Stockholm European Green Capital斯德哥爾摩歐洲綠色資本

1、Stockholm: European Green CapitalLubos FendrychLubos_FendrychGlobal Studies ProgramCollege of Fine Arts, Humanities & Social SciencesSome facts880,000 inhabitants but expecting to grow up to one million in 2020City built on 14 islands40% of area is parks and green areas (the worlds first national ci

2、ty park)Awarded the EU Green Capital Status in 2010The only global city to meet stringent theWorld Health Organizations recommended air contaminant standardsAmong best cities to live in (health care, education, business environment, the number of sunlight hours, environment)Do you Fika? A way of lif

3、e in SwedenFika as a noun refers to thecombination of coffee andsweet snack But Fika as a verb means the act of partaking in Swedish social life“I have learned, over a cup of coffee, for even a brief time to stopdoingand to enjoy justbeing“ (Averbuch, The New York Times, 2013) Fika philosophy is als

4、o reflected in the Swedish approach to the environmental issuesGrowing But sustainably and environmental-friendly30 major urban development project are currently under way (Hammarby Sjstad, Stockholm Royal Seaport, etc.), plans to built 100,000 new homes by 2030 The key question is how to reach bala

5、nce between ensuring that all city services will meet the expectations and requirements of citizens, and, simultaneously, will not endanger both the citys goal to become fossil-fuel free city by 2030 (2050) and energy efficiency?The Citys Environmental Programme and Stockholm City Plan= employing su

6、stainable energy solutions, crafting smart environmental designs adapted to future climate change, and support ecological means of transportA case study of Hammarby Sjstad the first environmental city districtBased on a closed ecocycle where waste and energy use are minimized, and asmuch as possible

7、 isrecycled and compostedHalf of the overall energy is produced by residents themselvesRenewable fuels, re-use of waste heat, production of biogas from wastewater, household energy efficiency (insulation, solar panels, green roofs, water-saving shower heads) = up to 50% reduction of energy consumpti

8、on Towards zero waste99 % of all household waste is recycled, ecologically burned, composted or reused, 1% of waste ends up in landfillsrecycling stations are as a rule no more than 300 metres from any residential area Most Swedes separate all recyclable waste in their homes (80% of Swedish populati

9、on support stringent ecological programs) A vacuum-powered tubes to transport and collect recyclables and garbageWaste to Energy50% of the household waste is burnt to produce energy at incineration plantsThe Hgdalen co-generation plant separates combustible waste as an energy source in electricity a

10、nd district heating productionThe remaining ashes which do not burn are sifted to extract gravel that is used in road constructionThe smoke from incineration plants consists of 99.9 per cent non-toxic carbon dioxideWaste to energy Sweden has developed a large capacity for efficient and profitable wa

11、ste treatment (imports 700,000 tonnes of waste from other countries)Re-using materials or products means using less energy to create a product, than burning one and making another from scratchStockholm households keep separating their newspapers, plastic, metal, glass, electric appliances, light bul

12、bs, batteries, and food wasteNewspapers are turned into paper mass, bottles are reused or melted into new items, plastic containers become plastic raw material; food is composted and becomes soil or biogas through a complex chemical processDistrict Heating SystemHeating plants burn climate-neutral f

13、uels (biofuels, household waste) and produce heating and electricity together (90% of the fuels energy can be utilized)Accounts for almost 80% of total heating needsDue to the system, emissions ofgreenhouse gases have decreased by 40% since 1990.Transportation in StockholmThe key requirements: a hig

14、h level of mobility and a low emission levelCongestion charge (up to 10 USD per day) = reduced emissions ( and traffic (around 20%) Rubbish trucks and all inner city buses are run on recycled electricity, ethanol or biogasA special focus on cycling and walking mobility80% travelers in rush hours use

15、 public transportWalking and cycling comprising 39% of all trips during weekdays, using cars account for 30% Why Stockholmers are willing to travel by public transport?! = Public transport accessibility is exceptionally highPersuasive “pull“ factors (bus corridors, bus rapid transit system, multi-mo

16、dality, etc.)Aesthetics of public transport = “the worlds longest art gallery“ decorated with sculptures, paintings, engravings, etc.Boston and recyclingResidential recycling rate is only on 20% (80% in San Francisco, 60% in Seattle) Food waste comprises 25% of the current waste stream100 cities hav

17、e curbside collection of organic waste = Boston has only a voluntary programsInsufficient recycling capacity (the only one industrial scale composter in Marlborough)Does city of Boston (Massachusetts legislation) do enough to scale up recycling rate? “Chicken-and-egg“ problem in Boston: cannot begin

18、 a massive organic waste diversion program until there is capacity to process it, no company will build a new digester without a guarantee of volumeBoston and recyclingBut thing are moving up! =The Massachusetts Commercial Food Waste Bill: apply to all institutions producing more than one ton of foo

19、d waste per week (1,700 public institutions) The new legislation enforces to donate the edible food, ship it to an digestion facility, or use it as animal feed Converted to the law on October, 1, 2014States overall waste-reduction plan: aims to reduce waste streams by 80% by 2050ReferencesOECD Green

20、 Growth Studies (2013): Green Growth in Stockholm, Sweden. :/about/publishing/corrigenda.htmThe London School of Economics and Political Science. LSE Cities Report. Stockholm: Green Economy leader Report, London, 161 p.Stockholms stad (2013): Stockholm: a sustainably growing city, 46 p.Averbuch, Y. (2013). The New York Times. In Sweden, the Fika Experience. :/nytimes/2013/11/13/sports/soccer/in-sweden-the-fika-experience.htmlThe Swe