中央電大知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法形成性考核冊(cè)作業(yè)1-4答案小抄

1、電大知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法作業(yè)答案小抄作業(yè) 1一、名詞解釋知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法：是調(diào)整因創(chuàng)造、使用智力成果而前產(chǎn)生的，以及在確認(rèn)、保護(hù)和行使智力成果所有人的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的過(guò)程中所發(fā)生的各種社會(huì)關(guān)系的法律規(guī)范的總稱。商品裝潢： 是指在商品或其包裝、容器以及其他附著物上所進(jìn)行的裝飾。商品商標(biāo)： 是指在商品或者服務(wù)項(xiàng)目上所使用的，用以識(shí)別不同生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)者所生產(chǎn)、制造、加工、揀選或者經(jīng)銷的商品或者提供的服務(wù)，由顯著的文字、圖形、字母、數(shù)字、三維標(biāo)志、顏色組合或者上述要素的組合構(gòu)成的可視性標(biāo)志。18證明商標(biāo)：也稱為保證商標(biāo)，是指由對(duì)某種商品或者服務(wù)具有監(jiān)督能力的組織所控制，而由該組織以外的單位或者個(gè)人使用于其商品或者服務(wù)，用以證

2、明該商品或者服務(wù)的原產(chǎn)地、原料、制造方法、質(zhì)量或者其他特定品質(zhì)的標(biāo)志。26注冊(cè)商標(biāo)：是指經(jīng)國(guó)家主管機(jī)關(guān)核準(zhǔn)注冊(cè)之商標(biāo)。41二、簡(jiǎn)答題1.請(qǐng)按你的理解給知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)下個(gè)定義。我認(rèn)為，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)是權(quán)利人根據(jù)一國(guó)的法律，對(duì)于自己的智力成果和經(jīng)營(yíng)管理中所形成的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的標(biāo)志（如商標(biāo)、商號(hào)、包裝、裝潢、商譽(yù)、地理標(biāo)志、域名等）所享有的專有權(quán)利。2.請(qǐng)?jiān)囀鲋R(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的法律性質(zhì)。知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)是一種與物權(quán)、債權(quán)并列的獨(dú)立的民事權(quán)利。具體地說(shuō)，第一，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)具有人身權(quán)和財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的雙重性質(zhì)。由于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)所保護(hù)的智力成果與人的智力活動(dòng)密切相關(guān)，因此智力成果的創(chuàng)造者應(yīng)依法享有一定的人身權(quán)，并且這種人身權(quán)是永久的。同時(shí)，由于智力成果的

3、使用又能獲得一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，所以智力成果的所有人又享有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)。第二，由于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)具有人身權(quán)和財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的雙重性質(zhì)，又使其具有專有性。第三，時(shí)間性和地域性。由于智力成果是一種無(wú)形的財(cái)產(chǎn)，因而它不能象物和人身那樣理所當(dāng)然地獲得法律的保護(hù)，其權(quán)利必須經(jīng)過(guò)法律確認(rèn)之后，才能受到保護(hù)。知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的法律確認(rèn)性決定了它的隨之而來(lái)的時(shí)間性和地域性。P6-73.請(qǐng)?jiān)囀鲋R(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的范圍。知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的范圍有狹義和廣義兩種：2-3（）狹義的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)指?jìng)鹘y(tǒng)意義上的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。一般包括專利權(quán)、商標(biāo)權(quán)和著作權(quán)，還包括與著作權(quán)相關(guān)的權(quán)利即鄰接權(quán)。（2）廣義的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)有兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：一是世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織公約界定的范圍，包括.著作權(quán)；.鄰接權(quán)；

4、.關(guān)于人類在一切領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的發(fā)明的權(quán)利。主要指人們就專利發(fā)明、實(shí)用新型及非專利發(fā)明享有的權(quán)利；.關(guān)于科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的權(quán)利；.關(guān)于工業(yè)品外觀設(shè)計(jì)的權(quán)利；.關(guān)于商品商標(biāo)、服務(wù)商標(biāo)、商號(hào)及其他商業(yè)標(biāo)記的權(quán)利；.關(guān)于制止不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的權(quán)利；.其他一切來(lái)自工業(yè)、科學(xué)及文學(xué)、藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的智力創(chuàng)作活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的權(quán)利。二是與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議界定的范圍，包括：.版權(quán)與鄰接權(quán)；.商標(biāo)權(quán)；.地理標(biāo)志權(quán)；.工業(yè)品外觀設(shè)計(jì)權(quán)；.專利權(quán)；.集成電路布圖設(shè)計(jì)權(quán)；.未公開的信息專有權(quán)，主要是商業(yè)秘密。4.你認(rèn)為知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法有哪些作用。第一，鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)造。為智力成果完成人的權(quán)益提供法律保障，調(diào)動(dòng)人們從事科學(xué)技術(shù)研究和文學(xué)藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的積極性和創(chuàng)造

5、性。第二，促進(jìn)技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)進(jìn)步。通過(guò)許可使用或轉(zhuǎn)讓等方式，使得落后國(guó)家的企業(yè)能夠得到先進(jìn)技術(shù)，從而促進(jìn)技術(shù)進(jìn)步和生產(chǎn)進(jìn)步。第三，促進(jìn)文明傳播。知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法通過(guò)對(duì)智力成果的公開，促使最新的智力成果在世界范圍內(nèi)傳播交流。第四，保護(hù)社會(huì)公眾利益。知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法在保護(hù)智力成果所有人的權(quán)利的同時(shí)，通過(guò)對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的限制，來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)智力成果所有人與社會(huì)之間的利益的均衡。三、案例分析1.根據(jù)我國(guó)商標(biāo)法，商標(biāo)權(quán)的取得實(shí)行注冊(cè)取得的原則，而不是使用取得的原則，為保護(hù)這一具有巨大預(yù)期收益的品牌，建議對(duì)其進(jìn)行商標(biāo)注冊(cè)。并且在商標(biāo)注冊(cè)的過(guò)程中，我國(guó)實(shí)行申請(qǐng)?jiān)谙鹊脑瓌t，輔這以使用在先的辦法，故該公司應(yīng)盡快提交注冊(cè)申請(qǐng)。2.注冊(cè)的程序

6、。步驟依次為：申請(qǐng)、形式審查、實(shí)質(zhì)審查、公告、商標(biāo)異議、核準(zhǔn)注冊(cè)。3.方案。涉及商標(biāo)設(shè)計(jì)，是使用文字，還是文字與圖形、字母、數(shù)字、三維標(biāo)志等的組合；是否需要注冊(cè)防御商標(biāo)、聯(lián)合商標(biāo)。4.如何防止權(quán)益被侵害。權(quán)益被侵害的方式有合法的侵害和非法的侵害兩種。無(wú)論是合法的侵害，不是非法的侵害，都要依靠商標(biāo)所有權(quán)人對(duì)同一種或者類似商品上的商標(biāo)保持足夠的關(guān)注，以便及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)相同或者近似的商標(biāo)被他人注冊(cè)或者使用。合法的侵害表現(xiàn)為他人在同一種或者類似商品上的申請(qǐng)注冊(cè)相同或者近似的商標(biāo)。從而造成合法的混淆。對(duì)這種侵害，如果商標(biāo)所有權(quán)人在公告期間發(fā)現(xiàn)，可以通過(guò)異議程序向商標(biāo)局提出異議，要求商標(biāo)局不授予申請(qǐng)人注冊(cè)商標(biāo)；

7、如果商標(biāo)所有權(quán)人發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)，易引起混淆的商標(biāo)已被他人注冊(cè)，可在該混淆商標(biāo)注冊(cè)的五年內(nèi)，向商標(biāo)評(píng)審委員會(huì)申請(qǐng)注冊(cè)商標(biāo)爭(zhēng)議裁定，由商標(biāo)評(píng)審委員會(huì)依法作出裁決，撤銷該混淆商標(biāo)注冊(cè)。非法的侵害，即商標(biāo)侵權(quán)，主要表現(xiàn)為使用侵權(quán)、銷售侵權(quán)、標(biāo)識(shí)侵權(quán)、反向假冒侵權(quán)和其他侵權(quán)。處理方式有協(xié)商解決、行政處理、行政調(diào)解、訴訟解決等。作業(yè)2王某在黑龍江省齊齊哈爾市于1990年4月1日向中國(guó)專利局受理處有幾名為“保溫鞋”的實(shí)用新型申請(qǐng)文件，郵戳日為1990年4分月1日，中國(guó)專利局受理處收到該申請(qǐng)文件的日期為1990年4月6日。李某在北京于1990年4月2日向中國(guó)專利局額受理處直接遞交一份與王某同樣的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的專利申請(qǐng)文件

8、，也名為“保溫鞋”的實(shí)用新型專利申請(qǐng)。問(wèn)：如何處理？為什么？答：專利局應(yīng)確定王某為專利申請(qǐng)人。因?yàn)槲覈?guó)的專利申請(qǐng)實(shí)行先申請(qǐng)?jiān)瓌t，即兩個(gè)以上主題相同的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造分別向?qū)＠痔岢鰧＠暾?qǐng)的，專利權(quán)授予最先申請(qǐng)的人。該原則以申請(qǐng)日作為申請(qǐng)時(shí)間先后的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。專利局收到專利申請(qǐng)文件之日為申請(qǐng)日，如果申請(qǐng)文件是郵寄的，以寄出的郵戳日為申請(qǐng)日。本案中，王某以郵寄方式送達(dá)申請(qǐng)，其申請(qǐng)日為1990年4月1日。李某直接送達(dá)，時(shí)間為1990年4月2日。王某的申請(qǐng)日在先，因而應(yīng)確定其為申請(qǐng)人資格。作業(yè)3故宮博物院為組織活動(dòng)于1994年起組織人員從院藏文物中精選900多套國(guó)家一、二級(jí)珍貴文物進(jìn)行攝影、測(cè)量、編寫說(shuō)明文字

9、。活動(dòng)后由紫禁城出版社和香港商務(wù)印書館分別出版。1999年某出版社出版了由天津某大學(xué)教授編寫的宋清瓷器圖錄一書，均通過(guò)新華書店公開發(fā)行銷售。共計(jì)銷售1萬(wàn)冊(cè)，每?jī)?cè)定價(jià)49元，成本20萬(wàn)元，出版社獲利9萬(wàn)元。2001年故宮博物院向法院起訴，告出版社侵權(quán)。稱其非法使用原告圖片790張，抄襲文字圖片說(shuō)明，侵犯了其著作權(quán)中的使用權(quán)，取得報(bào)酬權(quán)和保護(hù)作品完整權(quán)。并稱其對(duì)社會(huì)出租圖片資料每張版權(quán)費(fèi)400元，加工制作費(fèi)400元，其作品系珍貴文物故要求按每張800元乘2倍賠償。要求：1 你作為故宮博物院代理人寫一份代理意見(jiàn)。2 你作為出版社律師寫一份答辯狀。代理詞審判長(zhǎng)、審判員：北京強(qiáng)國(guó)律師事務(wù)所接受本案原告故

10、宮博物院的委托，指派我作為其代理人參加本案訴訟活動(dòng)。經(jīng)了解案情和收集證據(jù)，我認(rèn)為，原告被告侵犯其著作權(quán)，事實(shí)清楚，證據(jù)確鑿?，F(xiàn)就本案發(fā)表如下代理意見(jiàn)。故宮博物院為組織活動(dòng)，于1994年起組織人員從院藏文物中精選900多套國(guó)家一、二級(jí)珍貴文物進(jìn)行攝影、測(cè)量、編寫說(shuō)明文字?；顒?dòng)后由紫禁城出版社和香港商務(wù)印書館分別出版。該書由原告獨(dú)立完成，由原告享有全部著作權(quán)。現(xiàn)有該書原稿、出版合同、印刷版圖書可以佐證，見(jiàn)原告提供的證據(jù)清單的第1、2、3項(xiàng)。被告于1999年，出版了由天津某大學(xué)教授編寫的宋清瓷器圖錄一書，并通過(guò)新華書店公開發(fā)行銷售，共計(jì)銷售1萬(wàn)冊(cè)。該書在未經(jīng)原告許可的情況下，以營(yíng)利為目的，非法使用原

11、告圖片790張，抄襲文字圖片說(shuō)明，侵犯了其著作權(quán)中的使用權(quán)，取得報(bào)酬權(quán)和保護(hù)作品完整權(quán)。證據(jù)見(jiàn)原告提供的證據(jù)清單的第、4、5項(xiàng)。根據(jù)我國(guó)著作權(quán)的相關(guān)法律法規(guī)的規(guī)定，請(qǐng)法院依法判決被告立即停止侵權(quán)行為，向原告賠禮道歉，并賠償經(jīng)濟(jì)損失1294000元（直接損失：原告對(duì)社會(huì)出租圖片資料每張版權(quán)費(fèi)400元，加工制作費(fèi)400元，其作品系珍貴文物故要求按每張800元乘2倍賠償，即800*2*7901264000元；合理開支30000元，包括律師費(fèi)、調(diào)查費(fèi)、取證費(fèi)等）。以上代理意見(jiàn)，敬請(qǐng)合議庭仔細(xì)斟酌研究并予以采納。謝謝！ 被告代理人：北京強(qiáng)國(guó)律師事務(wù)所律師：林肯 二OO四年六月十六日答辯狀答辯人：名稱：地

12、址：電話：法定代表人：職務(wù)：委托代理人：姓名：性別：年齡：民族：職務(wù)：工作單位：住所：電話：因故宮博物院訴我單位侵犯其著作權(quán)一案，答辯如下：原告訴稱被告侵犯其著作權(quán)，訴訟理由不能成立。要求被告向原告賠禮道歉，并賠償經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，缺少法律依據(jù)。原告訴稱，被告于1999年出版的宋清瓷器圖錄一書，非法使用原告圖片790張，抄襲文字圖片說(shuō)明，侵犯了其著作權(quán)中的使用權(quán)、取得報(bào)酬權(quán)和保護(hù)作品完整權(quán)。事實(shí)上，被告的確在1999年出版了宋清瓷器圖錄一書。但被告并沒(méi)有侵犯原告訴稱的著作權(quán)，因?yàn)楸桓娉霭嫠吻宕善鲌D錄一書，是在取得了其作者天津某大學(xué)教授的同意并簽訂了出版合同，即取得其著作權(quán)人的授權(quán)之后進(jìn)行的。根據(jù)該出版

13、合同，天津某大學(xué)教授保證其對(duì)宋清瓷器圖錄一書享有完全的著作權(quán)。因而，被告的出版品，有著合法的著作權(quán)來(lái)源，其出版行為是合法的。如果說(shuō)，天津某大學(xué)教授對(duì)宋清瓷器圖錄一書的著作權(quán)有瑕疵，被告是不知情的，被告不應(yīng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任。因?yàn)?，著作?quán)是一種民事權(quán)利，認(rèn)定侵犯著作權(quán)的行為的四個(gè)構(gòu)成要件中包括行為人主觀上有過(guò)錯(cuò)。而本案中，被告盡到了合理地審查著作權(quán)和取得出版授權(quán)的義務(wù)，主觀上沒(méi)有侵犯原告訴稱的著作權(quán)的故意或過(guò)失，即沒(méi)有主觀上的過(guò)錯(cuò)，其行為不構(gòu)成侵權(quán)。根據(jù)著作權(quán)法第五十二條規(guī)定：復(fù)制品的出版者、制作者不能證明其出版、制作有合法授權(quán)的，應(yīng)承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。而本案中，被告可以提供合法的出版授權(quán)。因而，被告的行為不構(gòu)

14、成侵權(quán)。故根據(jù)民法、民事訴訟法、著作權(quán)法的相關(guān)規(guī)定，被告請(qǐng)法院依法駁回原告的訴訟請(qǐng)求，并由其承擔(dān)全部訴訟費(fèi)用。此致人民法院答辯人：（蓋章）法定代表人：（簽章）年月日附：答辯狀副本份。其它證明文件份。作業(yè)4一、名詞解釋1.知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)：“知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)”一詞，英文為Intellectual Property 。知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的范圍，有廣義和狹義兩種。廣義的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)范圍，有廣義和狹義兩種。廣義的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)范圍，為兩個(gè)主要的保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的國(guó)際公約所界定。1967年簽訂的世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織公約指出，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)應(yīng)包括下列權(quán)利：關(guān)于文學(xué)、藝術(shù)和科學(xué)作品的權(quán)利；關(guān)于表演藝術(shù)家的表演、錄音和廣播的權(quán)利；關(guān)于人類在一切領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的發(fā)明的

15、權(quán)利；關(guān)于科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)享有的權(quán)利；關(guān)于工業(yè)品外觀設(shè)計(jì)的權(quán)利；關(guān)于商品商標(biāo)、服務(wù)商標(biāo)、商號(hào)及其他商業(yè)標(biāo)記的權(quán)利；關(guān)于制止不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的權(quán)利；其他一切來(lái)自工業(yè)、科學(xué)及文學(xué)、藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的智力創(chuàng)作活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的權(quán)利。1995年1月1日成立的世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO）的與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議規(guī)定的范圍，包括：（1）版權(quán)與鄰接權(quán)（2）商標(biāo)權(quán)（3）地理標(biāo)志權(quán)（4）工業(yè)品外觀設(shè)計(jì)觀（5）專利權(quán)（6）集成電路布圖設(shè)計(jì)權(quán)（7）未公開的信息專有權(quán)，主要是商業(yè)秘密權(quán)狹義的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，指?jìng)鹘y(tǒng)意義上的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，即專利權(quán)、商標(biāo)權(quán)、著作權(quán)。2.商標(biāo)權(quán)：又叫商標(biāo)專用權(quán)，是指商標(biāo)注冊(cè)人對(duì)其注冊(cè)商標(biāo)所享有的權(quán)利。P503.專利權(quán)：就一項(xiàng)發(fā)明創(chuàng)造

16、，由申請(qǐng)人向國(guó)家專利局提出專利申請(qǐng)，經(jīng)專利局依法審查核準(zhǔn)后，向申請(qǐng)人授予的在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)對(duì)該項(xiàng)發(fā)明創(chuàng)造所享有的獨(dú)占權(quán)。P1324.著作權(quán)：又稱版權(quán)，有廣義與狹義之分。狹義的著作權(quán)，是指文學(xué)、藝術(shù)和科學(xué)作品的作者對(duì)其作品依法享有的專有權(quán)利。廣義的著作權(quán)，除了狹義的著作權(quán)外，還包括著作鄰接權(quán)，即出版者、表演者、錄制者、廣播電臺(tái)、電視臺(tái)等作品傳播者對(duì)其傳播的作品依法享有的權(quán)利。5.侵犯商業(yè)秘密行為：是指為了竟?fàn)幓騻€(gè)人的目的，通過(guò)不正當(dāng)方法獲取，披露或使用權(quán)利人商業(yè)秘密的行為。二、填空1.國(guó)家知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)局2.自愿注冊(cè)原則和強(qiáng)制注冊(cè)原則3.商標(biāo)國(guó)際注冊(cè)或辦理逐一國(guó)家注冊(cè)4.個(gè)案認(rèn)定或被動(dòng)認(rèn)定5. 新穎性、

17、創(chuàng)造性、實(shí)用性6.形狀、圖案、色彩、其結(jié)合7.責(zé)任，視為作者8.許可，報(bào)酬，許可，報(bào)酬 9.作者三、選擇題1.AB 2.B 3. BCD 4.ABD 5.ABCD 6.AD 7.D 8.ABCD四、簡(jiǎn)答1.簡(jiǎn)述申請(qǐng)注冊(cè)的商標(biāo)應(yīng)當(dāng)具備的條件。（1） 申請(qǐng)注冊(cè)的商標(biāo)應(yīng)當(dāng)具備法定的構(gòu)成要素（2） 申請(qǐng)注冊(cè)的商標(biāo)應(yīng)當(dāng)具備顯著性（3） 申請(qǐng)注冊(cè)的商標(biāo)不得是法律禁止作為商標(biāo)使用的標(biāo)志（4） 申請(qǐng)注冊(cè)的商標(biāo)不得是不能作為商標(biāo)注冊(cè)的標(biāo)志（5） 申請(qǐng)注冊(cè)的商標(biāo)不得與他人在同一種或者服務(wù)上已經(jīng)注冊(cè)或者初步審定的商標(biāo)相同或者近似（6） 申請(qǐng)注冊(cè)的商標(biāo)不得與被撤銷或者注銷未滿一年的注冊(cè)商標(biāo)相同或者近似2.簡(jiǎn)述授予發(fā)明

18、專利權(quán)和實(shí)用新型專利權(quán)的實(shí)質(zhì)條件（1） 新穎性：新穎性，是指在申請(qǐng)日以前沒(méi)有同樣的發(fā)明或者實(shí)用新型在國(guó)內(nèi)外出版物上公開發(fā)表過(guò)、在國(guó)內(nèi)公開使用過(guò)或者以其他方式為公眾所知，也沒(méi)有同樣的發(fā)明或者實(shí)用新型由他人向國(guó)務(wù)院專利行政部門提出過(guò)申請(qǐng)并且記載在申請(qǐng)日以后公布的專利申請(qǐng)文件中。（2） 創(chuàng)造性，是指同申請(qǐng)日以前已有的技術(shù)相比，該發(fā)明有突出的實(shí)質(zhì)性特點(diǎn)和顯著的進(jìn)步，該實(shí)用新型有實(shí)質(zhì)性特點(diǎn)和進(jìn)步。（3） 實(shí)用性，是指該發(fā)明或者實(shí)用新型能夠制造或者使用，并且能夠產(chǎn)生積極效果。3.簡(jiǎn)述著作權(quán)人哪些著作人身權(quán)利。（1） 發(fā)表權(quán)：決定作品是否公之于眾的權(quán)利。（2） 署名權(quán)：表明作者身分，作品上署名的權(quán)利。（3）

19、 修改權(quán)：修改或者授權(quán)他人修改作品的權(quán)利。（4） 保護(hù)作品完整權(quán)：保護(hù)作品不受歪曲、篡改的權(quán)利。五、論述題試分析社會(huì)上發(fā)生非法剽竊他人新技術(shù)的原因，并論述保護(hù)專利權(quán)的重要性和應(yīng)采取的保護(hù)措施。一、首先，新技術(shù)是一種可以創(chuàng)造效益的財(cái)產(chǎn)，這是有些人非法剽竊他人新技術(shù)的內(nèi)在動(dòng)因。其次，新技術(shù)是一種智力成果，開發(fā)一項(xiàng)新技術(shù)既有技術(shù)障礙，又要投入大量成本，正是由于這樣，有些人無(wú)力自己開發(fā)，就進(jìn)行剽竊。再次，新技術(shù)開發(fā)者沒(méi)有將其技術(shù)向?qū)＠芾頇C(jī)關(guān)申請(qǐng)專利，不能取得專利法律的保護(hù)。最后，我國(guó)專利法實(shí)施的時(shí)間較短，全社會(huì)的專利意識(shí)不強(qiáng)，這是新技術(shù)經(jīng)常被剽竊的社會(huì)原因。二、由此可見(jiàn)，實(shí)施嚴(yán)格有效的專利制度，對(duì)于

20、保護(hù)發(fā)明人的權(quán)利，保護(hù)人民發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的積極性，對(duì)于促進(jìn)技術(shù)進(jìn)步、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、技術(shù)交流，都有非常重要的作用和意義。三、要對(duì)專利進(jìn)行有效的保護(hù)：1. 從外部環(huán)境來(lái)說(shuō)，國(guó)家要制定完善的專利法律制度，并向全社會(huì)宣傳普及專利法規(guī)，提高全社會(huì)的專利法律意識(shí)。2. 作為發(fā)明創(chuàng)造者，要及時(shí)將自己的智力成果申請(qǐng)專利保護(hù)。在取得專利后，要善于運(yùn)用法律武器，或通過(guò)行政救濟(jì)途徑，或通過(guò)司法救濟(jì)途徑，維護(hù)自己的合法權(quán)利，打擊各種侵權(quán)行為。作為社會(huì)成員，要遵法、守法，避免侵犯他人的專利權(quán)利。當(dāng)然，遇到專利權(quán)人濫用專利權(quán)的行為，也要善于運(yùn)用法律武器維護(hù)自己的合法權(quán)請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試

21、小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechan

22、ism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release.

23、When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signa

24、ls are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmissio

25、n involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor e

26、nd plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a comma

27、nd is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transm

28、ission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerv

29、e fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brai

30、n at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and som

31、e are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types o

32、f acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotin

33、ic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role i

34、n skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline

35、 acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse

36、to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon acti

37、vation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transdu

38、ction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydr

39、olysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the ca

40、se of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholineste

41、rase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action

42、painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mir, an

43、d surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Koonings first one-man show in 1948 established h

44、im as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned

45、to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract express

46、ionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the ex

47、pressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use o

48、f huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the

49、 attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Scie

50、nce and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station,

51、man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understan

52、ding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such asCartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its

53、most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a p

54、lane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). In this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. Conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or s

55、ystem of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection. In plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; tech

56、nically, the slopemof a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with thex-axis. If the line is parallel to thex-axis, its slope is zero. Two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. In general, the slope of the line through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2

57、) is given bym= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). The conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equationax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, wherea, b, fare constants anda, b,andcare not all zero. In solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given no

58、t by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with thex-, y-,andz-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship 2+2+2= 1. In the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, parabo

59、loid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. The methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. Analytic geometry was introduced by RenDescartesin 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of thecalculusby Sir Isaac Newton and G. W. Leibniz in the late 17th cent. More recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and