2022年考研英語(yǔ)一真題及參考答案

1、第 PAGE28 頁(yè) 共 NUMPAGES28 頁(yè)2022年考研英語(yǔ)一真題及參考答案2022年考研英語(yǔ)一Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following te_t.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and markA，B，CorDon ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of e_periment

2、s at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting _1_workers productivity.Instead，the studies ended_2_giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the e_tremely influential idea the very_3_to being e_perimented upon changed subjec

3、ts behaviorThe idea arose because of the_4_behavior of the women in the plant.According to _5_of the e_periments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed.It did not _6_what was done in the e_periment._7_something was changed productivity rose .A(n) _8_that th

4、ey were being e_perimented upon seemed to be _9_to alter workers behavior _10_itselfAfter several decades，the same data were _11_to econometric the analysis Hawthorne e_periments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic _13_was found that levels of productivity were rel

5、ated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the e_periments may be have let to _14_interpretation of what happened._15_，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output _16_rose pared with the previous Saturday and _17_to rise for the ne_t

6、 couple of days _18_，a parison with data for weeks when there was no e_perimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers _19_to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before _20_a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” i

7、s hard to pin down1.A affected Bachieved Ce_tracted Drestored2.Aat Bup Cwith Doff3.Atruth Bsight Cact Dproof4.Acontroversial Bperple_ing Cmischievous Dambiguous5.Arequirements Be_planations Caccounts Dassessments6.Aconclude Bmatter Cindicate Dwork7.Aas far as Bfor fear that Cin case that Dso long as

8、8.Aawareness Be_pectation Csentiment Dillusion9.Asuitable Be_cessive Cenough Dabundant10.Aabout Bfor Con Dby11.Apared Bshown Csubjected Dconveyed12.Acontrary to Bconsistent with Cparallel with Dpeculiar to13.Aevidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource14.Adisputable Benlightening Creliable Dmisleading15

9、.AIn contrast BFor e_le CIn consequence DAs usual16.Aduly Baccidentally Cunpredictably Dsuddenly17.Afailed Bceased Cstarted Dcontinued20.Abreaking Bclimbing Csurpassing DhittingSection Reading prehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four te_ts.Answer the questions below each te_t by choosingA，

10、B，CorD.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Te_t 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon received one for its“one-click”online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor p

11、atented a technique for lying a bo_。Now the nations top patent court appears pletely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for th

12、e federal circuit said it would use particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal”， says DermisD, Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents”Curbs on b

13、usiness-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.That ruling produced an e_plosion in business-method pa

14、tent filings, initially by emerging inter panies trying to stake out e_clusive pints to specific types of online transactions.Later, move established panies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch.In 20_5, IBM noted in a

15、court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the

16、practice。The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is wheth

17、er it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling。The Federal Circuits action es in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme.Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.Last April, for e_le the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for

18、“inventions” that are obvious.The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti-patent trend at the supreme court” says Harole C Wegner, a par tend attorney and professor at Washington University Law School。26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofA their limited

19、value to business B their connection with asset allocationC the possible restriction on their granting D the controversy over authorization27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its ruling plies with the court decisions B It involves a very big business transactionC It has been dismi

20、ssed by the Federal Circuit D It may change the legal practices in the U.S。28.The word “about-face”(Line 1, Paro 3)most probably meansA loss of good will Bincrease of hostilityCchange of attitude D enhancement of disunity29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patentsA are immu

21、ne to legal challenges B are of ten unnecessarily issuedC lower the esteem for patent holders D increase the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would be the subject of the te_t?AA looming threat to business-method patentsBProtection for business-method patent holdersCA legal case regarding

22、business-method patentsD A prevailing tread against business-method patentsTe_t 3In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials who are unusual informed, persuasiv

23、e, or we connect.The idea is intuitively pelling but it doesnt e_plain how ideas actually spread。The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “tow-step flow of munication“.Information flows from the media to the influentials and fro

24、m them to everyone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to e_plain the sudden and une_pected popularity of people was wearing, promoting

25、 or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people call drive trends。In their recent work, however, some researchers have e up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epi

26、demics than is generally supposed.In fact , they dont seem to be required of all.The researchers argument stems from a simple observation about social influence, with the e_ception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal infl

27、uence-even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrating influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social

28、 epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the work just two degrees removed

29、 from the initial influential prove resistant, for e_le from the initial influential, prove resistant, for e_le the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people。Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulat

30、ing a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be。31.By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends toA analyze the consequences of social epidemicsB discuss influentials function in

31、 spreading ideasC e_emplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemicsD describe the essential characteristics of influentials32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”A serves as a solution to marketing problemsB has helped e_plain certain prevalent trendsC has won support from infl

32、uentialsD requires solid evidence for its validity33.What the researchers have observed recently shows thatA the power of influence goes with social interactionsB interpersonal links can be enhanced through the mediaC influentials have more channels to reach the publicDmost celebritiea enjoy wide me

33、dia attention34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoAstay outside the work of social influenceBhave little contact with the source of influenceCare influenced and then influence othersD are influenced by the initial influential35.What is the essential element in

34、 the dynamics of social influence?AThe eagerness to be accepted BThe impulse to influence othersCThe readiness to be influenced DThe inclination to rely on othersTe_t 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else the a

35、ccounting standard-setters.Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and its just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch。Unfortunately, banks lobbying now

36、 seems to be working.The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being promised.And, unless banks carry to_ic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising e

37、ncounter with Congress, Americas Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more fle_ibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their ine statement.Bob Herz, the FASBs chairman, cried out

38、against those who “question our motives。” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management?！盓uropean ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to

39、act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it pletes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy, a European missioner, warned the IASB that it did ”not live in a political vacuum” but” in the real word” and the Europe could yet develop different rules。It w

40、as banks that were on the wrong pla, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they Largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely e_tent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But banks shares trade be

41、low their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains。To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.A

42、mericas new plan to buy up to_ic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.Successful markets require independent and even bative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been e_actly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for e_le, against h

43、ostility interests.But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions。36.Bankers plained that they were forced toAfollow unfavorable asset evaluation rules Bcollect payments from third partiesCcooperate with the price managers Dreevaluate some of their assets37.Accor

44、ding to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result inAthe diminishing role of management B the revival of the banking systemCthe banks long-term asset losses Dthe weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASBs attempt toA keep away from political inf

45、luences B evade the pressure from their peersC act on their own in rule-setting Dtake gradual measures in reform39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong pla”in that theyAmisinterpreted market price indicatorsBe_aggerated the real value of their assetsCneglected the likely e_istence of bad de

46、btsDdenied booking losses in their sale of assets40、The authors attitude towards standard-setters is one ofAsatisfaction Bskepticism Cobjectiveness DsympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered bo_es to from a coh

47、erent te_t Paragraph E has been correctly placed.There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the te_t.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)A The first and more important is the consumers growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes ha

48、s risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 20_0 and is e_pected to approach 38 percent by 20_5.This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year Europe pared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent.Meanwhile a

49、s the recession is looming large, people are getting an_ious.They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative。B Retail sales of food and drink in Europes largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunitie

50、s to grow.Most leading retailers have already tried e-merce, with limit success, and e_pansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need。C Will such variation

51、s bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not.The functioning of the market is based on fle_ible trends dominated by potential buyers.In other words, it is up to the buyer rather than the seller to decide what to buy.At any rate this change will ultimat

52、ely be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold。D All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well e_pect to ra

53、ke in substantial profits there by.At least, that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the petitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big r

54、etailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched petitors.New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too。E Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countr

55、ies that have been closely e_aminedFrance, Germany, Italy, and Spainare made out of same building blocks.Demand es mainly from two sources: independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators range from s

56、nack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”：hotels, restaurants, and cafes.Overall, Europes retail wholesale market, but the figures, when added together, masks two opposing trends。F For e_le, wholesale food and drink sales

57、e to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom in 20_0-more than 40 percent of retail sales.Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and

58、changes in the petitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate。G However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and e_isting wholesalers from trying their hand, for those that master the in

59、tricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains。41 42 43 44 E 45Part CDirections:Read the following te_t carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 Points)One basic weakness in a conservatio

60、n system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land munity have no economic value Yet these creatures are members of the biotic munity and , if its stability depends on its intensity, they are entitled to continuanceWhen one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and i