學(xué)術(shù)英語(社科)_Unit 1含答案（章節(jié)課程）

1、學(xué)術(shù)英語 社科Academic English for Social Sciences1教學(xué)育人2教學(xué)育人Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLead-inText A Text BListening SpeakingWritingUnit Contents3教學(xué)育人Lead-in Reading critically: questions for discussionUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities4教學(xué)育人Lead-inReading cr

2、itically: questions for discussionReading critically:Every text is written on a purpose, some are supposed to make you believe. It is important to learn to read critically to get the point. One way of training critical reading is to ask yourself the following questions: Do you agree with the author?

3、 Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities What is the author assuming I will agree with? What is the author trying to prove?5教學(xué)育人Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussion Does the author adequately defend their argument? What kind of proof do they use?Unit 1 Decision-Making

4、Behaviors in Economic Activities Is there something they leave out that you would put in? Does putting it in hurt their argument? 6教學(xué)育人Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussionDiscuss the following questions: How do you make the decision that you take this course? What do you consider when

5、 you make this decision?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities7教學(xué)育人Text A Key terms Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost languageUnit 1 Decision-Making Behavio

6、rs in Economic Activities8教學(xué)育人Text AKey terms rational people: 理性人 Those people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities marginal change: 邊際變化 small incremental adju

7、stments to a plan of action marginal benefit: 邊際效益 the additional benefit from an increase in an activity9教學(xué)育人Text AKey termsUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities marginal cost: 邊際成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activity marginal decision-making: 邊際決策 the additional c

8、ost from an increase in an activity incentive: 激勵 something that induces a person to act10教學(xué)育人How People Make DecisionsEconomists explanation about decision making: There are rules behind peoples decision-making behaviors.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economi

9、c Activities11教學(xué)育人 Rational people think at the margin.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesExample 1: standby ticketsWhat a rational airline can do?Situation: Flying a 200-seat plane across the U.S. costs the airline $100,000.Cost of each seat: $

10、500 (Thats to say, never sell a ticket for less than $500.)Suppose: A plane is about to take off with 10 empty seats. A standby passenger will pay $300 for a seat.Question: should the airline sell the ticket?12教學(xué)育人Answer: Yes.Reason: If the plane has empty seat, the cost of adding one more passenger

11、 is tiny. Here the marginal cost is merely the cost of something to eat, like peanuts, coco, etc.Conclusion: As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost, selling the ticket is profitable.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities1

12、3教學(xué)育人Example 2: water vs. diamondWhy is water so cheap, while diamonds are so expensive?waterdiamondNecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra cup is small because water is plentiful.Unnecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra diamond is large because diamonds are rare.Unit

13、1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesText ACritical reading and thinking14教學(xué)育人Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesConclusion: Rational people think at the margin. (They make decisions by comparing costs and benefits.) Are you a ratio

14、nal person?15教學(xué)育人Example 1: the price of an appleHow people respond to incentives?When the price rises: It provides an incentive for buyers to consume less; It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities

15、 Rational people respond to incentives.16教學(xué)育人 Example 2: a tax on gasoline How people respond to incentives? Encourage people to drive small, more fuel-efficient cars; carpool take public transportation; live closer to where they work; drive hybrid cars; drive electric cars.Text ACritical reading an

16、d thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities17教學(xué)育人 Example 3: a seat belt law American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.How a seat belt law alters a drivers cost-benefit calculation (Peltzmans analysis):Seat belts reduce the likelihood of injury or death

17、 make accidents less costly drive faster and less carefully a large number of accidentsText ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities18教學(xué)育人Result: These laws produce both fewer deaths per accident and more accidents. Conclusion 1: The net result is little

18、change in the number of driver deaths and an increase in the number of pedestrian deaths.Conclusion 2: When analyzing any policy, consider both the direct effects and less obvious indirect effects.If the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behavior.Text ACritical reading a

19、nd thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities19教學(xué)育人 Rational people know that when they make a decision, it is often not a yes-or-no choice, but requires deliberate consideration of the pros and cons. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activiti

20、es Rational people know that decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually involve shades of gray. (Para. 2) 20教學(xué)育人 The most important theory in economic study concerns itself with incentives. Other theories are not as important. “The rest is commentary” is a phrase used in American Engli

21、sh to mean “the rest is trivial or less important”. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” (Para. 6) 21教學(xué)育人 At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like random talk not support

22、ed by evidence. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like idle speculation. (Para. 12)22教學(xué)育人Specialized vocabulary rational people marginal decision-making marginal change marginal benefit m

23、arginal cost net resultText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities23教學(xué)育人CollocationsText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities achieve the high level of satisfaction maximize profits achiev

24、e objectives be black and white roll round blow off fly standby puzzling economic phenomena take an action allocate scarce resources end up with unintended consequences idle speculation24教學(xué)育人Formal and informal English See Page 9, and do Task 3.Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decis

25、ion-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities25教學(xué)育人Signpost language Show connections between sentences and paragraphs. See Page 9, and do Task 2 Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities26教學(xué)育人Signpost languageText AEnglish language for academic

26、 purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities Signal important parts of academic writing, such as structure, writers position, arguments, conclusionReporting someones view: Some people/researcher(s) maintain(s) / argue(s) / assert(s) / claim(s) / point(s) out27教學(xué)育人Signpost language

27、Disagreeing with someones view: I disagree with that The view is open to doubt / not necessarily true / highly debatable One of the main argument against is thatText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities28教學(xué)育人Signpost languagePointing out a gap

28、 in research: However little information These studies have emphasized, as opposed to Although considerable research has focused on, less attention has been given toText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities29教學(xué)育人Signpost languageAgreeing with

29、someones view: I agree with when he writes that X is certainly correct in saying that Another point in favour of is A further argument supporting isNB: In the following units of study, more examples will be given. Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economi

30、c Activities30教學(xué)育人Task 1 The tree diagram below illustrates the main points of the text. Fill in the blanks according to the text.Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesDecision-making behaviors in economic activitiesThinking at the margincomparing marginal _ a

31、nd marginal _ Responding to _Example 1standby tickets Critical reading and thinkingExample 2_ vs. _Example 1the price of an appleExample 2a tax on _Example 3_costbenefitswaterdiamondsincentivesgasolineseat belts law31教學(xué)育人Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Text A

32、Suggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingF_ 1 When rational people make decisions in life, they are very certain of the choice._ 2 At the time of examination, students have to decide how to use all their time studying._ 3 Marginal changes a

33、re small gradual changes of the present plan of action._ 4 The example of the standby fly is told to show how cost can be ignored._ 5 Diamonds are more expensive than water because people are more attracted to them.FFFT32教學(xué)育人Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Te

34、xt ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingT_ 6 The quotation of one economist “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” is given to show the importance of incentives._ 7 The example of the apple shows how food prices vary a

35、ccording to market needs._ 8 The gasoline tax has an effect on peoples choice of cars._ 9 When the seat belt is made compulsory, people drive more carefully._ 10 Policymakers need to take into consideration the less obvious indirect effects of a policy.FFFT33教學(xué)育人Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASu

36、ggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.Column A Column B1 marginala resource2 scarceb result3 maximizec change4 netd satisfaction5 level ofe

37、 people6 rationalf profit34教學(xué)育人Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _marginal change

38、邊際變化scarce resources稀缺資源maximize profits最大化利潤net result凈結(jié)果level of satisfaction滿意度rational people理性人35教學(xué)育人Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Translate the following sentences into English, using some of the

39、phrases above.1 我們明年的目標是獲得利潤最大化。 _2 時間是一種稀缺資源，因此如果工人失業(yè)，他們的時間就浪 費了。 _ _We aim to maximize profits over the next year.Time is a scarce resource, so if workers are unemployed their time is wasted.36教學(xué)育人Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Acti

40、vitiesLanguage building-up2Translate the following sentences into English, using some of the phrases above.3 理性人有非理性的想法嗎？ _4 滿意度調(diào)查結(jié)果表明游客對某些服務(wù)不滿意。 _ _Do rational people have irrational thoughts?Research into satisfaction level has found that tourists are not satisfied with some of the services.37教學(xué)育人

41、Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Match the signpost language from Text A with the purpose each of them serves. Signpost languagePurposes 1 as we will seea explanation2 at the same timeb time sequence3 by contra

42、stc giving examples4 for exampled comparison and contrast5 in other wordse coherence6 in this case1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 5 _ 6 _ebdcae38教學(xué)育人Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Complete the following sentences using the s

43、ignpost language listed above.1 He is not well-known for his respect for factual accuracy, _, he was lying.2 Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly by, _, using recycled paper.3 We dont like the situation. But _, we have to deal with this problem.in other wordsfor exampleat the same

44、 time39教學(xué)育人Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.4 Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, _, has declined.5 _, in this chapter th

45、ere is no general formula for the solution to this question.6 The whole team dont want to lose him. _, he needs to realize that company regulations must be obeyed.by contrastAs we will seeIn this case40教學(xué)育人Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activ

46、itiesLanguage building-up1Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.1 As you study economics, you will come across firms that decide how many workers to hire and how much of their product to manufacture and sell to maximize profits. Key: _2 The rea

47、son is that a persons willingness to pay for any good is based on the marginal benefit that an extra unit of the good would produce. Key: _encounteryield41教學(xué)育人Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Replace the underline

48、d words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.3 An incentive is something that persuades a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. Key: _4 Many policies change the costs or benefits that people face and, therefore, change their behavior. Key: _5 Fo

49、r example, consider public policy about auto safety. Key: _inducesalterregarding42教學(xué)育人Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.

50、6 The decline in safe driving has a clear, bad impact on pedestrians. Key: _7 At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like an idle guess. Key: _8 When a person wears a seat belt, the likelihood of surviving an auto accident rises. Key: _adversespeculationprobability43教學(xué)育人Ta

51、sk 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Complete the sentences with some of the answers you have got in the above exercise.1 Stress can have a(n) _ effect on peoples health.2 This doesnt _ the fact that what you did was wr

52、ong.3 He warned us that we might _ a lot of opposition at the very beginning.4 Some believe that surgery could _ a heart attack.5 He has very little to say _ the new EU regulations.6 Knowing about the past doesnt necessarily _ solutions to current problems.adversealterencounterinduceregardingyield44

53、教學(xué)育人Text B Critical reading Difficult sentences English language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities45教學(xué)育人New Airport Landing Fees Delayed See Page 14, and do Task 1 and Task 2 Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities A new

54、 federal policy: allowing airports to charge higher landing fees during peak periods Reason for formulating this policy: encourage airlines to arrange flights more evenly throughout the day, thus reducing flight delays46教學(xué)育人Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitie

55、sCostsBenefitsAirportsAirlines47教學(xué)育人Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesYour reflections on this policy:It will work: It wont work:48教學(xué)育人 , which last month called the proposal “congestion pricing disguised as an airport fee”. (Para. 13)Text BDifficult senten

56、cesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities , which claimed that the proposal was actually charging fee for congestion rather than for the airport. 49教學(xué)育人 “Because the central policy issue at stake here influencing airline market decisions through airport pricing is inherently complex

57、 and historically has been controversial, we believe that it merits additional time to fully develop comments reflecting the views of industry stakeholders,” (Para. 14) Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities “The central policy issue which is how to influenc

58、e airline market decisions through airport pricing has always been complex and controversial. Hence it is necessary to allow more time for the parties involved in the industry to phrase their opinions that most clearly express their views.”50教學(xué)育人Collocations reduce / address congestion charge higher

59、 landing fees peak periods reduce delays take effect implement measuresText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities51教學(xué)育人Collocations traffic volume on-time arrival rate be supportive of accommodate requests clear up ambiguity go into effectText

60、BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities52教學(xué)育人Listening Prediction strategies Listening tasksUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities53教學(xué)育人Prediction strategies Prediction Instead of relying on the actual words or sounds, you use ba