英語國家概況課件英國歷史

1、英語國家概況英語國家概況The United Kingdom of Great The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandBritain and Northern Ireland The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireThe Founding of the NationITransition to the Modern AgeIIIIIBritain Since World war IIIVAdditional InformationVCONTENT The Founding of t

2、he NationI 1.2 Feudal Society 1.1 Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxons 1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxonsv 1.1.1 Prehistoric Period (history undocumented)9,000 years ago part of E-Continent3,000 BC Iberians (Stonehenge) v Stonehenge It is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain and is situated

3、 on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire. People began building Stonehenge about 5,000 years ago, dragging each stone into place. Stonehenge and its Statue 1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons vThe name of BritainBritonsvTribal societyvCeltic Language (Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh) 1.1.2

4、 Celtic Britain (8th5th Century BC) v First invasionIn August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain v SecondCaesars second raid in 54 BCv Third and finalIn 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britainv LeftGermanic attack in Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain,

5、and thus ending the Roman occupation of the island. 1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD5th Century) v Capable administrators & good builders (towns and cities & roads)Building of London River Thames “London Bridge”Building of roads 1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD5th Century) 1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th8th

6、 Century)v Germanic people (the Jutes from Jutland, Angles from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany)v English (language of the Angles)dominant languagev Roman Christianity St. Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury 1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Cent

7、ury1066)v the Vikings (from the Scandinavian countries: Norway, Denmark and Sweden)v Alfred the Great, king of Wessex A peace treaty: the eastern half of the island was to be subject to the Danish law and come to be known as the DanelawFrom 1016 to 1042, under the rule of Danish kings.In 1042, the E

8、nglish throne was returned to the Anglo-Saxons Westminster Abbey, built in1052, by the penultimate King of England, the Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century1066) v In 1066, Edward chose Harold of Wessex to be King in his place.v Duke William, often referred to as Willia

9、m the Conquer, challenged Harolds succession, won the Battle of Hastings, and was crowned King. 1.1.6 The Norman ConquestDuke WilliamNorman Cavalier v In 1067, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.1.1.6 The Nor

10、man Conquest 1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta)v In 1154 Henry II ascended the thronev Henry II reformed the courts and the laws:introduced the jury system (陪審團(tuán)制度)institutionalized common lawv John ascended the throne in 1199. He demanded feudal taxes and army service.v He was forced to sign the Magn

11、a Carta (大憲章大憲章).Significance townspeoplefreedom of trade and self-government merchants and craftsmenfor the first time as a new political force part of the British Constitution today v Provisions of Oxfordlimiting the Kings power by calling regular meetings of the Great Councilv Parlerto talkv Offi

12、cial formation of the two houses of parliament:House of LordsHouse of Commons1.2.2 Birth of Parliament v a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, territory, security and the throne promoted the concept of English nationalism. promoted the development of the textile industryrais

13、ed the social position of the bourgeois class.1.2.3 Hundred Years War (13371453) v A war for the throne between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. It reduced the power of nobility and helped to increase the power of the new rising bourgeois class. v The House of Lancaster won and their le

14、ader Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor (1485-1603). 1.2.4 The War of the Roses (14551485) Transition to the Modern AgeII 2.1 Religious Reformation 2.2 The Civil War 2.4 The Industrial Revolution 2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution 2.1 Religious Refo

15、rmationv Reasons2 religious camps: Catholic and Protestant v Immediate cause: Henry VIIIs divorcev Act of SupremacyHenry VIII“only supreme head of the church of England” v In essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guiseHenry VIII v Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Consolidated

16、the Church of EnglandDefended the fruit of the Reformation in essencev Golden Age of English HistoryEngland advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts.The age of exploration began: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. The America

17、n State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth.Elizabeth2.1 Religious Reformation v parliamentary clashes over monopoliesthe monarchy attempted to control commercial activities in the interests of the court v King Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, and ruled the country without it for eleven

18、 years.v The various classes in England soon split up into two camps:Parliament: merchants, artisans and apprentices, peasantsKing: gentry, big landlords and monopolists 2.1 Religious Reformation v The civil war broke out (16421649)Between the Royalists (the Cavalier 保王黨人) and Parliamentarians (Roun

19、dheads 圓顱黨人) v Result: the monarchy was abolished in 1949 England was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a republic 2.2 The Civil WarRoundheads with pikes v The Commonwealth (16491660)Cromwell, the head of the CommonwealthConservative in social reforms and protected property ownershipIn 1660, Parliament

20、had Charles II as king of England. This put an end to the Commonwealth. 2.2 The Civil War 2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolutionv Restoration:1661, Charles II: to restore the old social order1685, James II: to reestablish Catholicismv Glorious Revolution1688: joint sovereign of William and Mary

21、1689: Bill of Rights (limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament ) removed the ruling monarch and established Constitutional Monarchy 2.4 The Industrial Revolutionv The Industrial Revolution took place first in Britain for the following reasonshuge marketcolonies in

22、America and Indiacapitalenclosure movementlaborv A series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution: Spinning JennyWater frameSpinning mule Power loomSteam engine Spinning JennyPower loom2.4 The Industrial Revolution v Means of transportationcanals

23、 were dug to ship goodsthe locomotive invented in 1814the first railway completed in 1825large merchant fleetSteam EngineMerchant Fleet2.4 The Industrial Revolution v By the middle of 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britainv Its influence: Britain changed in many waysdram

24、atically increased industrial productivitythe process of urbanizationchanges in class structureThe conflict between the capitalists and the proletariansthe most important political issue2.4 The Industrial Revolution The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireIII 3.1 The Formation of the British Empire 3

25、.2 Britain in the World Wars 3.3 The Fall of the Empire v First British Empire: 19th CenturyIt included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indiesv Second British Empire during the Victorian Age: Mid- and late-19th CenturyQueen Victorias foreign po

26、licyNew ImperialismIt included the colonies in Australia, New Zealand and Canadadominions Victoria“Empress of India”In Asia, occupied Burma and some other small states. Opium War against China In Africa, control Suez Canal and conquer EgyptUnion of South Africathe 4th dominion3.1 The Formation of th

27、e British Empire v On the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen. a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers (1/4 of the worlds total land). a population of 393.5 million (8 times as large as that in Britain)3.1 The Formation of the British Empire 3.2

28、Britain in the World Wars 3.2.1 World War Iv By the beginning of the 20th century, Britains dominance was challenged by other European nations and the USv Two camps in Europe:Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy and USv T

29、he immediate causeassassination in Sarajevo v Over 32 countries were involved, 28 of which support the Allies Powers and Allies Powers wonv The cost of the war for Britain was great: drained of its manpowerlost the sea supremacya huge national debt3.2.1 World War I v Germanyplan to conquer Europev B

30、ritainappeasement v declare war on Germany on September 3, 1939 v alliance with the Soviet Union and the United States v Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945v great costlose its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States. 3.2.2 World War IIWinston Churchill v Independence movemen

31、tIndia, Pakistan, Burma, Malaya and Egypt v British Commonwealth of Nations (a loosely organized community of former British colonies)3.3 The Fall of the Empire IV 4.1 “Three Majestic Circles” 4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Britain since World War II v One of the Big Three after WWIIv Foreig

32、n Policy: Three Majestic Circles less involvement in the Commonwealth circle close cooperation with the United States an isolationist policy towards Europe4.1. “Three Majestic Circles” v Margaret ThatcherReestablished “special relationship” with the United Statesagainst European integration v Tony B

33、lairmore positive towards Europe (but refuse to join the Euro)further strengthened the close relationship with the United States4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Cartoon: The Special Relationship Between Britannia & Uncle Sam 50 Things You Need to Know About British History In date order： vSton

34、ehenge 2200 BCvRoman Invasion and Civilisation 43 ADvSt Augustine and Christianity 597vKing Alfred the Great and the Doom Book 871vBattle of Hastings and Norman Conquest 1066vMagna Carta and trial by jury 1215vDeclaration of Arbroath 1320vCanterbury Tales 1370vPeasants Revolt 13811.The longbows at A

35、gincourt 1415 vReligious Settlement 1559 vSir Francis Drake and the defeat of the Spanish Amrada 1588vGunpowder Plot 1605vShakespeare 1610vPlantation of Ulster 1611vExecution of Charles I 1649vGlorious Revolution and Bill of Rights 1688vThe Bank of England 1694vAct of Union 1707vBritains first Prime Minister Robert Walpole 1721 50 Things You Need to Know About British History v Gin craze and British dr