外貿(mào)實(shí)務(wù) Chapter 4

1、Chapter 4Quantity of Commodity *A Brief Introduction1. The Concept of Quantity of Commodity2. Common Systems of Measurement and Measuring Units3. The Calculation of the Weight4. The Stipulation of Quantity Allowance5. Examples of Quantity Clauses*A Brief Introduction Any business deal consists of a

2、certain quantity of goods supplied by the seller and a certain sum of money paid by the buyer. Without a certain quantity of goods, any business deal would be groundless. Thus, quantity clause is one of the essential terms and conditions for the conclusion of a transaction in the contract. Importanc

3、e of QuantityUnited Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods ( CISG,聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約) requires that the quantity of goods delivered should be identical to that called for in the contract, otherwise the buyer is entitled to reject the portion of goods excessive in quantity, and to

4、 claim against the seller if the quantity is found to be less than that called for in the contract. 合理約定商品數(shù)量的重要性：聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約第35條規(guī)定：按約定的數(shù)量交付貨物是賣方的一項(xiàng)基本義務(wù)。若賣方提交的貨物數(shù)量大于合同約定的數(shù)量，則買方可以拒收多交的部分；若賣方交貨不足，則應(yīng)在規(guī)定的交貨期內(nèi)補(bǔ)足，并賠償買方可能的損失。1. The Concept of Quantity of CommodityDefinition: The quantity of commodity refe

5、rs to the weight, number, length, volume, area, capacity, etc. which are indicated by different measuring units.It is greatly important for trader to know the units of measurement in different systems and the way how they are converted into another. Because different countries have different systems

6、 on calculating units such as length, capacity and weight, the units of measurement vary from a country to another. For example the same unit of measurement may represent different quantities. 2. Common Systems of Measurement and Measuring Units2.1 System of Measurement The commonly used systems in

7、the world are the Metric System, the British System and the U. S. System. 2.2 Measuring Units 2.2 Measuring Units What unit of measurement should be chosen in the contract should go in accordance with the nature of commodities. The units of measurement generally used in international trade are liste

8、d in the following table:Units of MeasurementWeight gram (g), kilogram (kg), ounce (oz), pound (Ib), metric ton (M/T), long ton, short ton, etc. Number piece (pc), package (pkg), pair, set, dozen (doz), gross (gr) ream (rm),etc. Length meter (m), centimeter (cm), foot (ft), yard (yd),etc. Areasquare

9、 meter (sq m), square foot (sq ft), square yard (sq yd) ,etc.Volumecubic-meter (cu m) cubic centimeter (cu cm), cubic foot (ct ft), cubic yard (cu yd) ,etc.Capacity liter (1), gallon (gal), pint (pt), bushel (bu), etc.1) Weight（重量）（重量） It is usually used for mineral products, agricultural and by-pro

10、ducts such as wool, cotton, grains and ore products. When it is used in the contract, there are metric ton or kilo ton, long ton or gross ton, short ton or net ton, gram (g), kilogram (kg), ounce (oz), pound (lb), gram, quintal(公擔(dān)公擔(dān)), hundred (weight or cwt) (英擔(dān)英擔(dān)) , etc. 2) Number（數(shù)量）（數(shù)量） Constantl

11、y used for measurement of industrial products and general products： ready-made clothes, stationery, paper, toys and so on Piece (pc), package (pkg), pair, set, dozen (doz), gross (gr), ream (rm), roll or coil, etc. 3) Length（長度）（長度） It is mostly used for textile products, metal cords, electric wires

12、, ropes and so on, such as meter (m), foot (ft), yard (yd), etc. 4) Area（面積）（面積） It is often used in trade of glass, textile products such as carpets, etc. like square meter, square foot, square yard and the like. Often we add thickness in the contract. 5) Volume（體積）（體積） It is generally used for tim

13、ber/wood, chemical gases, etc., it includes cubic meter, cubic foot, cubic yard, etc. 6) Capacity（容積）（容積） It is mostly used for grain, petroleum/oil, etc. The commonly used capacity units are liter, gallon, bushel and so on. Length Conversion (長度換算長度換算)Metric System公制 ChineseSystem中國市制 Britain/Ameri

14、can System 英美制 Meter米 Centimeter厘米 Chi 尺 Yard碼 Foot英尺 Feet英寸 1 100 3 1.094 3.2808 39.3701 0.01 1 0.03 0.01094 0.03281 0.3937 0.3333 33.33 1 0.3646 1.094 13.123 0.9144 91.44 2.743 1 3 36 0.3048 30.48 0.9144 0.3334 1 12 0.0254 2.54 0.0762 0.0278 0.0833 1 Area Conversion (面積換算面積換算)Metric System公 制 Brit

15、ain/American System英 美 制 ChineseSystem中國市制 Square meter平方米 SquareCentimeter平方厘米 SquareYard平方碼 Square feet平方英尺 Square foot平方英寸 SquareChinesemeter平方尺 1 10000 1.196 10.7639 1550 9 0.0001 1 0.00012 0.00108 0.155 0.0009 0.8361 8361 1 9 1296 7.525 0.0929 929 0.1111 1 144 0.836 0.00065 6.45 0.00077 0.00694

16、 1 0.0058 0.111 1111 0.133 1.196 172.2 1 Volume Conversion (體積換算體積換算)Metric System公 制 Britain/American System英 美 制 ChineseSystem中國市制 Cubic-meter 立方米 Cubic centimeter立方厘米 Cubic yard立方碼 Cubic Feet立方英尺 Cubic foot立方英寸 CubicChineseMeter立方尺 1 1000000 1.303 35.3147 61024 27 0.000001 1 0.0000013 0.00004 0.0

17、6102 0.000027 0.7636 764555 1 27 46656 20.643 0.02832 28317 0.037 1 1728 0.7646 0.000016 16.387 0.00002 0.00058 1 0.00044 0.037 37037 0.0484 1.308 2260 1 Capacity Conversion (容積換算容積換算)Metric System公 制 ChineseSystem中國市制 BritainSystem英 制 AmericanSystem美 制 Liter 升Chinese Liter升 Britain Gallon American

18、Gallon 1 1 0.22 0.264 4.546 4.546 1 1.201 3.785 3.785 0.833 1 3. The Calculation of the Weight3.1 By Gross Weight3.2 By Net Weight3.3 By Legal Weight3.4 Net Net Weight3.5 Conditioned Weight3.6 Theoretical Weight3.1 By Gross Weight （按毛重計(jì)算）（按毛重計(jì)算）Gross weight is the sum of total weight of the commodit

19、y itself and the tare (the package weight). Thats to say it refers to the net weight plus the tare weight of the goods. Gross weightnet weight tare weight 3.2 By Net Weight （按凈重計(jì)算）（按凈重計(jì)算）Net weight is the actual weight of commodity without the addition of the tare. In international trade if the good

20、s are sold by weight, or if the contract does not stipulate definitely by gross weight or by net weight, the net weight is often used. Net weightgross weight tare weight There are four ways to calculate tare p.721) By actual tare （實(shí)際皮重）（實(shí)際皮重）: The actual weight of packages of the whole commodities.

21、2) By average tare（平均皮重）（平均皮重）: In this way, the weight of packages is calculated on the basis of the average tare of a part of the packages. 3) By customary tare（習(xí)慣皮重）（習(xí)慣皮重）: The weight of standardized package has a generally recognized weight which can be used to represent the weight of such packa

22、ges. 4) By computed tare（推定皮重）（推定皮重）: The weight of package is calculated according to the tare previously agreed upon by the seller and the buyer instead of actual weight. 3.3 By Legal Weight （按法定重量計(jì)算）（按法定重量計(jì)算）Legal weight means the weight of the commodity and inner packages of the commodities. Suc

23、h kind of cargoes cover cans, small paper boxes, small bottles etc.Customs normally imposes duty as per legal weight of commodities.法定重量指貨物和內(nèi)包裝（如銷售包裝）加在一起的重量，像罐、小紙盒、小瓶等。海關(guān)對這樣的商品常常采用法定重量征收關(guān)稅。3.4 Net Net Weight （按實(shí)際凈重計(jì)算）（按實(shí)際凈重計(jì)算）Net net weight of commodities refers to the weight got by deducting the w

24、eight of the inner packages and all accessories from the legal weight of goods.It is mainly used in the calculation of passive import quotas for textile products. 實(shí)際凈重（凈凈重）主要用于紡織品被動(dòng)進(jìn)口配額的計(jì)算。 This refers to the kind of weight derived from the process, with which the moisture content of the commodity i

25、s removed and standardized moisture added both by scientific methods. This kind of calculating method is suitable to those cargoes, which are of high economic value and with unsteady moisture content (whose water contents are not stable), such as wool, raw silk, etc. 3.5 Conditioned Weight （公量）（公量）T

26、he formula of calculating the conditioned weight Conditioned Weight actual weight(1+standard regaining rate of water) 1 + actual regaining rate of water Dried Weight + Standard MoistureThe accepted international standard regaining water content of wool and raw silk is 11%.出口一批生絲，一包凈重為出口一批生絲，一包凈重為58公

27、斤，用科學(xué)的公斤，用科學(xué)的方法測得實(shí)際回潮率為方法測得實(shí)際回潮率為12.24，國際間行業(yè)，國際間行業(yè)公認(rèn)的生絲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率為公認(rèn)的生絲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率為11。試計(jì)算該包。試計(jì)算該包生絲的公量是多少？生絲的公量是多少？ 58(1+0.11) 58 x1.11 64.38 公量公量 1+0.1224 1.1224 1.1224 57.359 (57.36) kg.Case Study3.6 Theoretical Weight （理論重量）（理論重量） Commodities that have regular specifications and fixed regular size, such as

28、galvanized iron, tin plate and armor plate are often subject to the use of theoretical weight. 理論重量適用于規(guī)定規(guī)格和尺寸的商品，如馬口鐵和鋼板。它們的重量只要根據(jù)張數(shù)就可以推算出來。Some fixed cargoes, such as tin plate, steel plate, etc. have unified shapes and measurement, as long as the specification is identical, the size is conformable

29、, the weight will be about the same, we can calculate the weight according to the number of pieces. 4. The Stipulation of Quantity AllowanceSometimes however, the weights of some commodities are not easy to be accurate because of the influence of natural conditions, limitations of packing or transpo

30、rtation conditions. In order to avoid disputes the seller and the buyer should decide the delivery quantity reasonably and flexibly beforehand by setting the quantity latitude clause in the contract. *Quantity Latitude Clause（數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度條款（數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度條款 ） 4.1 More or Less Clause4.2 The Stipulation of “About”

31、& “Approximately”* Quantity Latitude Clause （數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度條款（數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度條款 ） Quantity Latitude refers to a specific number of the goods delivered by the seller on the more or less terms agreed upon by both parties.數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度是指賣方可按買賣雙方約定某一具體數(shù)量多交或少交若干數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度是指賣方可按買賣雙方約定某一具體數(shù)量多交或少交若干的幅度。的幅度。In the contract there ar

32、e the following stipulations: 1) more or less 2) approximate (about, Approximately or circa) ） It is very difficult to measure accurately those bulk goods of agricultural and mineral products like corn, soybean, wheat, coal, etc. In order to facilitate the processing of the contract, the seller and

33、the buyer, generally, agree to use “more or less clause”. It means over-load and under-load are permitted but should not surpass a certain percentage of the stipulated quantity. 允許多裝或少裝，但以不超過合同規(guī)定數(shù)量的百分之幾為限允許多裝或少裝，但以不超過合同規(guī)定數(shù)量的百分之幾為限。溢短裝條款的實(shí)際運(yùn)用：溢短裝條款的實(shí)際運(yùn)用： 1）由賣方?jīng)Q定）由賣方?jīng)Q定 (at sellers option)：大多數(shù)情況下：大多數(shù)情況

34、下 2）由買方?jīng)Q定）由買方?jīng)Q定 (at buyers option): 買方派船裝運(yùn)時(shí)買方派船裝運(yùn)時(shí) 3）由承運(yùn)人決定）由承運(yùn)人決定 (at ships option)：租船運(yùn)輸時(shí)：租船運(yùn)輸時(shí)4.1 More or Less Clause（溢短裝條款（溢短裝條款）More or Less Clause（Continued） “Plus or minus” or the sign “ ” may also be used to take the place of “more or less”. Under the “more or less” clause, the payment for th

35、e over-load or under-load will be made according to the contract price or at the market price at the time of shipment. For example 20 000 metric tons, 5% more or less at sellers option ( at buyers option / at carriers or ships option )The words about or approximately used in connection with the amou

36、nt of the credit or the quantity or the unit price stated in the credit are to be construed as allowing a tolerance not to exceed 10% more or 10% less than the amount, the quantity or the unit price to which they refer. 4.2 The Stipulation of “About” and “Approximately” Q: What is UCP 600? Uniform C

37、ustoms and Practice for Documentary Credits (跟單信跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例用證統(tǒng)一慣例(2007年修訂版，簡稱年修訂版，簡稱UCP600 ) published by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).According to Article 30 “Tolerance in Credit Amount, Quantity and Unit Prices” in UCP600, (a) The words “about” or “approximately” used in connection with t

38、he amount of the credit or the quantity or the unit price stated in the credit are to be construed as allowing a tolerance not to exceed 10% more or 10% less than the amount, the quantity or the unit price to which they refer. (b) A tolerance not to exceed 5% more or 5% less than the quantity of the

39、 goods is allowed, provided the credit does not state the quantity in terms of a stipulated number of packing units or individual items and the total amount of the drawings does not exceed the amount of the credit. 根據(jù)根據(jù)( (跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例600600號第號第3030條條“信用證金額、數(shù)量與單價(jià)的增減幅度信用證金額、數(shù)量與單價(jià)的增減幅度”（a a）款規(guī)定，款

40、規(guī)定，“約約”或或“大約大約”用于信用證金額或信用證規(guī)定的數(shù)量或單價(jià)時(shí)，用于信用證金額或信用證規(guī)定的數(shù)量或單價(jià)時(shí)，應(yīng)解釋為允許有關(guān)金額或數(shù)量或單價(jià)有不超過應(yīng)解釋為允許有關(guān)金額或數(shù)量或單價(jià)有不超過10%10%的增減幅度。的增減幅度。(b)(b)款規(guī)定，在信款規(guī)定，在信用證未以包裝單位或貨物自身件數(shù)的方式規(guī)定貨物數(shù)量時(shí)，貨物數(shù)量允許有用證未以包裝單位或貨物自身件數(shù)的方式規(guī)定貨物數(shù)量時(shí)，貨物數(shù)量允許有5%5%的的增減幅度，只要總支取金額不超過信用證的金額。增減幅度，只要總支取金額不超過信用證的金額。UCP600: Approximate (about or circa) p.74 5. Exampl

41、es of Quantity Clauses1) China Rice, 1,000 M/T, 5% more or less at sellers option. 中國大米，中國大米，1000公噸，公噸，賣方可溢裝或短裝賣方可溢裝或短裝5%。2) Chinese northeast soybean: 6,000M/T gross for net, 3%more or less at sellers option. 中國東北大豆：中國東北大豆：6, 000公噸，以毛作凈，賣方可溢裝或短裝公噸，以毛作凈，賣方可溢裝或短裝3%。3) The seller is allowed to deliver

42、 5% more or less, the price will be calculated as per the unit price stipulated in the sales contract. 允許賣方在裝貨時(shí)溢裝或短裝允許賣方在裝貨時(shí)溢裝或短裝5%，價(jià)格按照本合同所列的單價(jià)計(jì)算。，價(jià)格按照本合同所列的單價(jià)計(jì)算。 4) Goods are packed in new gunny bags containing 100kgs and each bag shall weigh 1.15 kgs with allowance of 0.1 kg more or less. 貨物用新麻袋裝

43、貨物用新麻袋裝100公斤，每只麻袋重公斤，每只麻袋重1.15公斤，誤差為公斤，誤差為0.1公斤。公斤。5) Datong Steam Coal, 1,000 M/T shipment 5% more or less at the sellers option, value of the excess or shortage quantity to be calculated at the contract rate. 大同鍋爐用煤，大同鍋爐用煤，1000公噸，賣方裝運(yùn)量可溢短裝公噸，賣方裝運(yùn)量可溢短裝5%，超出或短缺數(shù)量按，超出或短缺數(shù)量按照合同價(jià)格計(jì)算價(jià)值。照合同價(jià)格計(jì)算價(jià)值。Example

44、s of Quantity Clauses (continued)6) A usual trade margin of 5% plus or minus of the quantities confirmed shall be allowed. When shipment is spread over two or more periods, the above-mentioned margin of plus or minus 5% shall, if necessary, be applicable to the quantity designated by the buyers to b

45、e shipped each period. 允許有通常貿(mào)易所確認(rèn)的數(shù)量上允許有通常貿(mào)易所確認(rèn)的數(shù)量上5%的增減幅度。當(dāng)貨物分二批或多批發(fā)的增減幅度。當(dāng)貨物分二批或多批發(fā)運(yùn)時(shí)，如有必要，上述增減幅度適用于每批裝運(yùn)數(shù)量由買方確定。運(yùn)時(shí)，如有必要，上述增減幅度適用于每批裝運(yùn)數(shù)量由買方確定。7) For printed, dyed and yarn-dyed goods, a maximum of 10% of the two-part pieces with the short part not less than 10 yards is permissible if necessary and

46、for each two part pieces an additional length of yard will be supplied free. Also, a tolerance of plus or minus 10% in quantity for each colorway (for each shade in case of dyed goods) shall be permitted. 印花、色布及色織布有必要時(shí)可有不超過印花、色布及色織布有必要時(shí)可有不超過10%10%的二段拼匹，其短的一段應(yīng)的二段拼匹，其短的一段應(yīng)不低于不低于1010碼，拼匹免費(fèi)另加半碼。此時(shí)，每一配色在數(shù)量上可允許碼，拼匹免費(fèi)另加半碼。此時(shí)，每一配色在數(shù)量上可允許10%10%的的增減。增減。 （注：布匹定長（注：布匹定長600600米米/ /包，每包包，每包5 5匹，每匹匹，每匹120120米米2 2米。拼匹是長段米。拼匹是長段+ +短段短段=120=120米米 拼匹的布料要免費(fèi)地延長拼匹的布料要免費(fèi)地延長0.50.5碼）碼）Examples of Quantity Clauses (continued)8) If the seller fails to obtain enough raw