2012屆高考語法專題復(fù)習(xí)虛擬語氣精品講解

1、PAGE PAGE 62012屆高考語法專題復(fù)習(xí)虛擬語氣精品講解1.虛擬語氣用于條件句 條件句（真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句）。 真實(shí)條件句：指if引導(dǎo)的條件句有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性。 非真實(shí)條件句：指假設(shè)的情況完全不存在或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性很小，這時(shí)就用虛擬語氣來表示。此時(shí)的句子時(shí)態(tài)比真實(shí)條件句中的時(shí)態(tài)后退一步。即： 該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，則用過去時(shí) 該用過去時(shí)，則用過去完成時(shí) 該用將來時(shí)，則用過去將來時(shí) 該用過去將來時(shí)，則用過去將來完成時(shí)（一）、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：從句：if + 主語+ 動(dòng)詞的過去式(be 用were) + 主句：主語+ would (should, could , might)

2、 + 動(dòng)詞原形+ 例： 1.If the weather were fine, I would go there. 如果天氣好，我去那兒。（事實(shí)天氣不好） 2.If it werent for your help, we would get into trouble. 如果沒有你們的幫助，我們就會(huì)陷入困境。（而事實(shí)上得到了你們的幫助）（二）、表示與過去事實(shí)相反的條件句。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：從句：If + 主語+ had +過去完成式動(dòng)詞+ 主句：主語+ would (should, could, might) + have +過去完成式動(dòng)詞+例如: 1.If you had taken my adv

3、ice, you would not have made such a mistake.如果你聽了我的勸告,就不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤。（事實(shí)上你沒有聽我的勸告） 2.If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam.(從句動(dòng)詞用had taken, 主句動(dòng)詞用have failed)如果你當(dāng)時(shí)聽從我的勸告的話，你就不會(huì)在考試中失敗了。（三）、表示與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句(對(duì)將來的事實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：從句：If + 主語+ should (或were) + 動(dòng)詞原形+主句：主語+ would (could

4、, should, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形+例如：1.If you were to do such a thing again, you would be punished. 如果你再做這樣的事情，就會(huì)受到懲罰。 2.If I should work harder, I could make much more progress.假如我更努力學(xué)習(xí)的話，我會(huì)取得更大的進(jìn)步。(事實(shí)上我不可能努力學(xué)習(xí))錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句定義：有時(shí)在非真實(shí)條件句中，主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作并不同時(shí)發(fā)生，這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式并不完全按照上述句子結(jié)構(gòu)，而需按照各自的時(shí)間來調(diào)整。eg.If you had followed the

5、 doctors advice then, you would be all right now. 如果你那是聽了醫(yī)生的勸告，你現(xiàn)在就好了。（主句與從句發(fā)生的時(shí)間不同，應(yīng)按照主句與從句各自的時(shí)間作調(diào)整） If you had followed the doctors advice then，you would have been all right then. 如果你那時(shí)聽了醫(yī)生的勸告，你那是就好了。（主句與從句發(fā)生的時(shí)間相同）含蓄條件句定義：有時(shí)一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況并不用條件從句表示，而用其他方式來表示，這樣的句子就叫含蓄條件句。a.用with, without 等介詞短語，分詞短語或者獨(dú)立主格結(jié)

6、構(gòu)來代替條件從句 We mighe have died without your help.=We might have died if you hadnt helped us. Having known in time, we could have stopped it.=If we had known in time, we could have stopped it. 如果我們及時(shí)知道的話，我們就可能阻止它。b.用相當(dāng)于if的其他連詞表示虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 常見的連詞有：otherwise否則，不然in case 假如 but that 要不是 on condition(that)條件是 unle

7、ss 除非 so long as 只要 supposesupposing(that)假如 provideproviding(that)如果 eg.I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.=If I had not been busy last week, I would have come to see you.虛擬條件句中的省略與倒裝若符合下列條件，可以省略ifa.必須是非真實(shí)條件句，真實(shí)條件句不可以省略if 。b.只有當(dāng)非真實(shí)條件句中有were,had,should,would等詞時(shí)，才可以省略if。c.省略

8、if時(shí)，主句與were,had,should的位置必須相互調(diào)換。例如：If I were in your position,I would do it better.=Were I in your position,I would do it better.2.虛擬語氣在一些從句中的用法1主語從句中的虛擬語氣 主語從句通常用于“It is + 形容詞或名詞或動(dòng)詞的-ed形式 + that .”結(jié)構(gòu)。主語從句中是否用虛擬語氣取決于所用的形容詞或動(dòng)詞的-ed的含義，當(dāng)表達(dá)建議，要求，驚訝等時(shí)，用虛擬語氣。其謂語動(dòng)詞常用 “should + 動(dòng)詞原形”（美國(guó)英語常省略should，只用動(dòng)詞原形）。必

9、背： 常見的要接含有虛擬語氣主語從句的詞 形容詞：important, necessary, urgent, essential, vital, natural, strange, proper等 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式：arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded, proposed等 名詞：pity, shame, no wonder,a honour等例：It is necessary that the program (should) be loaded into the computer. 有必要把程序輸入電腦。 It

10、is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time. 很奇怪他竟然在如此短的時(shí)間內(nèi)學(xué)了那么多的東西。 2賓語從句 虛擬語氣常用在表示要求、建議、命令或愿望的動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中。 常見的賓語從句中需用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”的動(dòng)詞有： 一個(gè)堅(jiān)持：insist 兩個(gè)命令：order,command 三個(gè)建議：suggest,advise,propose 四個(gè)要求：demand,require,ask,desire 在suggest（建議）, order(命令), propose(建議), insist（堅(jiān)持要做）

11、, command (命令)，request（要求），advise（建議）等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用 should + 動(dòng)詞原形 （美國(guó)英語常省略should）。 The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator. 考官要求學(xué)生不要使用計(jì)算器。 They requested that he (should) sing a song. 他們要求他唱一首歌。 比較： 動(dòng)詞suggest和insist后面的賓語從句，應(yīng)根據(jù)不同情況選用陳述語氣或虛擬語氣。 suggest作“建議”解時(shí)

12、，用虛擬語氣，作“使想起、暗示”解時(shí)，用陳述語氣。 His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他贊同我的決定。（暗示） He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建議我堅(jiān)持自己的決定。（建議） insist作“堅(jiān)決要求”解時(shí)，用虛擬語氣，作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”解時(shí)，用陳述語氣。 He insists that doing morning exercises does good to peoples health. 他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為做早操對(duì)健康有益。（強(qiáng)調(diào)） He insi

13、sts that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他堅(jiān)持每天都要做早操。（要求） 在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中用虛擬語氣，表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 一般過去時(shí)were、did 表示目前不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 I wish I were a bird. 但愿我是一只小鳥。 I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。 過去完成時(shí) had done 表示過去不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 I wish she had taken my advice.那時(shí)她要是接受我的建議就好了。 I wish that I had seen her ye

14、sterday.真希望我昨天見過她。 過去將來時(shí) wouldcould do表示將來沒有把握或不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 I wish you would stay an hour longer. 我希望你再呆一個(gè)小時(shí)。 I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。 提示： 由于wish和hope的漢語意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出錯(cuò)。wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”，表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，后接從句時(shí)要用虛擬語氣；hope表示“希望”，指可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望，后接從句時(shí)用陳述語氣。 The students hope that their football team will wi

15、n the game. 學(xué)生們希望他們的足球隊(duì)獲勝。 （可能實(shí)現(xiàn)） I wish I could see him now. 我希望現(xiàn)在就能看到他。（不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)）3表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣 在表示建議、勸告、命令等含義的名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞要用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)。 My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建議是你盡可能經(jīng)常地練習(xí)說英語。 3表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣 在表示建議、勸告、命令等含義的名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中，

16、謂語動(dòng)詞要用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)。 My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建議是你盡可能經(jīng)常地練習(xí)說英語。 It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year. 我的愿望是所有家庭成員一年團(tuán)圓一次。 必背： 表示建議、勸告、命令等含義的名詞常見的有 advice 建議demand 要求desire 愿望decision 決定idea 意見 motion 提

17、議order 命令proposal 提議requirement 要求request regulation 規(guī)章suggestion 建議 4.在狀語從句中的虛擬語氣方式狀語從句 由as if 或as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句可以用陳述語氣表示可能符合事實(shí)的情況，也可以用虛擬語氣表示與事實(shí)不符或與事實(shí)相反的情況。 a. 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)不相符，用一般過去時(shí) The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child. 這位老師對(duì)待這位學(xué)生就像自己的親生孩子一樣。（這位學(xué)生并不是她的親生孩子） b. 表示與過去事實(shí)不相符，用過去完成時(shí) I fe

18、lt as though we had known each other for years. 我感覺我們好像認(rèn)識(shí)多年了。（其實(shí)并沒有認(rèn)識(shí)多年） c. 表示與將來事實(shí)不相符，用wouldmightcould It looks as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨） 對(duì)比： He looks as if he is young. 看樣子他好像很年輕。（他就是年輕） He looks as if he were young. 看樣子他好像很年輕。（實(shí)際上他不年輕） 5.定語從句中的虛擬語氣 在It is (high) time (that) .結(jié)構(gòu)中，定語從

19、句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式，表示“到某人該做某事的時(shí)間了”。It is (high) time (that)+主語+should+vIt is (high) time (that)+主語+過去時(shí) It is time that the children went to bed. = It is time that the children should go to bed.到孩子們睡覺的時(shí)間了。 It is high time that we began the meeting. = It is high time that we should begin the meeting.正是我們開會(huì)的時(shí)間

20、了。3.其他句型中的虛擬語氣 A If only If only位于句首引起的感嘆句用虛擬語氣，動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)表示目前的愿望，用過去完成時(shí)表示過去的愿望，用would或could表示將來。 If only he knew the answer. 他要是知道答案就好了。（用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在） If only I could speak several foreign languages！我要是能講幾種外語就好了?。ㄓ脀ouldcould表示將來） If only you had told me the truth before. 要是你以前告訴我真相就好了。（用過去完成時(shí)表示過去） 注意：if

21、only和wish的用法相同，表示的意愿也基本相同。 If only it would rain. 但愿天能下點(diǎn)兒雨！= How I wish it would rain. If only I had known her earlier! 要是我早點(diǎn)兒認(rèn)識(shí)她就好了！= I wish I had known her earlier. Bwould rather would rather, would prefer, would sooner 等后接從句，表示“寧愿”，動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)表示當(dāng)時(shí)和將來的情況，用過去完成時(shí)表示過去的情況。 I would rather you left today. 我寧

22、可你今天走。 I would prefer he didnt stay here too long. 我倒希望他不要在這兒呆得太久。 I would rather I hadnt seen that film yesterday. 我寧愿昨天沒有看那場(chǎng)電影。 提示： would rather 主要有兩種用法。 1后接不帶to的不定式 Id rather play tennis than swim. 我寧愿打網(wǎng)球，也不愿游泳。 Id rather not go to the movies. 我寧愿不去看電影。 Which would you rather have, tea or coffee

23、你喜歡喝茶，還是咖啡 2后接不用連詞的that從句 Id rather you went home now. 我希望你現(xiàn)在就回家。 I would rather my daughter attended a public school. 我希望我的女兒能上公立學(xué)校。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞總結(jié)I 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特征：本身有詞義。不能獨(dú)立作謂語。2. 后接動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。3. 不隨人稱和數(shù)的變化。II 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞各自的基本意義及用法：1. can 與could用法對(duì)比點(diǎn)can could1、表“能力”Can you lift this heavy box?I couldnt understand what he

24、 said at all.2、表“許可”You can use a different material instead.He said I could borrow his bike.3、“懷疑”No, no, it cant be true.What on earth can this mean?We thought the story could not be true. How could you be so careless?4、can與be able to 區(qū)別could代替 can，表示語氣更為婉轉(zhuǎn)。 Eg. Could I use your bike? Yes, I canca

25、n (能夠)=be able to(僅表能力時(shí))，但be able to 表示一番努力后，才能做得到，且有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。2.may與 might用法對(duì)比點(diǎn)maymight1表“詢問”May I ?(=Can I ?)Might I ?(=Could I?)(但比用may 更客氣)2.表“允許”You may take the boy there.He told me he might come. (might 與told相呼應(yīng))3表“可能”“或許”She may nor like this place.Im afraid he might not like this play.注：1. May

26、I?的答語。2. may可表示期望或祝愿 May you succeed !3. may (might) 用于目的狀語從句?？隙ǎ篩es, you may.否定：No, you mustnt 不行 （語氣強(qiáng)硬）No, you may not 或No, youd better not.The emperor gave them some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.3. must與have to用法對(duì)比點(diǎn)musthave to1. 表“必須”（主觀看法）必須；沒有過去式，可用于間接引語中。He told me I

27、must do according to what he said.（客觀需要）不得不，有多種時(shí)態(tài)。Its raining heavily, we cant go now.2. 疑問句Must I ? Yes, you must.（一定）No, you neednt./ you dont have to.(不必)Do you have to go today?Yes, we do.You dont have to worry about that.4. need與dare用法對(duì)比點(diǎn)needdare1.情態(tài)v.+動(dòng)詞原形 1）否定式 2）疑問式 He need not (neednt)go.Ne

28、ed we do it again?No, you neednt do it again.He dare not say so.Dare she go out alone at night?How dare you say Im unfair?If he dare do that, hell be punished.I dare say. (固定用法)2.實(shí)義v. +to do 1）肯定式 2）否定式 3）疑問式He needs to go.He doesnt (does not) need to go.Does he need to do it again?No, he doesnt nee

29、d ot do it again.He dares to say.He does not(doesnt)dare to say.If you dare to jump into the water from here, so dare I .3. did not need to do表示過去沒必要做She didnt need to attend the meeting yesterday, and she stayed with her children.(她沒有參加)5. should與ought to用法對(duì)比點(diǎn)shouldought to1、表“應(yīng)該”表勸告、建議You should l

30、isten to the doctors advice.We should learn from Zhang Hua.“有責(zé)任有必要”做某事You ought to finish your work before you go home.We ought to help each other.2、表“估計(jì)”They should get home by now.“非?？赡堋钡氖?，可譯為“總應(yīng)該”If we start to work right now, we ought to finish it before lunch. 注：1）should還可在虛擬語氣中的使用2) 注意：ought t

31、o的疑問式及否定式Ought he to go? Yes, I think he ought to. No, he oughtnt to. 否定式：oughtnt to do (不說ought to not do) 反疑問句：oughtnt _?6. shall與will用法shallwill1. 征詢對(duì)方意見或請(qǐng)求指示，用于第一、三人稱：Shall I (we)? Shall he (she)? Where shall I (we)wait for you?1. 詢問對(duì)方的意思或向?qū)Ψ教岢鲆螅篧ill you (please)? Wont you?Would you like to.? (

32、would替代will更客氣)Wont you go and see the film?你不去看電影嗎Yes, I think I will. 不， 我想去。2. 表示說話人的“意愿”有“命令”“警告”“強(qiáng)制”“允諾”“決心”等，用于第二、三人稱。You shall do what I tell you ( to do).我叫你干什么你就干什么。Everything shall be done to save the ship.一定要竭盡全力來拯救這艘船。2. 表示“意志”“意愿”，用于各種人稱：I wont do anything you dont like.我不會(huì)做任何你不喜歡的事。Wou

33、ld表示過去時(shí)間的“意志”“意愿”Shylock would not take the money earlier.夏洛克先前是不肯要錢的。7. used to與would用法used towould1.表示過去的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)，重在與現(xiàn)在情況的對(duì)比，不一定要有時(shí)間狀語。I used to play cards a lot, but now I seldom play.My hometown is not what it used to be.1.只表示過去動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，有明確的時(shí)間狀語。I would go to see my grandfather on Sunday when he was i

34、n the middle school.2.would 后只接表動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，不接表認(rèn)識(shí)或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞He used to be nervous in the exam.2. 表示過去的習(xí)慣有時(shí)可互換：When we were very young, we used to / would go skating every winter.3. 表示過去的次數(shù)時(shí)，不能使用：( ）We went to the Great Wall five times when we were young.( X ) We used to go / would go to the Great Wall five time

35、s when we were young.注：used to do的否定式：usednt to do 或didnt use to do (usednt也可寫作usent)疑問式： Did you use to do ? Didnt you use to do? Used you to do? Usednt you to do?II 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)：大多數(shù)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（除表能力、許可、意志外），都可以表示推測(cè)，其程度有差異。按可能性程度的高低排列為：must will would ought to should 完全肯定 完全可能 很可能 can could may might 可能 有可能2. 區(qū)

36、分情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定含義：may not或許不、可能不 might not可能不 cant 不可能mustnt不許、禁止 shouldnt不應(yīng)該 neednt 不必3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)具體運(yùn)用：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可以對(duì)現(xiàn)在、進(jìn)行、過去推測(cè)。S主+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + adj對(duì)“性質(zhì)”“特征”的推測(cè)S主+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + n對(duì)“職業(yè)”“事物”的推測(cè)S主+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形對(duì)經(jīng)常性行為的推測(cè)S主+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + V-ing對(duì)進(jìn)行著的行為的推測(cè)S主+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have + PP對(duì)過去的行為的推測(cè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)時(shí)：1、can只能用于否定句和疑問句2、must只能用于肯定句（它的否定句和疑問句其實(shí)就用can來代替了）3、如句中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 完成時(shí)，定是對(duì)過去的推測(cè) 。4、句中如有表示不肯定的話語E.g