1英語專業(yè)四級詞匯語法輔導(dǎo)--從句

1、英語專業(yè)四級考試詞匯語法篇Company Logo語法與詞匯1. 考試大綱要求：能靈活、正確地運用教學(xué)大綱語法結(jié)構(gòu)表一級至四級的全部內(nèi)容，掌握大綱規(guī)定的基礎(chǔ)階段認(rèn)知詞匯（5500-6000），并且能正確、熟練地運用其中3000-4000個單詞及其最基本的搭配。測試時間為15分鐘，題型為多項選擇題，共30道題，每題有四個選擇項，其中50%為詞匯、詞組和短語用法題，其余為語法結(jié)構(gòu)題。測試學(xué)生運用詞匯、短語、語法結(jié)構(gòu)以及基本語法概念的能力。語法與詞匯項目原始分30分，所占總分比重為15%。Company Logo語法與詞匯2. 歷年考試與考點分析語法部分根據(jù)下面分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，歷年英語專業(yè)四級考試語法

2、與詞匯部分中的語法試題主要圍繞著10項語法點。其中，考試重點與難點集中在從屬分句、虛擬語氣、非謂語動詞、代詞、動詞時態(tài)、情態(tài)動詞等語法知識點的應(yīng)用上。題型年份從屬分句虛擬語氣非謂語動詞代詞動詞時態(tài)情態(tài)動詞形容詞/副詞句子成分結(jié)構(gòu)主謂一致反意疑問句限定詞倒裝省略2001412122002521111200363111200443212005222431120063311112111200734231112008612111111200941212212201021121113111Company Logo從句要點從句可分為：副詞性從句：狀語從句包括時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀

3、語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、方式狀語從句、讓步狀語從句和比較狀語從句。形容詞性從句：定語從句名詞性從句：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句時間狀語從句Company Logo時間狀語從句-常用的連詞表示“當(dāng)?shù)臅r候”：when，while, as, just as, next time (下次)，the last time (上次的時候)表示時間先后：after, before, when用于完成時態(tài)：by the time, it is the first/second time, hardlywhen，no soonerthan，scarcelywhen, now that,

4、since, ever sinceCompany Logo時間狀語從句-常用的連詞表示習(xí)慣性，經(jīng)常性“每次”：each time, every time, whenever表示“一旦”：as soon as, once表示“直到”：the instant, the moment, the minute, the second, the day, until, tillCompany Logo時間狀語從句-注意事項1. 時態(tài)：1) 時間狀語從句中一般不用將來時，若談?wù)搶淼氖虑?，往往用一般現(xiàn)在時來代替一般將來時，用一般過去時替代過去將來時。I wont have dinner until my

5、mother comes back.I will discuss this with you when we meet.Company Logo2) 用于完成時態(tài)：by the time, it is the first/second time, hardlywhen，no soonerthan，scarcelywhen, now that, since, ever sinceCompany Logo注意事項no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen, 這一結(jié)構(gòu)的時態(tài)搭配， no sooner 與hardly/scarcely引導(dǎo)的主句謂語動詞用過去完成時，而than

6、與when從句中謂語用一般過去時。此外，當(dāng)把no sooner和 hardly/scarcely提到句首時，就用倒裝語序。I had hardly got home when it began to rain.Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.Company Logo注意事項2.特殊時間狀語從句The police went into action _ they heard the alarm.A. promptly B. presently C. quickly D. directlyI will telephone you direct

7、ly/ immediately/ instantly/the moment I hear the news.Company Logo注意事項3. It + be + 時間 + before-clause這個句型中的時間一般為表示一段時間的詞語(如：long years , months , weeks , days ,hours , minutes ) ，主句中的謂語動詞用肯定式，意為過多長時間才.。主句的謂語動詞是否定式時，意為沒過多長時間就.。主句的時態(tài)可用過去時was或?qū)頃rwill be；用was 時，before從句的動詞用一般過去時；用will be 時，before從句常用一般現(xiàn)

8、在時。 例如：It was long/one year before she came home.It will not be long before we meet again.It was a long time _ the guards discovered what had happened.A before B until C since D when Company Logo真題60. The couple had no sooner got to the station _ the coach left. (2009)A. when B. as C. until D. than5

9、6. I enjoyed myself so much _ I visited my friends in Paris last year. (2008)A. when B. which C. that D. whereD ACompany Logo真題1. Come and see me whenever _. (1997-48)A. you are convenient B. you will be convenientC. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to youc條件狀語從句Company Logo條件狀語從句 常用

10、if，unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as只要， only if, once, on condition that (條件是), provided/providing (that), suppose/supposing (that) (多用于問句)，assuming (that), in the event (that), in case (that), given (that)等。Company Logo條件狀語從句注意事項如果主句是將來時,條件狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表示。例如:As long as I live, I shall work hard.I shall not

11、 go to the cinema unless I finish my homework.In the event that our team wins, there will be a big celebration.Company LogoOnly if vs. if only only if 引起的條件狀語從句，是一個對“條件”限制更嚴(yán)的“限制性條件狀語從句”，表示“只有(才) ；只有在的時候；唯一的條件是”的意思；與if引起的一般條件句相比，它有一種增強主句語勢的作用。例如： Only if the case is urgent should you call out the doc

12、tor in the middle of the night. 只有患者情況緊急時，你才可以在半夜叫醫(yī)生看病。 2. if only引導(dǎo)的條件句，通常用來表示說話人對某事所寄予的某種強烈愿望，相當(dāng)于as long as。它可以獨立使用，用來表示由于客觀條件限制，為某事不大可能或完全不可能實現(xiàn)而感到惋惜或遺憾的復(fù)雜心情，常用虛擬語氣。例如： If only I were as clever as you！要是我像你一樣聰明該多好??！ Company Logo注意Only if置于句首，需要倒裝If only用于虛擬語氣，謂語動詞用一般過去時，表示現(xiàn)在沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望，用過去完成時，表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)

13、的愿望，常譯為“要是就好了”Company Logo真題1. He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, _that he paid me back the following week. (2005-64)A. on occasion B. on purpose C. on condition D. only if2._ both sides accept the agreement _ a lasting peace be established in this region. A. Only if, will B.

14、If only, would C. Should, will D. Unless, wouldCA Company Logo真題3. You wont get a loan _ you can offer some security. (1996-41)A. lest B. in case C. unless D other thanC原因狀語從句Company Logo原因狀語從句 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有：because, as, since, now (that), seeing (that), for the reason that, in that, considering th

15、at。 Company Logo原因狀語從句 Because, since, as和forbecause語氣最強，強調(diào)原因?；卮稹皐hy”問句。表原因的強調(diào)句型中，也只用because。在“notbut”結(jié)構(gòu)中，也用它。 e.g. He decided to give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not want to but because his wife was ill.since語氣弱于because, 其次是as，for的語氣最弱。Since和as往往表達的是人們所知的或顯而易見的原因，強調(diào)主句。For表示一種解

16、釋說明。Company LogoSince 和now (that)since 既然：用來表達眾所周知的理由Since weve no money , we cant buy it. Since you are going , I will go too. now (that ) 既然, 表示新出現(xiàn)的情況Now (that) we have gone so far , we might go a little further. Now (that) you are well again , you can travel .你已康復(fù)，可以遠行了。Company Logo原因狀語從句 -真題Barr

17、y had an advantage over his mother _ he could speak French. (2001-49)A. ever since B. in that C. at that D. so that54. Men differ from animals _ they can think and speak. (2008)A. for which B. for that C. in that D. in which讓步狀語從句Company Logo讓步狀語從句 常用though/although，as （盡管），much as(不管，盡管)，in spite o

18、f the fact that, while, even if/though，for all (盡管)，however，whatever，wherever，whoever，no matter how/what/who等引導(dǎo)。Company Logo讓步狀語從句 -though, althoughAlthough與though兩者意思相同，一般可互換，可以與yet, still或nevertheless連用，但不能和but連用。Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 傷口雖愈合，但傷疤留下了。 （諺語）注意：1）though還可以用作副

19、詞，意為“可是，然而”，置于句末。He said he would come; he didnt, though.2）though引導(dǎo)的從句也可象as引導(dǎo)的從句一樣用倒裝語序，但是although引導(dǎo)的從句只能用正常語序。 Company Logo讓步狀語從句-even if, even though Even though he knows it, hell not let out the secret.（他知道這個秘密）.Even if he knows it, hell not let out the secret.（不確定他是否知道這個秘密）. though 常表示一些已經(jīng)確定的消息，

20、而if由它本身所帶的“如果”的含義，表示了一種對假設(shè)信息的不確定。 Even though 是“雖說”，而Even if 是“就算”。前者是事實而后者是假設(shè)。 Company Logo讓步狀語從句-as, though as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前（形容詞、副詞、分詞、實義動詞提前）。Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.Hard as/ t

21、hough he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.) 注意： a.句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。b.句首是實義動詞，其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語，隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems雖然他盡了努力，但他的工作總做的不盡人意。 Company Lo

22、go讓步狀語從句 -Whether.or.（不管.還是.） Whether you believe it or not, it is true.Company Logo讓步狀語從句- no matter +疑問詞 或疑問詞+后綴ever No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替換：no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereve

23、rno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。（錯）No matter what you say is of no use now.（對）Whatever you say is of no use now.（錯）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （對）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.Company Logohoweverhowever為連接副詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，

24、其意義和作用相當(dāng)于no matter how?？捎糜谌缦陆Y(jié)構(gòu)： however + 形容詞/副詞 + 主語 + 謂語 However late he is, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. Well have to finish the jog, however long it takes.Company Logo真題1. _, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. (2005-52)A. Although he is a socialistB. E

25、ven if he is a socialistC. Being a socialistD. Since he is a socialist2. _I like economics, I like sociology much better. (2003-49)A. As much as B. So much C. How much D. Much asA DCompany Logo真題3. Fool _ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. (2002-48)A. who B. as C. that D. like4. _he alwa

26、ys tries his best to complete it on time. (1999-51)A. However the task is hard B. However hard the task isC. Though hard the task is D. Though hard is the taskB BCompany Logo真題5. Much as _, I couldnt lend him the money because I simply didnt have that much spare cash. (1999-52)A. I would have liked

27、toB. I would like to haveC. I should have to likeD. I should have liked to6. _he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank. (1998-48)A. Much as B. Much though C. As much D. Though muchA ACompany Logo真題7. _, he is ready to accept suggestions from different sources. (1997-4

28、6)A. Instead of his contributionsC. His making notable contributionsB. For all his notable contributionsD. However his notable contributionsBCompany Logo8. _ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment. (2008)A. Much though B. Much as C. As muc

29、h D. Though muchB比較狀語從句Company Logo比較狀語從句 常用as, than, the morethe more, Just as, so; A is to B what C is to D; as A is to B, (so) C is to D; no more than; not so much A as B(與其說A不如說B)等。It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing.As a man lives, so he dies.Her mother is not as tall as she (is).Co

30、mpany Logo比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略More than后面可以引導(dǎo)省略主語的比較從句, 從句中常見的形容詞有：necessary, good, Possible, anticipate, expect, feel, suggest, report, require, think.- The man drank a little more than was good for him. = The man drank a little more than what was good for him.- There were more accidents than (what) was report

31、ed.- He eats more than (what/it) is good for him.As后面可以引導(dǎo)省略主語的比較從句- He eats as much as (what/it) is good for him.- The man drank as much as (what) was good for him.Company Logo比較狀語從句1. The experiment requires more money than_. (2002-49)A. have been put in B. being put in C. has been put in D. to be

32、put in2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than _ in the public mind today.(1999) A. exists B. exist C. existing D. to existC ACompany Logo3. Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _Eastern Nebraska. (1996)A. in B. it receives in C. does D. it do

33、es in4. They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as _. (2008)A. it could be B. could be C. it was D. was. C BCompany Logo1. _ the two, Bob is _ student. (1995)A. Of, more diligent B. In, more diligentC. Of, the more diligent D. In, the more diligent2. Mary is _ than Alice.(1992)A. more e

34、xperienced a teacher B. a more experienced teacherC. more an experienced teacher D. more experienced teacher3. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck, _ to the truck.(2003)A. the greater stress is B. greater is the stressC. the stress is greater D. the greate

35、r the stressCBACompany Logo1. Twelve is to three _ four is to one.A. what B. as C. that D. like2. Intellect is to the mind _ sight is to the body. (2001-45)A. what B. asC. that D. likeA ACompany LogoFat cannot change into muscle _ muscle changes into fat.A. any more than B. no more than C. no less t

36、han D. much more thanACompany Logo1. That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt bothered by his loudness _ by his lack of talent. A. so much as B. rather than C. as D. than2. It is not _ much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand. A. that B. as C. so D.

37、very 3. Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner _ to the professor. (1998-47)A. as far as B. the same as C. as much as D. as long asACC結(jié)果狀語從句Company Logo結(jié)果狀語從句 常用sothat, suchthat, to the extent that, to the degree that, to such a degree that, so much so that, 等。Company Logo結(jié)果狀

38、語從句 e.g. They are such diligent students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations.e.g. He was excited to such a degree that he couldnt sleep last night.Company Logo結(jié)果狀語從句 1. so much so that用于形容詞或副詞后，表示“到如此程度以至于”e.g. He was very weak, so much so that he couldnt walk.2. 當(dāng)名詞前有l(wèi)ittle,

39、 few, much, many修飾時，要用so，不用such.e.g. He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.3. sothat結(jié)構(gòu)有時可以放于句首，要用倒裝。e.g. So bright is the little boy that he has learned 100 poems up to now.Company Logo結(jié)果狀語從句 so that 和such thatso + 形容詞或副詞+ that ；such + 名詞+ that 。He ran so fast that his brother couldnt cat

40、ch up with him . 他跑得太快了，他弟弟趕不上他。He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood .他是那么個調(diào)皮的孩子，以至在鄰里中不受歡迎。Company LogoDoes Alan like hamburgers？Yes. So much _that he eats them almost every day. （2003）A. for B. as C. to D. soHis remarks were _ annoy everybody at the meeting. (2005

41、)A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to方式狀語從句Company Logo方式狀語從句 方式狀語從句放在主句之后, as, just as, (just) asso, as if/though, the way等引導(dǎo)。as if和as though引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語氣。但如果從句中所陳述的情況很可能實現(xiàn),也可用陳述語氣。例如:The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man.The teacher told the students to do as he did.

42、 Leave it as it is.Company Logothe waythe way后面的引導(dǎo)詞常用that,而且經(jīng)常省略。一般不用in which。例如:We didnt like the way_ he treated us.(A. which B. where C. that D. in which)此題答案應(yīng)該是C。所以the way一般可以看作是引導(dǎo)一個方式狀語從句的詞組。Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. (以的方式) Company Logo真題She did her wor

43、k _ her manager had instructed. (2002-41)A. as B. until C. when D. though定語從句Company Logo關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞 起連詞作用，本身又作從句中的主語、賓語、表語或定語 即起連接作用，本身又在從句中作時間、地點或原因狀語who,whom(的人）whose(某人的）which(東西，指物)that(的人或物，指物或人）as(象那樣的，和相同，正如)when(的時候，修飾的時間名詞)where(的地方修飾場所、方位等名詞)why(原因；理由)Company Logo關(guān)聯(lián)詞在定語從句中有三個作用：a.引導(dǎo)定語從句b.在從句

44、中代替先行詞c.在從句中擔(dān)任某一句子成份一、先行詞是指物的名詞或代詞時，關(guān)系代詞用that, which。 （一） that 與 which 指物時一般情況可以互換，但在下列情況下通常用that, 不用which。 1.當(dāng)先行詞（定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞）是everything, anything, nothing, all, much, few, little, none, the one, no one, some 等不定代詞時。 e.g. All that can be done has been done. Is there anything that you want? 2. 當(dāng)先

45、行詞被any, few, little, no, all, every, very, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, some 修飾時，常用that。e.g. The only thing that he remembered was her name. There is no difficulty that we cant overcome.3. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時，用that。 e.g. This is the first letter that Ive written in English. She is th

46、e most careful student that Ive ever known.4. 兩個并列的先行詞，既有指人的，也有指物的，用that。 e.g. They talked about the teachers and the things that they remembered in the school.5. 當(dāng)被修飾的成份在主句中是系動詞be后的表語或關(guān)系詞本身在定語從句中做表語，用that。 （be的分類: a. am, is, are. b. 表變化的get. c. 感觀動詞look, smell. d. 表保持的stay.) e.g. China isnt the cou

47、ntry that she used to be fifty years ago. Its a book that will help you a great deal.6. 當(dāng)主句是由who, which, what開頭的特殊疑問句（不管指人指物）用that。 e.g. Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop? What did you hear that made you so angry? Which is the task, that overtook as yesterday?7. 主句是由“There be + 主語（表物）”開

48、頭時，定語從句用that。 e.g. There is a seat that is still free. There are two tickets that are for you.8. 當(dāng)先行詞是基數(shù)詞時常用that。 e.g. caught two fish yesterday, now, you can see the two that are still alive.真題1. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff _ is needed for quality control can be sub

49、stantially reduced. A. whose B. as C. what D. that2. He is quite worn out form years of hard work. He is not the man _he was twenty years ago. A. which B. that C. who D. whomD B真題3. I have never been to London, but that is the city _.A. where I like to visit mostB. Id like to visitC. which I like to

50、 visit mostlyD. where Id like most to visit4. Ive never been to Lhasa, but thats the city _.A. Id most like to visit B. where I like to visitC. which I like to visit mostlyD. Id like much to visit5. there is no one in the world _.A. that ever made mistakes B. that has ever made mistakesC. that never

51、 makes mistakes D. that sometimes makes mistakesB A C（二） that與which指物時用which而不用that的情況 1. 在非限制性定語從句中用which。 2. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時。 e.g. This is the factory in which we once worked. 3. 當(dāng)先行詞本身是that或those(指物)時，用which引導(dǎo)。 e.g. What was that which flashed in the sky just now. 4. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時。 e.g. Here is the

52、English grammar book which, Ive told you, will help improve your English. 二、當(dāng)先行詞是指人的名詞時，通常用who, that, whom 引導(dǎo)，但在下列情況下定語從句只用who不用that。 1. 先行詞為the one, ones, anyone等時 e.g. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2. 先行詞為those( 指人)或被those修飾時 e.g. Those who learn not only from books, but also throu

53、gh practice will succeed.3. 在由“There be + 主語(指人)”開頭的句子中 e.g. There is a man outside who wants to see you.4. 當(dāng)先行詞帶有較長的后置定語時e.g. The woman in blue with a boy on her back who is working in the fields.5. 在非限制性定語從句中用who。三、關(guān)系代詞as1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，常與such或the same連用，構(gòu)成the sameas; suchas結(jié)構(gòu)，as用于代替指人或指物的先行詞。 e.g. I

54、 have got into the same trouble as he (has). e.g. He is not such a boy as would cheat in the exam.關(guān)系代詞as2.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代替整個主句，意思“正如”，位置比較靈活，既可以指代前面提到的內(nèi)容，也可指后面要提到的內(nèi)容。 e.g. As is mentioned above, this method aims at improving the students ability in a more effective way. e.g. The test is cancelled as yo

55、u have hoped. e.g. The test, as you have hoped, is cancelled.在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時 ,as和which所代表的都是整個句子所表示的內(nèi)容。不同之處：、在形式上as引導(dǎo)的非限制定語從句可位于主句后面，也可位于主句之前；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制定語從句只能位于主句之后，不能位于主句的前面。、as 在從句中常作賓語；作主語時，從句的謂語動詞常為系動詞，即：系表結(jié)構(gòu)或被動結(jié)構(gòu)。若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。As you expected, he turned up on time.正如你所愿，他按時到了。As is sa

56、id above, he has conquered the difficulty. 正如上面所說，他征服了困難。關(guān)系代詞as和whichIt rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. as D. it答案B. 真題1. Only take such clothes _ really necessary.A. as were B. as they are C. as they were D. as are _ is often the case with a new idea,

57、much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals. A. That B. It C. This D. AsD D關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 四、where (=at, in which)表地點 e.g. That is the place where they met for the first time.注意：在下列“case, policy, point, condition, situation, circumstance”等表示“情況，方面，條件”等詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時，也用wh

58、ere，等于under which.e.g. Everyone may face the situation where you have to make a decision yourself.真題1. This company has now introduced a policy _ pay rises are related to performance at work.A. which B. where C. whether D. what2. Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right

59、 yet you cannot agree with him.A. by which B. that C. in where D. whereB D“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. 在非限制性定語從句中只能用關(guān)系代詞which/whom,不能用that。2. 在非限制性定語從句中，of which/whom可以用來修飾不定代詞all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both, several等。 e.g. Many people came to her party, most of w

60、hom were her former classmates. e.g. There are 50 students in our class, up to 20 of whom are from the south.3. “介詞which+名詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 e.g. He spent two years in the U.S.A., during which period she studied law. e.g. Water boils at 100C, at which temperature it changes into gas.真題That is the robber _ ar