2012屆高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)（開放式作文）專題指導(dǎo)

1、2012屆高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)專題指導(dǎo)與練習(xí)講評(píng)系列 作者：秦建華 226531江蘇省石莊高級(jí)中學(xué)第 PAGE 12 頁(yè) 共 NUMPAGES 12 頁(yè)開放作文形同于書面表達(dá)，但又不等同于書面表達(dá)，因?yàn)闀姹磉_(dá)往往給出較為詳細(xì)的提示（文字提綱式、文字+圖畫式、或圖表式），考生在組織短文時(shí)，完全可以把這些提示當(dāng)作短文提綱或線索；考生在表達(dá)時(shí)，只需沿著這條線索思維即可，考生發(fā)散思維的空間不多。而“開放作文”是一種限制相對(duì)較少、留給考生更多自由發(fā)揮空間的、考查學(xué)生書面表達(dá)能力的一種時(shí)新題型。這種題型只給出主題，也就是說(shuō)只告訴你正在或?qū)⒁l(fā)生什么事情，至于事情發(fā)生的過(guò)程、結(jié)果則完全由考生自己去發(fā)揮，考生的

2、思維完全可以發(fā)散。所以，考生的思路不同，寫出的作文就會(huì)是千人千面。漫畫式開放作文以北京高考為代表。命題形式往往圍繞一幅漫畫去寫作。（2011北京卷）請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面提示，寫一篇短文。詞數(shù)不少于50。In your spoken English class, your teacher shows you the following picture. You are asked to describe the picture and explain how you understand it.隨著高考改革的推進(jìn)，一些自主單獨(dú)命題的省份，逐年加大了書面表達(dá)的開放的力度。比如2011年高考湖南卷就是模仿北京

3、卷而出的開放程度很大的書面表達(dá)題。（2011湖南卷）假設(shè)你參加所在年級(jí)的英語(yǔ)寫作比賽，請(qǐng)按如下要求完成一篇作文1.簡(jiǎn)要描述下圖內(nèi)容并點(diǎn)明主題；2.聯(lián)系實(shí)際表達(dá)該圖帶給你的啟示。 標(biāo)題式開放作文以上海高考為代表（但是近年來(lái)上海試題作文的開放程度有所下降）。命題形式往往圍繞一個(gè)特定的話題去寫作。（2005上海卷）古人云：“天生我材必有用”（There must be a use for my talent）。 通過(guò)描述你生活中一件事，說(shuō)明人各有所長(zhǎng)，無(wú)論才能大小都能成為有用的人。隨著高考改革的推進(jìn)，一些自主單獨(dú)命題的省份，逐年加大了書面表達(dá)的開放的力度。比如2011年高考安徽卷和湖北卷就是模仿上海

4、卷而出的開放程度很大的書面表達(dá)題。（2011安徽卷）某校英文報(bào)開辟了一個(gè)專欄：Experience。本期話題是如何解決學(xué)習(xí)中遇到的困難。請(qǐng)你以“My Approach to Difficulties in Learning”為題，用英語(yǔ)寫一篇短文，談?wù)勛约旱囊恍┳龇?。注意?.詞數(shù)100左右；2.短文中不能出現(xiàn)本人相關(guān)信息。（2011湖北卷）請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下提示，結(jié)合你校園生活中的一個(gè)事例，就與人合作這一話題，用英語(yǔ)寫一篇短文。Working in groups at school is an opportunity to learn about team work. Teamwork shows

5、us how other peoples roles fit the purpose of the group, and it teaches to be patient and how to respond to different people.注意：無(wú)須寫標(biāo)題，不得照抄英語(yǔ)提示語(yǔ)； 除詩(shī)歌外，文體不限； 內(nèi)容必須結(jié)合校園生活中的一個(gè)事例； 文中不得透漏個(gè)人姓名和學(xué)校名稱； 詞數(shù)為100左右?！皹?biāo)題式”開放作文實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的命題式作文，考生只要圍繞題目中所給的特定的話題說(shuō)明、敘述、舉例，加上談?wù)勛约旱母邢牖虬l(fā)表自己的看法就可以了。然而，相對(duì)于“標(biāo)題式”開放作文而言，“漫畫式”開放作文的

6、寫作難度就更大。近年來(lái)高考英語(yǔ)“北京卷開放作文”模式漸趨成熟，并基本定型。該題型要求考生根據(jù)一定提示(一般是一段20余字的英文提示和一幅漫畫)，寫一篇短文；詞數(shù)不少于50。我們把它稱之為“漫畫式”開放作文。如此設(shè)計(jì)該題型目的是要求考生充分發(fā)揮想象力和創(chuàng)造力，自由拓展主題，組織篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣既能體現(xiàn)出學(xué)生活躍的思維，又能表現(xiàn)出他們的邏輯思維能力和靈活運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力，從而把對(duì)考生的寫作能力的考查上升到了一個(gè)新的高度。縱觀2003年以來(lái)的高考英語(yǔ)“北京卷”真題，我們可以看出，“開放作文”?？嘉捏w有兩種：記敘文和議論文?！坝洈⑹介_放作文”一般給出一段材料，然后要求考生沿著材料的縱橫發(fā)展方向，充分發(fā)揮想

7、像力，拓展原材料內(nèi)容；再次運(yùn)用邏輯推理方法，進(jìn)行謀篇布局；最后串詞成句，聯(lián)句成文。概言之，“記敘式開放作文”要求考生靈活處理所給材料，做到綜合分析，辯證思考，提煉觀點(diǎn)，力求論點(diǎn)合理，論據(jù)充分，論證嚴(yán)密?！白h論式開放作文”則要求考生根據(jù)所提供的信息材料(一般為漫畫)，在描述漫畫信息之余，發(fā)揮自己的想象，展開簡(jiǎn)單的議論，并略談自己的觀點(diǎn)和看法。概言之，“議論式開放作文”要求考生圍繞所給漫畫的信息，簡(jiǎn)要地進(jìn)行描述，辯證思考，提煉觀點(diǎn)，力求論點(diǎn)合理，發(fā)人深思。值得注意的是：近年來(lái)，北京卷“開放作文”傾向于“就圖論事”、“就圖明理”。可以說(shuō)，“議論式開放作文”與現(xiàn)在流行的新課改、新課程、新課標(biāo)非常吻合，

8、也與流行的研究性學(xué)習(xí)、探究性學(xué)習(xí)非常一致，既迎合了當(dāng)前教學(xué)潮流，又對(duì)潮流有一定的引領(lǐng)和推動(dòng)作用。因此，考生要注意訓(xùn)練自己圍繞圖片，總結(jié)寫作要點(diǎn)的能力。另外，看圖類文章的審題難度要略大于文字類文章的審題難度，所以考生在平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練中應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)對(duì)解圖能力的訓(xùn)練。 因此，本講注重談?wù)劇奥嬍健遍_放作文的寫作。描述漫畫內(nèi)容的基本條件是看懂漫畫。要求是：審圖要準(zhǔn)，定位要清；描述時(shí)言簡(jiǎn)意賅，不可越位；要注意：不要花太多時(shí)間挖掘圖畫深意！因?yàn)殚_放作文不看重你的思想厚度，而看重你的語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量。所謂對(duì)漫畫的理解，是指圍繞漫畫反映的基本事實(shí)進(jìn)行較為細(xì)致的解釋和自己的看法、感想或人生感悟等。要求是：邏輯清晰，合情合理。根

9、據(jù)以上兩個(gè)步驟，我們可以這樣認(rèn)為：“開放作文”只要求你做兩件事情，一件是描述圖畫（describe the following picture），另一件是闡述你對(duì)圖畫解釋和看法（explain how you understand it）。相應(yīng)地，你只需要寫兩個(gè)段落，一段是“描述段”，另一段是“議論段”。 1.“描述段”的寫法：第一句可以使用如下句式： In the picture, there is等。 “描述段”的功能就是傳達(dá)圖畫中的信息，向讀者交代圖畫內(nèi)容，所以必能使用“there be”句型。另外，“描述段”的另一個(gè)功用即：為第二段的議論埋下伏筆。 2.“議論段”的寫法： “議論”段的

10、首句有個(gè)固定的句式，即：In my opinion, the picture is meaningful and wonderful as well.等。如何發(fā)議論呢？所謂議論，就是根據(jù)圖畫信息，表達(dá)你的看法、感想?？忌槐剡^(guò)深地挖掘圖畫信息，只需用簡(jiǎn)單的英文，表達(dá)平易的道理。換句話說(shuō)，只要你能用正確的英文表達(dá)你的感想，便贏得了勝利。1.思路清開放式作文的答題思路與語(yǔ)文作文思路有一定程度的類似。在寫作前，一定要先明確主題，先寫什么，后寫什么，突出什么，層次要分明。對(duì)于短文的脈絡(luò)要一清二楚。雖然開放式作文是一篇只有50詞左右的短文，但它也是一篇文章。麻雀雖小，五臟俱全。如果要求寫的是一篇記述文，

11、就要按照事情發(fā)展的先后順序來(lái)行文，事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、原因、過(guò)程、結(jié)果，一個(gè)都不能少；若是要求寫一篇議論文，就應(yīng)該按照所議論的觀點(diǎn)順序來(lái)安排結(jié)構(gòu)，論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)，一個(gè)都不能缺。2.思想正開放式作文雖然思維發(fā)散空間很大，但有一點(diǎn)必須注意要有明確的思想性。如果一篇文章沒有了明正確的思想，那它就沒有靈魂。比如有這樣一篇開放式作文：One day, on your way home you saw a boy fall into a river. What did you do? 如果你寫的文章結(jié)果是 I went away because I didnt know how to swim.那肯定

12、沒有思想性。即使你不會(huì)游泳，但你至少可以呼救。如果你寫的文章結(jié)果是 Though I didnt know how to swim, I called out for help. The boy was pulled out by a young man and I tried to save him with other people. 文章這就有了思想性，這樣的文章才有意義。開放式作文要有思想性的另一方面表現(xiàn)在，句子要有感情色彩，即人情味。這樣的文章讀起來(lái)才使人感到親切，才能完全達(dá)到與讀者進(jìn)行交流的目的。如：Im so glad to learn that youre coming in

13、September，這話就富有人情味；如果寫成 Its said that youre coming in September, 這話就平淡無(wú)味，沒有感情色彩。3.語(yǔ)句精盡可能使用較高級(jí)詞匯和復(fù)雜語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)使語(yǔ)句精練。開放作文雖然只有區(qū)區(qū)50個(gè)左右的詞，但更要使用較高級(jí)詞匯和復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣更能彰顯你的“英雄”本色。這樣的開放作文才顯得渾然一體，一氣呵成。所以，同學(xué)們?cè)跁鴮戦_放式作文時(shí)，一定要盡可能多地使用過(guò)渡詞、分詞短語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)，靈活運(yùn)用諸如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、主從復(fù)合句等，使句子顯得豐富多彩，表現(xiàn)出熟練駕馭英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的高超能力。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下面提示，寫一篇短文。詞數(shù)不少于50。 In an English

14、 speech competition, you are asked to describe the following picture and explain to the judges how you understand it. 該題的寫作要求非常明確：一是描述漫畫內(nèi)容；二是你如何理解漫畫內(nèi)容。本篇作文考查考生的能力主要有兩個(gè)：一是審圖，抓住圖片內(nèi)容的實(shí)質(zhì)的能力；二是準(zhǔn)確的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力，慎選英語(yǔ)表達(dá)思想與想法。針對(duì)本題，首先要認(rèn)真閱讀文字材料，抓住文字信息“describe the following picture，how you understand the picture ”, 即

15、首先要審清題意；其次仔細(xì)審讀并描述圖片材料；再次闡明圖片內(nèi)容實(shí)質(zhì)；最后發(fā)表個(gè)人看法。也就是說(shuō)，解答本題可以按如下步驟進(jìn)行操作：簡(jiǎn)述圖片內(nèi)容；點(diǎn)明圖片實(shí)質(zhì)；發(fā)表個(gè)人看法。當(dāng)然行文時(shí)還要切記：內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)要齊全，表達(dá)方式可以靈活多變。從漫畫中我們可以看出：圓規(guī)畫圓游刃有余、輕松愜意而鉛筆劃線劃得滿頭是汗、舉步維艱。上述要點(diǎn)要做到準(zhǔn)確表述，也并非易事。所以要用不同表達(dá)方法（特別要根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際水平）來(lái)進(jìn)行。1.從漫畫中我們可以看出 = 1 * GB3 As is shown in the picture, = 2 * GB3 The picture shows us that = 3 * GB3 We

16、can see from the picture that 2.圓規(guī)畫圓游刃有余、輕松愜意而鉛筆劃線劃得滿頭是汗、舉步維艱。 = 1 * GB3 A pair of compasses are proud of drawing a circle with great ease, while a pencil are burdened with drawing a line. = 2 * GB3 It is easy for a pair of compasses to draw a circle, so it is proud and comfortable. However, it is d

17、ifficult for a pencil to draw a line, so it is sweating all over. = 3 * GB3 It is easy for a pair of compasses to draw a circle, of which it is proud while it is so difficult for a pencil to draw a line that it is sweating all over.把上述的描述連句成段：As is shown in the picture, a pair of compasses are proud

18、 of drawing a circle with great ease, while a pencil are burdened with drawing a line. We can figure out something meaningful from the picture.從我們對(duì)漫畫的內(nèi)容描述中看，我們應(yīng)該不難看出這樣的道理：圓規(guī)和鉛筆用途不同，各有所長(zhǎng)，各有所短。From the picture, we can see the difference clearly between the compasses and the pencil due to their differe

19、nt application. The compasses have every reason to feel superior in drawing a circle because they are designed to do so. But if the compasses are used to draw a line, the pencil may have the same feeling. Therefore, a conclusion can be easily drawn: both of them have their own advantages. From what

20、the picture shows us, we can draw a conclusion that compasses and pencils have their own advantages but disadvantages. Each of them have different functions of its own. Compasses are good at drawing a circle and pencils do well in drawing a line. From the picture, difference can be seen clearly betw

21、een the compasses and the pencil due to their different application. The compasses have every reason to feel superior in drawing a circle because they are designed to do so. But if the compasses are used to draw a line, the pencil may have the same feeling. As a result, a conclusion can be easily dr

22、awn: both of them have their own advantages. To begin with, difference can be seen clearly between the compasses and the pencil due to their different application. The compasses have every reason to feel superior in drawing a circle because they are designed to do so. But if the compasses are used t

23、o draw a line, the pencil may have the same feeling. As a result, a conclusion can be easily drawn: both of them have their own advantages. So dont lose yourself in your life.發(fā)表個(gè)人看法：尺有所短寸有所長(zhǎng)，和諧社會(huì)要求人們懷有容人之雅量。注意：這里的個(gè)人看法必須是從圖片所展示或內(nèi)涵的問(wèn)題中抽象、總結(jié)出的做人做事的普遍規(guī)律，而不能脫離文本，任意發(fā)揮！該題圖片所展現(xiàn)的主要問(wèn)題是“圓規(guī)與鉛筆各有特點(diǎn)，各有所長(zhǎng)”，由此可以推出：

24、我們既要揚(yáng)己之長(zhǎng)，又要敬人之長(zhǎng)！So dont lose yourself in your life. From my point of view, we should be aware of our strengths and weaknesses, and show due respect to everyone, for no one is perfect in this world.In my opinion, although we have our own advantages ,we should not turn a deaf to others disadvantages.

25、We ought to learn from each other to make up our weaknesses. From my point of view, we should be aware of our strengths and weaknesses and never show due respect to everyone, for no one is perfect in this world.參考范文From the picture I can see a pair of proud compasses and a hard-working pencil. The c

26、ompasses are big, drawing a circle with ease, while the pencil is small, drawing a line with great effort. I think the compasses are reasonable to be proud because no one else can do the job better. At the same time, however, he should realize the pencil has his own advantages. The pencil can do oth

27、er shapes better than the compasses, even pictures. So in my opinion, while we are confident in ourselves, we should recognize strengths in others and show due respect for them.【范文點(diǎn)評(píng)】范文首先用兩個(gè)句子對(duì)圖畫進(jìn)行了描述。然后從圓規(guī)(compasses) 和pencil的特點(diǎn)和各自應(yīng)怎樣看待對(duì)方的態(tài)度升華到作者對(duì)做人做事的深刻理解。范文中注重對(duì)比手法的運(yùn)用使描述生動(dòng)形象：proudhard-working；bigsm

28、all；with easewith great effort；比較級(jí)句型“because no one else can do the job better. The pencil can do other shapes better than the compasses, even pictures.”的運(yùn)用更是增加了說(shuō)理的力度。全文六句只用了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，其余五句均用了復(fù)合句，這說(shuō)明命題者對(duì)于復(fù)合句的運(yùn)用情有獨(dú)鐘，同時(shí)對(duì)考生提出了更高的寫作要求。另外兩處while的使用又是神來(lái)之筆：第一個(gè)while表示“對(duì)比”，第二個(gè)while表示“讓步”。假設(shè)你參加所在年級(jí)的英文寫作比賽，請(qǐng)按如下要求完成

29、一篇短文：1.簡(jiǎn)要描述下圖的內(nèi)容，并點(diǎn)明主題；2.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，談?wù)劤霈F(xiàn)此現(xiàn)象的原因及解決辦法。注意：1.詞數(shù)不少于120個(gè)；2.不能使用真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校。提示詞：蝸牛snail 從漫畫中兩只蝸牛中一只所說(shuō)的話“Look! They are moving more slowly than us”可以看出兩只蝸牛在開玩笑來(lái)取笑路上擁擠的汽車比它們還要跑得慢。由此我們可以推斷：交通擁擠問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性。From the picture we can see two snails are joking about the cars on the crowded roads. This humorous pic

30、ture isnt just to amuse us. It actually shows us one of the most serious problems. As we all know, the issue of heavy traffic has long been a problem.In the picture, there are two snails playing a joke about the cars on the crowded roads. How slowly they are moving. The picture conveys us the messag

31、e that heavy traffic is a serious problem.In the picture, two snails are playing a joke about the cars on the crowded roads. They are moving so slowly that we cant help thinking of the seriousness of heavy traffic.From the picture we can see two snails are joking about the cars which are moving very

32、 slowly on the crowded roads. This humorous picture isnt just to amuse us but actually shows us one of the most serious problems. That is, heavy traffic is a serious problem. 分析現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因可以從下列考生比較熟悉的幾個(gè)方面來(lái)考慮：隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，私家車的增加；隨著汽車的增加和城市人口的增加，一些道路等交通設(shè)施仍然沒有得到改善；行人交通意識(shí)的淡薄等等。But why does this happen? I think s

33、everal factors contribute to this phenomenon. Firstly, with the rapid development of our countrys economy, more and more cars are coming into common families, which causes serious traffic jams. Secondly, with a large number of population and numbers of cars increasing, although the government puts a

34、 large amount of money on building or repairing roads every year, the quality of the roads is not satisfactory. Whats worse, some public transportation still remain unimproved. Thirdly, some people are unaware of the importance of obeying traffic regulations, so its not uncommon to see accidents blo

35、cking traffic.There are many causes for this problem, but the following may be the most important ones. The first cause is the great increase in the number of private cars. Cars take up more space but they carry fewer people. The second cause is the slow and inefficient construction and improvement

36、of the roads and streets. With a large population and numbers of cars increasing, some roads still remain unimproved. The last cause is the insufficient management of the traffic system and some peoples lack of awareness of traffic regulations, which is an obstacle to the flow of traffic.Firstly, th

37、e number of private cars keeps growing every day. Secondly, with a large number of population and numbers of cars increasing, some roads still remain unimproved. Thirdly, some peoples lack of awareness of traffic regulation also results in traffic jam. 緊緊圍繞所分析的原因（不要面面俱到，可以選取其中一兩個(gè)原因）提出解決問(wèn)題的看法。Persona

38、lly, I think that rather than promote private cars, its better to improve the public transportation system with scientific road design and proper management. More importantly, never can traffic jams be eased without self-disciplined citizens.In my opinion, the number of private cars should be put un

39、der control. And at the same time, buses should have their own special routes which cannot be used by other vehicles. Besides, underground train and city train should be developed quickly.To solve the problem, some pieces of advice are put forward. I suggest that more streets and roads should be bui

40、lt. Besides, we should take some measures to limit the number of cars. This can decrease the traffic flow.In my opinion, the number of private cars should be put under control. Meanwhile, the government should take some measures to improve some public transportation. Whats more, people must obey tra

41、ffic regulations strictly. For example, pedestrians dont cross the streets until the traffic lights are for them.參考范文From the picture we can see two snails are joking about the cars on the crowded roads. This humorous picture isnt just to amuse us. It actually shows us one of the most serious proble

42、ms. As we all know, the issue of heavy traffic has long been a problem.But why does this happen? I think several factors contribute to this phenomenon. Firstly, the number of private cars keeps growing every day. Secondly, with a large number of population and numbers of cars increasing, some roads still remain unimproved. Thirdly, some peoples lack of awareness of traffic regulation also results in traffic jam, for example, many