全v3.較信用證方式操作簡便、費(fèi)用低v4.資金、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)負(fù)擔(dān)不

44、平衡Topic for discussionvAs seller, would you like to choose FOB or CIF under collection?7.托收的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及防范 1.出口商面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 進(jìn)口商信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 代收行信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 進(jìn)口國的政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、地域風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 出口商的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范 （1）調(diào)查進(jìn)口商資信（2）合理控制交易金額 （3）選擇合適的價(jià)格條款（4）慎重選擇代收行（5）及時(shí)了解進(jìn)口國的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)態(tài) （6）盡量以物權(quán)憑證作為跟單托收的附隨單據(jù)8. Trade finance under remittance and collection -factorin

45、g（保理） Risks under O/A (open account賒賬) D/A出口保理商export factor 進(jìn)口保理商import factorseller buyer雙保理模式vImport factor: risks-evaluating importers credit status-set a credit approval for exporter-manage the sales ledger-make payment in case of dishonor (not of disputes in quality of the goods) vExport facto

46、r: financing出口保理vTurn your invoices into immediate cash!vYou dont incur debit, this is not a loan!vGrow your business with the increased cash flow!vInvoice today, get paid today up to 80%! The other 20% is paid to you, less our fee, when your customer pays the invoice.Factoring 運(yùn)用實(shí)例vA Co. USD1,000,0

47、00.00 export per yearv4 lots shipmentvPayment: T/T90 days after arrival of goodsvCredit approval: USD250,000.00（每90天用25萬，1年滿足1百萬總量）保理費(fèi)用v進(jìn)口保理費(fèi)（5 -9 ）USD5000-9000v出口保理費(fèi)（1 -5 ）USD1000-5000v融資利息（6%） USD60000v費(fèi)用總計(jì) USD69000v預(yù)計(jì)可規(guī)避的人民幣對(duì)美元升值風(fēng)險(xiǎn)： （以年升值3%計(jì)） USD7500 Payment method(3) Letter of CreditDocumentary

48、Credit（跟單）信用證Payment methodsvRemittancevCollection traders creditWhat are the risks in international trade settlement? Concerning about traders credit?risks -distance (goods/shipment)-distance (goods/shipment)-credit status-credit status-market-market-rules/regulation-rules/regulation (foreign excha

49、nge control) (foreign exchange control)-different legal system-different legal systemTo reduce various risks with the help of the bank, both the seller and the buyer transfer the traders risk to banks riskL/C- like a bridge over the river of the international trade1.DefinitionvIn simple terms,a lett

50、er of credit is a conditional bank undertaking of payment.(ICC Publication No.415)UCP 600 definition vmeans any arrangement, however named or described, that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to honor a complying presentation. (ICC Uniform Customs and

51、practice for documentary credits )v ( UCP 600)跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例Buyer(Applicant)advising bankSeller(Beneficiary) Issuing bank3. Advise L/C3. Sending L/CSWIFT,Tlx,mailSales contract2.ApplicationForL/C2(1).Procedure for issuing of letter of credit1.Shipping GoodsBuyer(Applicant)negotiating bankSeller(Beneficia

52、ry) Issuing bank4. . Documents3. Payment2. Documents5. Payment6.Payment7.Documents2(2).Procedure for settlement of letter of creditApply to open L/Cv1. What is the issuing banks responsibility in opening the L/C?vInvestigation（調(diào)查該筆信用證貿(mào)易背景）vEvaluation（對(duì)公司財(cái)務(wù)、收支狀況進(jìn)行評(píng)估，制定保證金額度）forms of L/C issuingvBy ma

53、ilvBy telex/cablevBy SWIFT +Covering letter（面函）Responsibility of the advising bankvcheck authentication of the issuing L/C -Signature -Test keyv check the terms and the conditions of L/CBuyer(Applicant)advising bank(transferring bank)Seller(Beneficiary)Issuing bank+Confirming bankSending L/COther pa

54、rties involved in letter of credit issuing banknegotiating bank Payment Other parties involved in letter of credit Reimbursement bank (A/C bank)Remit fundsOpen account /instruction Payment method Letter of Credit Documentary Credit （跟單）信用證Definition for L/CvIn simple terms,a letter of credit is a co

55、nditional bank undertaking of payment.(ICC Publication No.415) 3. Characteristics of L/C信用證的特征 獨(dú)立抽象原則 The independence and abstraction principleThe independence and abstraction principle(1)vbanks deal with documents and not with goods.Example vA credit stipulated that 50% of credit amount will be pa

56、id against the presentation of complying documents, and the remaining 50% will be paid on arrival of goods at destination which were corresponded with the description of goods in L/C.vIs the above credit acceptable?The independence or abstraction principle(2)v銀行忽略信用證以外的其他合同Contractual Arrangement un

57、der L/Cv1.the S/C( beneficiary and applicant)v2.the L/C application (applicant and issuing bank)v3. L/C ( issuing bank and beneficiary)Contractual Arrangement under L/C beneficiaryapplicantIssuing bankThe independence or abstraction principle(2) L/C 獨(dú)立于其他合同 A公司向B公司出口一批貨物，S/C規(guī)定8月份裝船，后開立的L/C規(guī)定裝期為8月15日

58、前，A公司要求延長裝期到9月15日前，B公司電話告知同意該裝期。A公司9月10日裝船，5天后將L/C規(guī)定單據(jù)交議付行，但議付行以單證不符拒絕議付。議付行做法是否回理？examplev尼日利亞銀行開來信用證vNegotiation should be effected under the funding of the applicant upon our advice to you.v是否違背獨(dú)立抽象原則？The independence or abstraction principle(3) 銀行的獨(dú)立付款責(zé)任vA公司向B公司出口一批貨物，B公司通過X銀行開給A公司一張信用證，當(dāng)A公司在貨物裝

59、船后持全套貨運(yùn)單據(jù)向銀行辦理議付時(shí)，B公司倒閉，此時(shí) a. X銀行有權(quán)推遲付款，時(shí)間由A、C協(xié)商 b. X銀行可以以B公司倒閉為由拒絕付款 c. X銀行仍應(yīng)承擔(dān)付款責(zé)任 d. A公司應(yīng)作為破產(chǎn)債權(quán)人參加到破產(chǎn)清算中Remittance: 銀行不受理單據(jù)（D/D項(xiàng)下可制作匯票但交與buyer自行處理） buyer seller remitting bank paying bank Exchange for USD1,000,000.00 HK,10 April,2012At sight pay to the order of A Co. Canada the Sum of US Dollars

60、one million only.To Royal bank of Canada For Royal bank of Canada Toronto HK (signature) Exchange for USD1,000,000.00 HK,10 April,2012At sight pay to the order of A Co. Canada (seller) the Sum of US Dollars one million only.To Royal bank of Canada For Royal bank of Canada Toronto HK (paying bank) (r