[文學(xué)]Discovery and colonization of the new world

1、Discovery and colonization of the new world1American indiansThey were the earliest inhabitants in the continent.More than 20,000 years ago, Migrate from eastern siberia and might belong to the Mongoloid peoples.For thousands of years they lived and labored in the Americas.Later when the Europeans ar

2、rived in great numbers in the 16th and 17th, American Indian culture began to change as they came into contact with western culture and technology.23Discovery of the new worldThe process of discoveryCondition: 1. Marco Polos traveling book described that India rich in gold and jewelry2. The inventio

3、n of compass3. The theory of round earth4. Turkey blocked the way to the east45Between 1488 and 1534, Europeans made several important voyages to explore the world.Christopher Columbus An Italian sailor helped by Spanish king -1492 August 3rd 87 sailors 3 ships crossed Dark Sea（Atlantic ocean）-Baham

4、as Cuba mistook the people there as Indians, 1506 died, not realizing it was a new continent.678 In 1905, Colorado became the first state to observe a Columbus Day. Over the next few decades other states followed. In 1937, then President Franklin Roosevelt proclaimed every October 12 as Columbus Day

5、. Since 1971, it has been celebrated on the second Monday in October.9Columbus Day10 Vespucci Amerigo In 1499, Vespucci Amerigo an Italian sailor also under the Spanish flag, sailed west and discovered the continent of South America. It was he who showed that the land they arrived was a whole new co

6、ntinent lay between Europe and Asia. Before long it was named after him, America, the name of the southern continent, later being extended to the northern too. 11helped by Spanish king,1499 confirmed it was a new continent described it in detail in his letters sent to home1507 a German draw a new ma

7、p about the new world based on Amerigos letters, America is then named after him.12The route of Vespucci Amerigo13Ferdinand MagellanPortuguese navigator, sent by Spain in 1519 with five ships to sail around the world for the first time. Magellan and his expedition were blown by storms into the strai

8、t that now bears his name (Magellan Strait). He named and sailed across the Pacific Ocean (peaceful ocean), reaching the Philippines, where he was killed fighting for a friendly native king. But one of his ships returned to Spain in 1522, thus the historic voyage completed.14Magellan A Portuguese he

9、lped by Spanish king, 1519 crossed the Atlantic ocean- south America - Strait of Magellan - Pacific Ocean( peaceful ocean) Philippines （killed by the natives）-Cape of Good Hope- Spain.Significance: “It opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie The Manifesto of the Communist Party”15The route

10、 of Magellan16Cape of Good Hope17Strait of Magellan1819Later in 1534 the French also succeeded in planting their flags in the New world by the voyages of Jacques Cartie to Canada. In less than 50 years from 1492 to 1534, Europeans had discovered two new continents of North and South Americas and had

11、 broadened their horizons to include the whole globe.20The new world was a great and rich land. North and South Americas together made up an area almost as large as Africa and Europe combined. In the new world there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development: fert

12、ile land, seas full of fish, great forests, all the essential metals, and minerals, huge coal and oil supplies, and rivers rich in water power.21The ruling class of Europe fell upon this rich land greedily, only fifty years after Columbus first voyage, the Spanish and Portuguese had overrun the vast

13、 land of what is now called Latin America (South America). The settling of present-day United states and Canada (North America) by the English and French went more slowly, though quite cruelly.22Colonization in AmericaPortugal set up colonies in Brazil;Spain colonized South America and MexicoFrance:

14、 St. Lawrence Rive- Great Lakes- Mississippi- New Orleans23The Great Britain: 1558 Elizabeth I crowned 1588 defeated the Spanish Armada- being the most powerful country in controlling the sea- 1603 died -1607 James I agreed to set up two companies （Virginia company of Plymouth, Virginia company of L

15、ondon）- start to colonize what is now known America24-1607 the first permanent colony Jamestown founded in Virginia , so Virginia is called the mother state; In April 1607 three ships with 104 English settlers, financed by the Virginia Company, arrived off the Virginia coast. They built the first su

16、ccessful settlement called Jamestown (in honor of their King). The location of Jamestown itself led to much hardship and disease, and within the first 6 months, about half of 104 settlers died. But the first settlement, however, survived.25-1620 puritans representing the rising bourgeoisie wanted to

17、 purify the Church of England Mayflower (73 males and 29 females)-Plymouth . 1620 a tiny ship called the “May Flower” sailed from England for the New World to set a colony of Plymouth. Crowded together in the small ship were 102 passengers. About half of them were Puritan Pilgrims.26 New England ( M

18、ayflower compact obey the rule and law) they landed in what is now Massachusetts. Being far from Virginia the Pilgrims decided to set up their own government. They wrote a now famous agreement called the “Mayflower Compact”. In this Compact they agreed to stick together, to abide by majority rule, a

19、nd to have a right to choose their own leader. This was the beginning of the US democracy.27 poor food, hard work, cold weather- half died- Indians came to help them- In Autumn 1621 harvested -1621 celebrated the harvest the last Thursday in Nov. a fixed date Thanksgiving Day. During the first icy w

20、inter in Plymouth, the pilgrims suffered much hardship and about half of them died. When spring came, the Indians began to help them, showing them how to hunt, fish, and plant. The pilgrims had a fine harvest of corn in fall. They were thankful. They made a feast and invited the native Americans who

21、 had helped them. This was the first Thanksgiving.28The first English-American 13 coloniesNew England colonies: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. After the establishment of Plymouth colony, more Puritans arrived in the nearby areas of Massachusetts. by 1679 they set up the

22、 above four New England colonies.29Middle Colonies: the colonies of New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware some of these colonies were not started by the English colonists. New York and New Jersey were first founded by the Dutch, and Delaware was first settled by the Swedish. The

23、se three colonies were taken by the English in 166430The Southern Colonies: Virginia, North and South Carolinas and Georgia North and South Carolinas were settled by pioneers from other colonies, and the Georgia, the last colony, was founded in 1733, which was named after the English King George .31

24、3. The Early Immigrants3.1 the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASP) The early settlers in all these 13 colonies were from different European countries. But most of them came from England and became generally known as the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. Religious dispute in England was one of the reas

25、ons for these people to flee to America. They also want to become rich quick in the New World which was full of promises with its virgin soil and all kinds of treasures.323.2 Poor men - indentured servants(契約） Countless poor men also poured into American colonies. They were either suffering from col

26、d and hunger or were deep in debt. Taking advantage of these poor men, the colonial companies and big merchants spread the belief that America was a land of promise where everyone could make money and enjoy freedom. Most of the poor went to America as indentured servants. After they worked for the c

27、ompany for 5-7 years, they became citizens with their own farms. 333.3 convicts The colonial companies and big merchants persuaded the English government to transport convicts to America. This took a burden off the English government and gave cheap labor to the colonies. After serving their term, th

28、ese convicts would become free men. 344. Life in the Colonies4.1 Hard conditions met by the first colonists There was nothing but thick forests stretching far and wide before the colonists when they first arrived in America. The initial struggle for them was to tame the land and solve the problem of

29、 food and shelter. It was not easy to fell so many big trees and to farm among big stumps.A communal society Hard conditions forced them to live in a communal society in which people worked together and shared their products among themselves. Later forests were cut back and large fields were cultiva

30、ted, their life developed into a normal state.354.2 The early settlers in New England developed trade and ship building. The early settlers took advantage of the many deep-water harbors there to develop trade and ship-building. Wealth was rapidly accumulated in New England and huge cities were devel

31、oped near the shore around harbors.364.3 the South- two Distinct Features:1)The plantation owners in the South were devoted to agriculture. Climate and soil were more favorable in the South, so the settlers in South were mainly devoted to agriculture and lived far apart along rivers and streams. The

32、 plantation owners not only produced grain but also grew cotton and tobacco.2) There was the infamous slave labor in the South. Negro slaves, indentured servants.374.4 The colonies adopted a tolerant policy in religion. England remained the main source of immigrants, but it was not the only one. Lar

33、ge number of immigrants from Germany, Switzerland, France and many other countries also poured in. It is impossible to make the settlers from different nations all accept an established pattern of worship.385. The War of IndependenceBackground of the war:Enlightenment in Europe influenced Americans(

34、18th century)1.John Locke（advocated free trade, free speech, and free thought. ）2. Benjamin Franklin （exemplifying the Enlightenment to his countrymen.）Enlightenment provided the colonist with a theoretical and philosophical weapons against British rule.395. The War of IndependenceBackground of the

35、war:In the 17th and 18th centuries England fought a series of wars with France. The colonies seized the chance to develop their own industries, trade and political right. When the English finally won the French and Indian War in 1763, they determined to find a means to extract more money from the co

36、lonies to pay Britains debts. -1765 Quartering Act required colonist to provide food and house for royal troops; - 1765 The Stamp Act required that a stamp, purchased from British government , be placed on all legal documents, newspaper and other printed materials -1767 Townshend Act : All the goods

37、 imported should be taxed40 All the above measures deeply affected the American colonies in their agriculture, industries, commerce, and investment opportunities.5.2 The Boston Tea Party5.2.1 the event itself -1773 Tea Act permitted the British East India Company to sell tea directly to its agents i

38、n colonies. The aim of this act was to relieve the duties of the company on its tea exported to America. By this way the company would sell tea at lower prices. Actually it gave the company a monopoly of tea business in America. For fear that Britain would set up monopolies for the control of other

39、American foreign and domestic trade, the colonists decide to revolt.41-Dec.16, 1773, evening, Boston Tea Party dumped three ships of tea from the English company into the harbor. December 16, 50 Boston citizens led by Samuel Adams disguised themselves as Indians , boarded 3 British ships and tossed

40、a cargo of tea worth 17,000 pounds overboard. This was the famous “Boston Tea Party”5.2.2 It was the direct cause to force England to resort to arms against her American colonies.425.3 The First Continental CongressColonial delegates from 12 colonies ( except Georgia) met in Philadelphia on Septembe

41、r 5, 1774.Declaration of Rights and Grievances(申訴) The declaration requested their King, George, to protect the rights of the colonies and to correct their unfair treatment.43Declaration rejected-peaceful resort to the conflict failed The declaration was sent to London only to be rejected by the Eng

42、lish Parliament. The refusal meant that there was no hope for a satisfactory reconciliation and it was no longer possible to settle the dispute by peaceful means.445.4 The First Armed Clash “ The Shot of Lexington” April 19, 1775, American revolutionaries met some British troops when they were remov

43、ing munitions from the small town of Lexington and Concord, Boston area. Shots soon broke out from both sides. The British “redcoats” lost the battle and retreated to Boston with a heavy loss of lives.455.5 The Second Continental Congress5.5.1 The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on M

44、ay 10, 1775.465.5.2 This Congress organized and equipped an American army and appointed George Washington commander in chief of the American forces. The congress also provide for asking help from other countries, especially France, which was a rival of Britain.475.6 The Declaration of Independence5.

45、6.1 A committee was appointed to draw up the Declaration of Independence. The committee was composed of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and some other members.485.6.2 It was formally adopted on July 4, 1776. the Independence Day or National Day495.6.3 the significance of the Declarat

46、ion of IndependenceIt approached the problem of American independence from the angle of human rights. 50“ We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights: that among these are life, liberty and the pursui

47、t of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new governmen

48、t,”“We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall hang separately.”515.7 Military Struggle and Final Victory5.7.1 Militarily the colonies were not in a very favorable position. 3 million-10 million advanced manufacture (munitions, weapons) strong navy, battle ships- no experience of sea battle at

49、 all525.7.2 American revolutionary fighters suffered repeated setbacks during the first months. three reasons: -the loyalists, big merchants and bankers not everyone supported the revolution whole-heartedly. The above mentioned three kinds of colonists were either sided with the English government o

50、r have trade and business connections with Britain.53the loose confederation of the 13 colonies The confederation of the 13 colonies was rather loose and there was no strong central government to provide for the War.Hard to raise money It was very difficult to raise enough money to finance the war.

51、The colonies were more concerned with defending their own territories than sending their men to join the army under Washington.545.7.3 After 1777, the war began to go against the British troops.Three reasons: the large ocean, the large territory, Franklins successful diplomatic activities555.7.4 the

52、 decisive battle at Yorktown in 1781 In 1781, Washington, with the help of the French army, penned the British troops at Yorktown on the Virginia coast and on Oct. 19, the same year, the British general Cornwallis surrendered.5.7.5 the peace treaty in 1783 The treaty acknowledged the independence, f

53、reedom and sovereignty of the 13 states.The large expansion of land to the west of the colonies, with the Mississippi as the western limit, was also given to the 13 states.566. Appearance of the American Constitution6.1 America After Independence6.1.1 The 13 states were not very closely united. Diff

54、erent backgrounds and economic conditions made them suspicious of each other. They consider the Peace Treaty was for 13 separate states, not for a united country.576.1.2 New difficulties compelled Americans to give up ideas about “independent sovereign states”.1) Britain reduced its importation from

55、 America.582) The Domestic market was flooded with foreign goods.3) Debt problems aggravated the situation.596.1.3 The Government increased taxes to solve the financial problems.Many began to see the importance of a strong central government.606.2 The Constitutional Convention6.2.1 It was held in Ph

56、iladelphia on May 25, 1787. 65 delegates from all the states except Rhode Island attended the Convention.616.2.2 The work of the Convention was to draw up a Constitution and frame a central government. They had to seek common ground between the states.62September 17, 1787 is Constitution Day 6.2.3 t

57、he Federalists and the Anti-Federalists The Constitution was faced with disagreement. It was supported by some people called the Federalists in American history, and was strongly opposed by others who were known as the Anti-Federalists.636.2.4 the Bill of Rights declares that the Constitution guaran

58、tees The constitution won its final pass with ten important amendments which were known as the Bill of Rights. Its mainly concerned about the state power and individuals right.64freedom of religion, speech and the press, the right to keep and bear arms, the right against unreasonable searches and se

59、izures, the right against self-incrimination, the right for everyone to refuse to give witness against himself in any criminal case.656.3 The American Constitution1) The first distinct feature of the American Constitution was its division of power.Power divided between central government and state g

60、overnment66The power of the central government includes the power to deal with problems of general concern. 67Such as the power to coin money, to regulate commerce, to raise an army and declare war, to make peace and treaties, and to levy taxes and try cases concerning two states or more.68All the p