科技英語寫作常見語法錯(cuò)誤11

1、科技英語寫作常見語法錯(cuò)誤Subject-Verb AgreementsRestrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesDangling Modifiers （垂懸修飾語）Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary VerbsSubject-Verb Agreements例1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environments are described.說明 The subject is “applicati

2、on”, which is singular.Application of this technique to is described.例2 Growth and isolation of M13 virus was describedGrowth and isolation of M13 virus were described.ExceptionA subject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb.例3 The name and address of each contributor i

3、s given on the title page.例4 Research and development is attracting a growing number of young scientists.However, when two or more subjects are joined by “or”, the verb takes the number of the closest subject.Application or uses were noted.Uses or application was noted.Collective nouns take a singul

4、ar verb when the group as a whole is meant, they take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant.The series is arranged in order of decreasing size.說明 Refers to the series as a unit.A series of compounds were obtained.說明 Refers to each compound.Experimental data that we obtained are compa

5、red with previously reported results.說明 Refers to the data as individual results.After the data are distributed, we can meet to discuss them.After the data is distributed, we can meet to discuss it.說明 Refers to the whole collection of data as one unit. None of the samples was soluble.None of the sam

6、ples were soluble.說明 Refers to individuals.This group of workers are well aware of their responsibilities.This group of workers is well aware of its responsibilities.說明 Refers to the group as a unit.Units of measurement are treated as collective nouns and therefore take a singular subject.The mixtur

7、e was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent were added.The mixture was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent was added.Five grams of NaCl were added to the solution.Five grams of NaCl was added to the solution.Three weeks are needed to complete the experiment.Three weeks is needed to complete the experiment.Compound

8、subjects containing the words “each”, “every”, and “everybody” may take singular verbs.Each flask and each holder was sterilized before use.Both components of the compound subject must contain the words in question. Otherwise, the verb must be plural.Each student and all of the professors were invit

9、ed.Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesWhen a clause in a compound sentence is restrictive, the clause is necessary to the sense of the sentence, the sentence would become pointless without the clause. Restrictive clauses are best introduced by “that”, not “which”. 必須When a clause is nonrestrictiv

10、e, it adds information, but the sentence does not lose its meaning if the clause is deleted. Nonrestrictive clause are introduced by “which” are set off by commas. 補(bǔ)充限制性定語從句It was necessary to find a blocking group which would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.It was necessary to

11、find a blocking group that would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.非限制性定語從句The current-voltage curves, which are shown in Figure 6, clearly demonstrate the reversibility of all four processes.不可用“that”Dangling Modifiers （垂懸修飾語）One form of a dangling modifier is a verbal phrase tha

12、t not refer clearly and logically to another word or phrase in the sentence.隱含前后主語的一致性Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, the ortho hydrogens could be assigned to the high-frequency peak.Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, we could assign t

13、he ortho hydrogens to the high-frequency peak.Using the procedure described previously, the partition function can be evaluated.The partition function can be evaluated by using the procedure described previously.Or,Using the procedure described previously, we can evaluate the partition function.Awkw

14、ard Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary VerbsBe sure that each subject in a compound sentence has the proper verbs and auxiliary verbs.The eluant was added to the column, and the samples collected in 10-mL increments. The eluant was added to the column, and the samples were collected in 10-mL increment

15、s. 科技英語寫作表達(dá)的幾個(gè)問題 1 簡明 2 富于變幻 3 辨析近義詞 4 語法修辭及其他 （1）由which, that, where 引出的從句 （2） 不要在一個(gè)名詞前用一串詞進(jìn)行修飾 （3）詞序 （4）利用時(shí)態(tài)表示事件發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系 （5）介詞 1) 與描寫實(shí)驗(yàn)過程有關(guān)的介詞 2) 由相同介詞引起的相互平行的對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu)1 簡明 例 As can be seen from Fig.1, growth is rapid. Growth is rapid (Fig.1). Fig.1 shows that growth is rapid. As shown in Fig.1 Fig.1 sh

16、ows The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol by means of thee third peak area in DSC curve. The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol from (or by)thee third peak area in DSC curve. 下述句式可以更加簡捷的形式表達(dá) 常以介詞或副詞代替 a number of = several, some at a tem

17、perature of at at some future time later at the present time (moment) now a very limited number of few by means of by or with due to the fact that because or since during the time that while for a period of for for the reason that because or since from the standpoint of according to greater (or high

18、er) number of more if conditions are such that if compared with A, B was bigger B was bigger than A considerable amount of muchconsiderable number (or proportion) many or most in a careless manner carelessly in a considerable number of cases often in a similar manner similarly in all cases always, a

19、ll in any case anyhow in consequence of this fact therefore in excess of more than in few cases sometimes, rarely, seldom in many cases chemists are many chemists are in order to to in regard to in relation to in respect to in the case of in the context of 以上可使用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，例如in, for, about, with in some c

20、ases sometimes in terms of in in the case of sodium with sodium in the event that if in the near future soon in the temperature range of between and in view of the fact that since or because large number(s) of many large proportion of many of great importance important of such hardness that so hard

21、that on the basis of from, by, because on the order of about over the past few years recently, in recent years owing to the fact that since, because a small number of a few subsequent to after a sufficient number of enough with reference to about prior to before It is apparent that Apparently , henc

22、e, thus It appears that Apparently It is interesting to note that Interestingly It was in 1977 that In 1977 It is clear that Clearly It is our conclusion that We conclude that It is possible that It may be said that Perhaps , Possibly, Probably It is often the case that Often It is possible that the

23、 cause is The cause may be 可去掉It,改用動(dòng)詞，而不用名詞 It is the aim of the present investigation to provide This investigation is aimed to providing 兩種類型的復(fù)雜句及其簡化有被動(dòng)式從句與主動(dòng)式從句之分被動(dòng)式從句 He uses an instrument which is called a spectroscope. He uses an instrument called a spectroscope.（簡化為后置的過去分詞）帶有 介詞+which 句子的簡化(1

24、) at which whereAirport is a place at which special attention is paid to the weather. Airport is a place where special attention is paid to the weather.(2) by means of which wherebyA fuse box is a device by means of which excessive loads are avoided. A fuse box is a device whereby excessive loads ar

25、e avoided.(3) of which whoseVenus is a planet of which the surface temperature is thought to be at least 200 . Venus is a planet whose the surface temperature is thought to be at least 200 .有介詞 from, in, for者不能簡化 Laboratories are rooms in which experiments are conducted.有助動(dòng)詞的句子，不能簡化 Here is a list o

26、f experiments which will be/ should be/ have been done this year.（這里是今年要做的/ 必須做的/ 已做過的實(shí)驗(yàn)明細(xì)表。)主動(dòng)式從句例 The man who lectures on Thursday is an expert in dynamics. The man lecturing on Thursday is an expert in dynamics.（簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞，作后置定語。）再簡化 被動(dòng)式Air which is compressed can be used for several purposes.Air co

27、mpressed can be used for several purposes. Compressed air can be used for several purposes. 主動(dòng)式Malaysia is a country which produces rubber.Malaysia is a country producing rubber.Malaysia is a rubber- producing country.2 富于變幻 比如，“稱作”一詞 Such fractions are called as non-freezing water. Such fractions a

28、re referred to as freezing bound water. This water is designated as freezing water. 再比如，報(bào)道、闡述、主張、確認(rèn)Conflicting data have been presented in literature concerning the compatibility of poly(vinyl chloride)-PVC- and poly(methyl methacrylate)-PMMA. Thus, Schurer et al1 reported PVC/ PMMA to be miscible o

29、nly in blends having a PVC content greater than 60 w/w, whereas Rozinska et al2 claimed PVC/ PMMA to be immiscible. On the other hand, Parmer et al3 asserted PVC/PMMA to be miscible over the whole range of composition showing a single glass transition, Tg, in the second DSC heating rate traces. Misc

30、ibility of PVC/PMMA has also been confirmed by Albert et al4 by non-radiative energy transfer and NMR.3 辨析近義詞 例1 absorbed by, adsorbed on adsorbed on（吸附于表面）， absorbed by（吸收其中）。 如： adsorbed on the surface of silver iodide. （吸附于碘化銀的表面。） water was absorbed by the sponge. （水被泡沫材料吸收。）例2 accuracy, precisi

31、onaccuracy（準(zhǔn)確定），示值（實(shí)驗(yàn)值）與被測量真值（約定真值）的一致程度；precision（精密度），某一物理量多次測量值的一致性（或稱數(shù)據(jù)的分散性）。例如：Although high precision was achieved, accuracy was low.（雖然達(dá)到高精密度，但準(zhǔn)確度低。）例3 actually, in fact 在例句 “Actually, the reaction rates by employing some other methods were considerably slower, ” 中，對(duì)于科學(xué)論文來講，這里使用in fact更為合適。與書

32、面語言相比，actually更多用于口語。例4 adjust, calibratecalibrate的名詞形式是calibration（校準(zhǔn)），在規(guī)定條件下為確定測量儀器或測量系統(tǒng)的示值與被測量相對(duì)應(yīng)的已知值之間關(guān)系的一組操作?？梢杂眯?zhǔn)的結(jié)果評(píng)定測量儀器、測量系統(tǒng)的示值誤差，或給任意標(biāo)尺上的標(biāo)記賦值；有時(shí)把校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果表示為校正因子或取校正曲線形式的一系列校正因子。可按上述的校正對(duì)測量結(jié)果做調(diào)整（adjust）。例如：The results of the calibration permitted us to adjust the final result.（校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果允許我們?nèi)フ{(diào)整最終結(jié)果。

33、）例5 common, general, ordinary, usual, routinecommon（普通的，共同的）,-Alumina monohydrate is a common component of many bauxites, of which the French bauxites are typical.（-氧化鋁單水合物是許多鋁土礦的共同成分，general（一般的），One of the best and most general methods for preparing ketones in the aromatic series is the Friedel-Cr

34、aft reaction.（制備芳酮類化合物一般最好的方法之一是Friedel-Craft反應(yīng)。）ordinary（普通的，通常的），如：Heavy water differs somewhat from ordinary water in certain physical properties.（重水在某些物理性質(zhì)方面與普通的水有所不同。） ordinary pressure（常壓）， ordinary temperature（常溫）。Usual（常規(guī)的），Under these condition the end-point of titration could be found accu

35、rately in the usual way.（在這種條件下，按常規(guī)的辦法可以精確發(fā)現(xiàn)滴定終點(diǎn)。）茲以method為例： a common method 普通的方法 a general method 一般的方法 a usual method 常規(guī)的方法 a conventional method 傳統(tǒng)的方法 此外，routine（貫常的），如routine test（慣常測試），是指按即定的程序開展的大量重復(fù)測試。例6 by means of, in terms of by means of 與by, using, by using同義，表示利用某種方法（手段，諸如IR, DSC, NMR,

36、 X射線衍射等）開展研究、觀測； in terms of 通常用在采用某種理論（說法）、參數(shù)來解釋實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。例如：The thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of PES/PPS blends have been investigated by means of DSC and DMA.Sometimes, we have to study the miscibility of polymer blends by means of a combination of two or more methods in order to confirm t

37、he experimental results.Fox equation interprets the relationship between glass temperature ( Tg ) and copolymer compositions. The relationship between glass temperature ( Tg ) and copolymer compositions was interpreted in terms of Fox equation.修改后，使重點(diǎn)（Tg 與組成的關(guān)系）更加突出，此句的重點(diǎn)并非是Fox方程。We have prepared th

38、e complex of title compound and discussed its thermal decomposition procedure by TG-DTG, DTA, SEM and IR techniques and the corresponding non-isothermal kinetics by means of the Malek method. in terms of the Malek method.例7 curve, thermogramcurve（曲線），thermogram（熱譜）。thermogram的一種解釋是，住院病人，例行查房，體溫的逐日記錄

39、。因此，以英國學(xué)者為主的熱分析名詞委員會(huì)主張稱熱分析的記錄為“曲線”，而不稱“熱譜”。如DTA curve（DTA曲線），DSC curve（DSC曲線）。 例8 derivative, differential derivative（微商），表示某物理量P對(duì)溫度T或時(shí)間t的微商，dP/dT (或dP/dt ), 如derivative thermogravimetry（微商熱重法） differential（差，差式），如differential scanning calorimetry（差式掃描量熱法）。例9 different, various, varyingdifferent（不同的

40、），various（各種的），varying（改變的）。例如： The results are clearly different. （結(jié)果顯然不同。） We tried various（或several different）methods.（我們試過各種方法。） The effect of varying the condition was （改變條件的影響是）例10 mass, weight mass（質(zhì)量），weight（重量）。 如：mass of the sample（試樣質(zhì)量，或簡稱試樣量），而不稱sample weight（試樣重量）。重量在本質(zhì)上與力是相同的，即是質(zhì)量與因重力而

41、產(chǎn)生的加速度的乘積。例11 often, sometimes, usually 它們在表現(xiàn)時(shí)間的頻次上是不同的， usually, often, sometimes 依次為“通?！?、 “常常”、“有時(shí)”，頻次降低。 如： It was usually observed that （通常觀測） It was often observed that （常常觀測） It was sometimes observed that （ 有時(shí)觀測）例12 standard material, certified reference materialstandard material 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)，certifi

42、ed reference material有證參樣（或稱有證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)）。standard material用于檢定儀器測量準(zhǔn)確度的物質(zhì)；certified reference material用一種或多種技術(shù)上正確的方法，鑒定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鑒定機(jī)構(gòu)所發(fā)給的證書或其他文件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)。4 語法修辭及其他（1） 由which, that, where引出的從句 which 1) 通過which進(jìn)行雙擴(kuò)展The change of heat of fusion of polyethylene as a function of the specific volume which the

43、sample has at room temperature, and which is related to the crystallinity through Eq.(5) in Chapter IV is shown in Fig.IV 12. 2)由于插入從句，which遠(yuǎn)離它所代替的主句中的詞 In the case of cold crystallization it is suggested that by reason of somewhat rigid backbone chains in these polymers, there will be some local or

44、der such as parallel chains or nematic domains, originating during quenching the melt and frozen in the glassy state, which favors subsequent crystallization. （2）不要在一個(gè)名詞前用一串詞進(jìn)行修飾 Thermal decomposition kinetics of the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine by DSC method DSC study on kine

45、tics of thermal decomposition for the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine （3） 詞序In the form of extended helical chain, the junction zones are linked. The junction zones are linked in the form of extended helical chain. Fox equation interprets the relationship between glass temperature (Tg) and copolymer compositions. The relationship between glass temperature (Tg) and copolymer compositions was interpreted in terms of Fox equation. （4）利用時(shí)態(tài)表示事件發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系Examine the content