閱讀理解之說明文(二)--原卷版

1、 32/32專題02 閱讀理解之說明文（二） 一、（河北省衡水中學(xué)2021屆高三聯(lián)考）Some termite (白蟻) species have figured out how to enjoy the shelter of the huge complex nests that the insects build without contributing to their construction. They avoid the full anger of their builder hosts by being extremely easy-going.Animals that live

2、 in the nests of another species without affecting them are known as inquilines. Inquiline termites are unique among termites in being unable to make their own nests. Instead, they live in the hallways built by another termite, Constrictotermes cyphergaster. Until now, it has been unclear how the tw

3、o parties kept peaceful in such tight quarters because termites are typically very aggressive towards outsiders.Helder Hugo at the University of Konstanz in Germany and his colleagues collected Constrictotermes cyphergasters nests in the Brazilian Cerrado and brought them into the laboratory. They t

4、hen placed host and tenant (房客) termites in either open or narrow areas and used video to track and record the ways in which the two species reacted to each other.Right from the start, the inquiline termites moved around less than their hosts and interacted little with them, even in the much narrowe

5、r area. “Many times,” says Hugo, “when two unrelated groups are put together in a limited spacesuch as an experimental areathe outcome is conflict with losses from both sides.” But that didnt happen here. Despite attacks from host termites, the tenant termites were obedient. Hosts would bite or atta

6、ck the inquilines with strong chemicals, but their targets never responded in the same way, choosing to flee. Some ignored the hosts completely.“We did not expect that they would never fight back,” says Hugo, noting that the inquilines are capable of protecting their own place with mouths. “By preve

7、nting conflict going worse, inquiline termites may considerably improve their chances of living together with their host termites peacefully.”“Passiveness does not necessarily lead to defeat, but can be a very useful strategy, saving energy and resources,” she adds. “Nature may not always be red in

8、tooth and claw, and aggression is not any more successful a strategy than cowardice (儒弱).”12What is the feature of the inquiline termites?AThey live in another termite species nests.BThey are aggressive towards outsiders.CThey like to build their own nests.DThey are communicative tenants.13What do y

9、ou learn about the experiment in paragraph 3?AThe differences between the two species.BThe findings of the observation.CThe living habits of termites.DThe process of the research.14What does Hugo think of the inquiline termites living strategy?AAggressive.BUnacceptable.CEffective.DDangerous.15Whats

10、the best title for the text?AThe Characteristics of TermitesBPassiveness Doesnt Necessarily Lead to DefeatCThe Relationship Between Host and Tenant TermitesDTermites Use Cowardice to Avoid Their Hosts Anger二、（河北省石家莊市2021屆高三質(zhì)檢）Stories are shared in many ways. They are described in books and magazines

11、. They are read around the campfire at night. They are randomly distributed from stand-alone booths. But what else?To revive literature in the era of fast news and smartphone addiction, Short Edition, a French publisher of short-form literature, has set up more than 30 story dispensers（分發(fā)機(jī)）in the US

12、A in the past years to deliver fiction at the push of a button at restaurants, universities and government offices.Francis Ford Coppola, the film director and winemaker, liked the idea so much that he invested in the company and placed a dispenser at his Cafe Zoetrope in San Francisco. Last month, p

13、ublic libraries in some other cities announced they would be setting them up, too. There is one on the campus at Penn State. A few can be found in downtown West Palm Beach, Fla. And Short Edition plans to announce more, including at the Los Angeles International Airport.“Everything old is new again,

14、” said Andrew Nurkin, director of the Free Library of Philadelphia, which is one of the libraries that set up the dispensers. “We want people to be easily exposed to literature. We want to advance literacy among children and inspire their creativity.”Heres how a dispenser works. It has three buttons

15、 on top indicating choices for stories that can be read in one minute, three minutes or five minutes. When a button is pushed, a short story is printed.The stories are free. They are chosen from a computer category of more than 100,000 original submissions by writers whose works have been evaluated

16、by Short Editions judges, and transmitted over a mobile network. Offerings can be tailored to specific interests, like childrens fiction or romance. Short Edition gets stories for its category by holding writing contests.Short Edition set up its first booth in 2016 and has 150 machines worldwide. “T

17、he idea is to make people happy,” said Kristan Leroy, director of Short Edition. “There is too much unhappiness today. ”8What do we know about the stories sent by dispensers?AThey are easily read.BThey are short in form.CThey can be bought from booths.DThey can be found in magazines.9Which paragraph

18、 shows the popularity of story dispensers in America?AParagraph 3.BParagraph 5.CParagraph 6.DParagraph 7.10Why were the story dispensers set up according to Andrew Nurkin?ATo introduce French literature.BTo get rid of smartphone addiction.CTo make people have access to literature.DTo reduce the fina

19、ncial stress of libraries.11What is the best title for the text?AEverything Old Is NewBOnline Reading: a Virtual TourCShort Edition Is Getting PopularDTaste of Literature, at the Push of a Button三、（河北省石家莊市2021屆高三質(zhì)檢）Do you think youre smarter than your parents and grandparents? According to James Fly

20、nn, a professor at a New Zealand university, you are! Over the course of the last century, people who have taken IQ tests have gotten increasingly better scoreson average, three points better for every decade that has passed. This improvement is known as “the Flynn effect”, and scientists want to kn

21、ow what is behind it.IQ tests and other similar tests are designed to measure general intelligence rather than knowledge. Flynn knew that intelligence is partly inherited from our parents and partly the result of our environment and experiences, but the improvement in test scores was happening too q

22、uickly to be explained by heredity. So what was happening in the 20th century that was helping people achieve higher scores on intelligence tests?Scientists have proposed several explanations for the Flynn effect. Some suggest that the improved test scores simply reflect an increased exposure to tes

23、ts in general. Because we take so many tests, we learn test-taking techniques that help us perform better on any test. Others have pointed to better nutrition since it results in babies being born larger, healthier, and with more brain development than in the past. Another possible explanation is a

24、change in educational styles, with teachers encouraging children to learn by discovering things for themselves rather than just memorizing information. This could prepare people to do the kind of problem solving that intelligence tests require.Flynn limited the possible explanations when he looked c

25、arefully at the test data and discovered that the improvement in scores was only on certain parts of the IQ test. Test-takers didnt do better on the arithmetic or vocabulary sections of the test; they did better on sections that required a special kind of reasoning and problem solving. For example,

26、one part of the test shows a set of abstract shapes, and test-takers must look for patterns and connections between them and decide which shape should be added to the set. According to Flynn, this visual intelligence improves as the amount of technology in our lives increases. Every time you play a

27、computer game or figure out how to program a new cell phone, you are exercising exactly the kind of thinking and problem solving that helps you do well on one kind of intelligence test. So are you really smarter than your parents? In one very specific way, you may be.12The Flynn effect is _.Anot con

28、nected to our experiencesBunknown in some parts of the worldCan increase in IQ test scores over timeDused to measure peoples intelligence13According to the article, newer educational techniques include _ .Aimproving test scoresBexposure to many testsCmemorizing informationDchildren finding things ou

29、t themselves14Why does the author mention computer games?ATo encourage the reader to do more exercise instead of playing games.BTo explain why more and more young people have poor vocabularies.CTo give an example of technology improving our visual intelligence.DTo show the fact that young people are

30、 not getting more intelligent.15Which statement would Professor Flynn agree with?APeople today are taking easier tests.BPeople today have more visual intelligence.CPeople today have fewer problems to solve.DPeople today are more intelligent in every way.四、（河北省張家口市2021屆高三一模）Its easy to understand why

31、 early humans domesticated dogs as their new best friends. Domesticated dogs can guard against fierce animals and provide warmth during cold nights. But those benefits only come following domestication. Despite more than a century of study, scientists have struggled to understand what it was that ca

32、used the domestication process in the first place.A new theory given by Maria Lahtinen, a senior researcher, might be able to explain this puzzle. She made this theory when studying the diet of late Pleistocene hunter gatherers in Arctic and sub-Arctic Eurasia. At that time, around 20,000 to 15,000

33、years ago, the world was in the coldest period of the last ice age.In cold environments then, as today, humans tended to gain the majority of their food from animals. Nutritional deficiencies came from the absence of fat and carbohydrates, not necessary protein. Indeed, if humans eat too much meat,

34、they can develop protein poisoning and even die. “Because we humans are not fully adapted to a diet that is carnivorous, we simply cannot digest protein very well,” Lahtinen says.During that time, animals that humans killed for food would have been struggling to live, barely having fat and composed

35、mostly of lean muscle. Using previously published early fossil records, Lahtinen and her colleagues calculated that the animals killed by people in the Arctic and sub-Arctic during this time would have provided much more protein than they could have safely consumed.Under the tough circumstances of t

36、he Arctic and sub-Arctic ice age winter, sharing excess meat with dogs would have cost people nothing. The descendants of wolves that took advantage of such handouts would have become more gentle toward humans over time, and they likely went on to become the first domesticated dogs.24What has been c

37、onfusing scientists in the past century?AHow domesticated dogs benefited humans.BWhen humans began to domesticate dogs.CWhat led to dog domestication originally.DWhy early humans made friends with dogs.25What does the underlined word “carnivorous” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?AAll-meatBLow-fatsCFast

38、-changing.DOver-cooked.26What can be inferred about late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers?AThey struggled with wolves.BThey shared meat with dogs.CThey existed on the earth for about 5,000 years.DThey had trouble adapting to the cold environment.27During the Arctic and sub-Arctic ice age winter, the ani

39、mals killed by humans_Awere al dangerous animals.Bprovided enough fat for humans.Cbecame a food source for some dogs.Dlacked protein needed for a healthy diet.五、（河北省張家口市2021屆高三一模）In Mexico, first Oaxacas state legislature (立法機(jī)關(guān)) passed a ban on selling or giving out high-calorie packaged foods and s

40、ugar-sweetened drinks to minors (未成年人) recently. Less than two weeks later, Tabasco state approved a prohibition too. Now at least a dozen other states in Mexico are considering similar legislation.Two-thirds of those who died from COVID-19 in Mexico had health problems such as obesity and diabetes,

41、 according to Health Department officials. That has led to a new urgency to change diets so that the younger generation doesnt suffer those diseases. The country consumes large amounts of sugar-sweetened drinks and processed snacks. One-third of Mexicans aged 6 to 19 are overweight, according to UNI

42、CEF. They can suffer many health issues, especially in adulthood.Assistant Health Secretary Hugo, who has called soda bottled poison, has been calling on citizens to cut back on junk food. He said the countrys overweight health issue is the fault of a nutritional environment that has been developed

43、to favor those junk food products instead of health.In addition to Tabasco, Chihuahua state is debating a junk food ban. A federal senator from Oaxaca says he wants to make it a national law. A nationwide law would not be easy. There are powerful commercial interests that dont want it to happen. The

44、 business owners association COPARMEX said the lawmaking “will be a barrier to commercial freedom”.Public health groups applauded the junk food ban for minors as it is another encouraging step toward nutrition. With their effort, in the rural Oaxacan town, citizens have physically blocked chips and

45、soda delivery trucks from entering, saying they dont want outsiders to bring in junk food. Almost all teenagers there know about health problems related to junk food thanks to the non-profit workshops from the health group. “Id be annoyed at first,” said 16-year-old Wendy, “but Id adapt. And maybe I

46、d think twice and buy fruit or something healthy instead.”32What is behind the new urgency to change diets?ACOVID-19 death cases.BPressure from the public.CThe nutritional environment.DWide consumption of packaged foods.33Some states make a law change to _ .Aadvocate a healthier lifestyleBmet health

47、ier food demandCcut junk food productionDwin support from young people34What did public health groups do about the ban?AThey tried to win grocers support.BThey funded the research on diseases.CThey stopped the delivery of junk food.DThey raised citizens awareness of health issues.35What can be a sui

48、table title for the text?AAction to Fight Against Global Health ProblemBWays of Losing Weight by Eating SmartCMove to Ban Junk Food Sales to MinorsDAdvice on How to Have a Balanced Diet六、（湖北省2021屆高三聯(lián)考） If you were to throw, say, a banana peel out of your car while driving along the motorway, that wo

49、uld be a completely harmless action, due to the fact that its part of a fruit right? Actually, no. A banana peel can take up to two years to be naturally processed, and with a third of motorists admitting to littering while driving, thats a whole lot of discarded banana peels. An orange peel and a c

50、igarette butt has a similar biodegrading (生物降解) term to that of a banana peel, but tin cans last up to 100 years; and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles.Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we cant merely measu

51、re the severity of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime. For example, despite having a fairly short length of biodegrading time, more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is discarded in the UK every day.Its not a cheap habit either: to keep our streets clean annually costs UK taxpayers 50

52、0 million, and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to 1 billion. So, its not surprising that if caught fly-tipping you could face a 20,000 fine or even jail time and, if you disposed of something dangerous, the court could give you five years to serve. Regardless of how severe these puni

53、shments might seem, however, among the reported cases only 2,000 were found guilty out of 825,000, so we still have some way to go in making sure people obey the rules.4What does the underlined word “discarded” in para1 mean?AHarmless.BProcessed.CThrown.DLong-lasting.5Which of the following has the

54、longest biodegrading term?AGlass bottles.BTin cans.CCigarette butts.DBanana peels.6What can be inferred from the passage?AThe severity of rubbish can be measured by its lifetime.BQuite a few people were found guilty of illegally littering.CEvery year UK taxpayers spend 500 million keeping streets fr

55、ee of dirt.DCigarette-related litter and peels can be ignored for their fairly short lifetime.7What is the purpose of the passage?ATo inform readers of different biodegrading terms.BTo call for people not to litter illegally.CTo encourage people to use fewer plastic bags.DTo stress the importance of

56、 good behavior.七、（湖北省2021屆高三聯(lián)考）We often hear that 60 is the new 50. Just check out images of your grandparents or great-grandparents and notice their stooped (駝背的) bodies, their wrinkled faces when they were barely pushing 60. What a contrast with energetic, gym-going sexagenarians (60幾歲的人) of today

57、!A research, overseen by gerontologist Taina Rantanen, compared adults born in 1910 and 1914 with those born roughly 30 years later. Both birth groups were examined in person at age 60 and again at 70 with the same set of six physical tests and five measures of cognition.According to the research, t

58、he later-born group could walk faster, had a stronger hand grasp and could use more force with their lower legs. On cognitive tests, the later-born group had better verbal fluency, and scored higher on a test matching numbers to symbols. But not everything changed across the generations: measures of

59、 lung function were surprisingly not changing, and there was no improvement in the short-term-memory task of recalling a series of digits.There are many reasons why people are aging better, including improved medical care and a drop in smoking, but the key factor shown in the study of physical funct

60、ion was that the later-born adults were more physically active and had bigger bodies, which suggests better nutrition. For brain function, the key seems to be more years of education.Education is a powerful influence on aging and health, says Luigi Ferrucci, scientific director of the U.S. National