考研英語翻譯(第二講)PPT通用課件

1、考研翻譯和完形填空 外國語學院考研翻譯完形高分策略 考研翻譯完形高分策略一. 翻譯“三步曲”之一：看虛詞，分結構1.1 虛詞(function word)-語義的紐帶一般不充單獨充當句子成分，意義比較空洞的詞，包括副詞、介詞、連詞、助詞、語氣詞。 1. He is interesting to listen to.他對聽別人講話很感興趣。 聽他講話很有趣。深層結構： It is interesting to listen to him. 我們總是把大量的注意力集中在名詞、形容詞、副詞等實詞上面，忽略了虛詞-這一表示句子之間或句子內部各個成分之間邏輯關系的重要關系詞，如介詞和連詞。 考研翻譯完形

2、高分策略一. 翻譯“三步曲”之一：看虛詞，分結構1.1 虛詞(function word)-語義的紐帶2. Sleep deprivation has a similar impact on the body to the aging process and may increase the severity of age-related chronic disorders such as heart disease and diabetes, researchers have found. 隨著年齡的增長，睡眠不足會對身體有影響。 睡眠不足對身體的影響類似于自然老化的過程。Similar t

3、o 完全類似于 the same as 等結構 考研翻譯完形高分策略一. 翻譯“三步曲”之一：看虛詞，分結構1.1 虛詞(function word)-語義的紐帶Sleep deprivation has the same inpact on the body as the aging process.b. Sleep deprivation has as great an impact on the body as the aging process.c. Sleep deprivation has a greater impact on the body than the aging pr

4、ocess. 研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，睡眠不足對人體的影響類似于自然老化的過程，它可能會加重與年齡有關的慢疾病，如心臟病和糖尿病。 考研翻譯完形高分策略一. 翻譯“三步曲”之一：看虛詞，分結構1.1 虛詞(function word)-語義的紐帶3. The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought

5、, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.正確翻譯的關鍵，是搞清楚非限性定語從句中的關系代詞 which 所指代的先行詞是什么？譯文： 希臘人認為，語言結構與思維過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點在人們尚未認識到語言的多樣性之前就早已在歐洲根深蒂固了。 考研翻譯完形高分策略一. 翻譯“三步曲”之一：看虛詞，分結構1.2 分析難句要“三看”1.2.1 “三看拆分法之： 看動詞，找賓語 Many people in industry and the Services,

6、who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a qui

7、eter society. 在工業(yè)部門和部隊服役的許多人對噪音都有切身的體會，然而這些人認為對于噪音問題的研究純屬老肥時間，他們甚至不愿意承認噪音對人體有任何影響。另一方面，那些不喜歡噪音的人在要求安靜的社會環(huán)境時，提出的證據(jù)卻并不充分?？佳蟹g完形高分策略首先，對于謂語動詞，要找到其賓語，因為可能出現(xiàn)動詞 與其賓語被分隔的現(xiàn)象。其次，要區(qū)分謂語動詞與非謂語動詞，尤其是過去式與 過去分詞，不能混淆。動詞與賓語被分隔 （1） I saw a dog in the garden. （2）The significance of a man is not in what he attained but

8、 rather in what he longs to attain. 人生的意義不在于已經(jīng)取得了什么，而在于渴望得到什么？ 考研翻譯完形高分策略動詞與賓語被分隔（3）By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. 98 完形填空 考研翻譯完形高分策略動詞與賓語被分隔By contrast, the

9、y saw主語they 和謂語 sawin the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750,介詞短語作時間狀語由when引導的定語從句修飾preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750 時間狀語when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. 賓語 考研翻譯完形高分策略動詞與賓語被分隔4. Many people consider impossible what

10、really is possible. 很多人把完全有可能的事認為是不可能發(fā)生的。5. The development of steel nibs makes possible the development of pens.鋼制筆尖的發(fā)展使鋼筆的發(fā)展成為可能。6. This calls into question alll of your cultrual assumptions that gay men are feminine.在我們的文化中，人們一般認為男同性戀者都較為女性化，這一點引起了人們的質疑。 考研翻譯完形高分策略動詞與賓語被分隔7. Widely adknowledged a

11、s a great and improtant playwright, Eugene Oneil brought to the United States stage what was probably its first really serious drama.Widely adknowledged as a great and improtant playwright, 分詞作狀語Eugene Oneil brought 謂語brought 后面沒有直接帶賓語to the United States stage to與brought 構成固定搭配，介詞短語作補足語what was pro

12、bably its first really serious drama. What 從句作brought賓語，被后置 。 考研翻譯完形高分策略動詞與賓語被分隔譯文：在美國，尤金.奧尼爾被廣泛公認為一個偉大的劇作家，是他首次將真正意義上的嚴肅劇帶到美國舞臺上?？偨Y： 賓語由緊跟動詞的位置后移到另一成份之后。 “動詞+其他成分+賓語” （賓語后置型結構）特點： 1）這里的其他成份主要是介詞短語（如into question)和形容詞(impossible)2. 如果其他成份是形容詞，其通常充當賓語補足語。3. 如果是介詞短語，又分兩種情況。如（brought.to)充當補足語；另種情況介詞和動詞

13、不是搭配，此時介詞短語充當狀語。 考研翻譯完形高分策略動詞與賓語被分隔8. On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. 考研翻譯完形高分策略動詞與賓語被分隔On the other hand, he 主語did not accept 謂語as well founded 賓語補足語the charge 賓語中心詞賓語made by

14、 some of his critics 分詞短語，后置修飾 chargethat while he was a good observer讓步狀語，隸屬同位語同位語從句，補充說明chargehe had no power of reasoning主句，隸屬同位語從句 考研翻譯完形高分策略動詞與賓語被分隔8. On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer, he had no power o

15、f reasoning.譯文：另一方面，有人批評他盡管擅長觀察但不擅長推理，對于這樣的指責，他認為沒有多少依據(jù)。 考研翻譯完形高分策略1.2.2 過去式還是過去分詞9. On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.讀者要能判斷這里的founded和 made 是過去分詞，不是充當謂語的過去式。句中的謂語只有did not acce

16、pt, was ,had三個動詞。 考研翻譯完形高分策略總結：分析難句，首先看動詞，具有事項如下： 區(qū)分謂語動詞和非謂語動詞，具有而言就是過去式和過去分詞。 對謂語動詞能否接賓語要十分敏感，謹防出現(xiàn)賓語后置型結構。 對謂語動詞與介詞的搭配要敏感，有助于我們發(fā)現(xiàn)后置型結構。動詞沒有緊跟賓語的三種情況： 1. 該動詞是過去分詞，表被動，不需要賓語。 2. 該動詞是不及物動詞，沒有賓語。 3. 該動詞賓語后置了。 考研翻譯完形高分策略1.3 “三看拆分法之：看連詞，分從句在實際的難句分析中，我們不能孤立地看動詞，而往往把動詞與連詞結合起來分析。 區(qū)分：從屬連詞和并列連詞 從屬連詞引導主從復合句，包括

17、名詞從句的連接詞，定語從句的連接詞以及各類狀語從句的連接詞。 并列連詞是連接并列結構的。1.3.1 步驟一： 確定主從句 連詞與動詞配比原則 （n/n-1)一個主從復合句都是由一個主句帶多個從句構成的。換句話說，有n 個動詞，就對應有 n-1個從句和連詞。我們可以依據(jù)這個原則幫助斷句，先找到各個謂語動詞，然后再找連詞。 考研翻譯完形高分策略（1） This trend began during the Second World War, When several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that

18、a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 一個主句： this trend began during the Second World War，及三個從句： when several governemnts came to the conclusion that the specific demandscannot generally be foreseen in detail that a government wants to make

19、 of its scientific establishment1.3.1 步驟一： 確定主從句 考研翻譯完形高分策略（1） This trend began during the Second World War, When several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 利用“連詞與動詞配比原則”

20、，復雜的句子拆成了結構簡單的主句和眾多的從句，即高清了主句和從句之間的關系。 三大從句 定語從句，狀語從句，名詞性從句 when several governemnts came to the conclusion （為例）1.3.2 步驟二： 確定主從句類別 考研翻譯完形高分策略從句間修飾關系的誤判，都是影響對句意的正確理解。（1） This trend began during the Second World War, When several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a gove

21、rnment wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 這里when 引導的定語從句修飾時間短語the Second World War。 前一個that 引導的同位語從句，補充說明先行詞conclusion； 后一個that引導的定語從句，限定修飾先行詞demands1.3.3 步驟三： 確定從句修飾關系 考研翻譯完形高分策略主句與從句的修飾關系：從句與被修飾名詞的隔開 1）定語從句與先行詞被分隔 2）同位語從句與先行詞被分隔（2） On the other ha

22、nd, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.1.3.4 從句與被修飾詞的分隔結構 考研翻譯完形高分策略兩類分隔架構： （一）定語從句與被修飾名詞 先行詞+其他成份（定語，狀語，謂語）+定語從句 （二）同位語從句與被補充說明的名詞 先行詞+其他成份（定語，謂語）+同位語從句1）The mineral elelments from the soil that ar

23、e usable by the plant must be dissovled in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. （1991/R3）分析：elements , from the soil, that are usable by the plant譯文：土壤里的礦物質是無法被植物直接利用的，它們只有在溶于土壤溶液之后，才能為植物的根所吸收。1.3.4 從句與被修飾詞的分隔結構 考研翻譯完形高分策略2) As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of h

24、uman language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be pewerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannt convey complex ideas. (2005/R4) 分析：language or dialect 與that從句被狀語in the world隔開。 譯文：作為一名語言學家及，他承認所有的人類語言，包括非標準的語言，如黑人英語，都可以明確地表情達意-世界上沒有一種語言或方言不能表達復

25、雜的意思。 （一）定語從句與被修飾名詞 考研翻譯完形高分策略3） It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. (1996/t) 分析： that 引導一個主語從句，后接which引導的定語從句，被謂語隔開。 譯文：不過可以預見的是，將來會經(jīng)常有問題出現(xiàn)， 需要科學給出特定的回答。 （一）定語從句與被修飾名詞 考研翻譯完形高分策略 名詞+定語+that+陳述句1）The statement by t

26、he driver of the vehicle that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the court. 分析：如果一個名詞后面既有定語，又有同位語從句，往往定語在前，同位語在后，于是便出現(xiàn)了先行詞與同位語從句被分隔的情形。 譯文：給汽車司機說自己沒有看見卡車，但法庭對此并不相信。 名詞+謂語+that+陳述句2） Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty ve

27、rdicts. 分析：concern與that同位語從句被隔開 譯文：人們日益擔心，證人可能會因此而受到鼓勵，在法庭上夸大其詞，以保證陪審退對被告作出有罪的判決。 （二）同位語從句與被補充說明的名詞 考研翻譯完形高分策略3）Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-nazi activities. 分析： Dreary months dragged by 主句 before the tragic new reached

28、 her 時間狀語從句 that her beloved brother had been killed 同位語從句 for anti-nazi activities （二）同位語從句與被補充說明的名詞 考研翻譯完形高分策略4） Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.分析： evidence 主語 came up 謂語 that specific speech sounds are recognized 同位語 by babies as you

29、ng as 6 months old.譯文： 有證據(jù)表明，六個月大的嬰兒就能辨別出特定的說話聲音。 （二）同位語從句與被補充說明的名詞 考研翻譯完形高分策略總結： 如何利用連詞來破解難句看連詞分從句有三層意思:1.區(qū)分主句與從句（連詞與動詞匹配原則）2. 分清從句的類型（搞清楚三大從句）3. 分清從句的修飾關系（即定語從句和同位語從句，搞清他們的先行詞，狀語從句清楚它的修飾動詞。） 確定從句的類型也是為了幫助我們確定從句的修飾關系。 考研翻譯完形高分策略練習：1. No one is in the least interest in the marks a little child gets

30、on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general interlligence”.考研翻譯完形高分策略What we are interested in 主語從句is 主句謂語Whether we can conclude from his ma

31、rk on the test表語從句的諸位狀結構表語從句that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general interlligence”.表語中的賓語從句圖解難句考研翻譯完形高分策略賓語從句結構圖that the child will do better or worse 賓語從句的主謂狀結構than other childeren of his age 插入比較結構，分隔了better 與 at 的搭配at tasks中心詞

32、tasks介詞短語，其中的at 與上面的better or worse 構成語義搭配which 定語從句修飾taskswe think 插入語requuire “general intelligence”定語從句謂語部分 考研翻譯完形高分策略1.41 介詞概述介詞是英語造句的重要紐帶，活潑，“介詞的語言”（1） Fragile Peace: a woman throwing flowers into the ocean off the Indonesian resort of Bali during a vigil for victims of the bomb blast at Kuta B

33、each Saturaday night. The attack killed nearly 200 people from 12 countries and stirred up new fears of terrorist acts.分析：在復雜的句子結構中，介詞起到了穿針引線的作用，它能很好為我們理清句子的結構。譯文：脆弱的和平：圖為一名婦女為周六在Kuta海灘爆炸事件中遇難者守夜時，將鮮花撒向印尼的度假勝地-巴里島海域。這次恐怖襲擊造成來自12個國家的近200人死亡，再次引起了人們對恐怖活動的恐懼。 1.4 “三看“拆分法之：看介詞，定成份 考研翻譯完形高分策略1.41 介詞概述2.

34、什么詞后邊接介詞？3. 介詞后面接什么成份做賓語？ 名 詞 名 詞 動 詞 + 介詞 + 動名詞 形容詞 賓格代詞 數(shù) 詞 wh-從句4、 介詞的功能： 后置定語， 狀語以及補足語 1.4 “三看“拆分法之：看介詞，定成份 考研翻譯完形高分策略1.42 名詞與介詞 1. 名詞+ 其他定語+介詞短語 2) Stress is a reaction, physical , mental or emotional, to demands or changes in your life. 分析：physical, mental or emotional 做定語修飾reaction, 譯文： 壓力感是一

35、種反應，即你對生活中的需求或變化所做出的身體上、思想上或情感上的反應。 1.4 “三看“拆分法之：看介詞，定成份 考研翻譯完形高分策略1.42 名詞與介詞 1. 名詞+ 其他定語+介詞短語 3）The Food & Beverage Manager should ensure that any reports to Food & Beverage staff of possible food contamination are reported to the Food & Beverage Manger or directly to the GM.分析：of 短語不是修飾staff, 而是修飾

36、reports.譯文：餐飲部經(jīng)理應當確保，任何想餐飲部員工報告的關于食品污染的情況都應向餐飲部經(jīng)理回報，或直接向總經(jīng)理匯報。 1.4 “三看“拆分法之：看介詞，定成份 考研翻譯完形高分策略1.42 名詞與介詞 1. 名詞+ 其他定語+介詞短語4）The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientist

37、s use in their work.分析：by 短語分隔了中心詞application 與of 短語的語義關系 A apply B to C 這樣一個搭配，經(jīng)過名詞化后， 就變成了the application by A of B to C 譯文： 第二個方面是，社會上的一切成員，從政府官員到普通百姓，都應運用科學家們在研究工作中所采取的專門的思維方法和工作方法。 1.4 “三看“拆分法之：看介詞，定成份 考研翻譯完形高分策略1.42 名詞與介詞 2. 名詞+ 謂語+介詞短語 5） A bitter dispute erupted between the two countries ove

38、r possession of a temple on their border.分析：名詞和介詞之間插入 了謂語部分譯文：兩國為一個建在兩國交界處的寺廟歸屬問題發(fā)生了激烈的爭執(zhí)。 6） Comments are often made about activities which are relatively easy and satisfying like arranging flowers; but not about jobs which are hard and dirty, like scraping floors.分析：comments 與介詞about有語義關系，但被謂語隔開了。

39、譯文：人們往往對那些做起來相對較容易而且結果會令人滿意的活動作出評論，例如插花；但對那些既苦又臟的活卻不加評論，如檫地板。 1.4 “三看“拆分法之：看介詞，定成份 考研翻譯完形高分策略1.43 動詞與介詞 兩種情況： 1. 動詞與介詞構成固定搭配（補充動詞語義） 2.不是搭配，介詞短語作狀語，修飾動詞。動詞+賓語+介詞短衣7） What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of , say , a teddy-bear with the sound