Unit-4-A-Red-Light-for-S課件(PPT 80頁(yè))

1、Unit 4 A Red Light for Scofflaws.第1頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。DiscussionIf you see someone in need of help in the street, like an old person lying on the ground in agony, what will you do? Will you walk away or give a helping hand? Why?.第2頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。1. Look up the word scofflaw in a dictionary. Have you ever committed scof

2、flawry of some kind? If you have, what do you think about it?2. Do you sometimes run a red light, or ignore the traffic lights when crossing the street, or litter in public places? How do you react when you find other people do so?.第3頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Scofflaw is a noun coined during the Prohibition era meanin

3、g a person who drinks illegally. It is a compound of the words scoff and law, meaning one who mocks or ridicules the law. The meaning has since been extended to describe one who flouts any law, especially those which are difficult to enforce, and particularly traffic laws.第4頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。.第5頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。.第6頁(yè)，共80

4、頁(yè)。Main ideaThe writer demonstrates the abundance of scofflaws in USA and their dangers and calls on both the American public and the administration to check the spread of the scofflaw spirit because it is a cause of social demoralization.第7頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Organization and DevelopmentI. (Para. 1) The problem:

5、 millions of Americans are breaking the legal codes.II. (Para. 2-4) Varieties of scofflawsIII. (Para. 5-8) Dangers of scofflawsIV. (Para. 9) Conclusion.第8頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Illustration and Topic SentencesUse of IllustrationThe present text is a good example of the use of illustration as a method of development

6、. Throughout the essay there areabundant examplesto illustrate the authors point.Use of Topic SentencesWhile the way Trippet develops the paragraphs by using illustrations is impressive, the way in which the paragraphs are woven into an essay also merits our attention. Most of the paragraphs contain

7、explicitly-stated topic sentences, which aresupportedby numerous illustrations.Benefit of Using Topic Sentences Supported by IllustrationWhen we put all the topic sentences together, what we get is a nicely worked out sentence outline for the writer to work on, and a highly condensed gist of the ess

8、ay for the reader.第9頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Topic Sentence for Each ParagraphPara. 1 No thesis statement found. This paragraph introduces the topic of the essay: Millions of Americans are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes.Para. 2 Scofflaws abound in amazing variety.Para. 3 The dangers of scofflawry va

9、ry widely.Para. 4 The most flagrant scofflaw is the red-light runner.Para. 5 The flouting of basic rules of the road leaves deep dents in the social mood.Para. 6 The scofflaw spirit is pervasive.Para. 7 The prospect of the collapse of public manners is notmerely a matter of etiquette.Para. 8todays s

10、cofflaw spirit, whatever its undetermined origins, is being encouraged unwittingly by government at many levels.Para. 9 This conclusive paragraph contains the thesis statement: The scofflaw spirit is dangerously infectious; something must be done to check its spread.第10頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。.第11頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。painfully ap

11、parentvery clear, exceedingly obviouspainfully1) (literal meaning) in a painful manner2) (when referring to something undesirable) exceedingly, acutely.第12頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。are taking increasing liberties with the legal codesare treating legal codes more and more lightly as if they were unimportanttake liberti

12、es withtreat sth. freely, without strict observance of the facte.g.You may simplify the allegory, but dont take liberties with the lesson it teaches.The director of the play has taken too many liberties with the original novel.第13頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。vide for and supportWe need good food to nourish th

13、e starving infants. I could find nothing to nourish my suspicion. To do that, the Church must do as you do; nourish their faith by poetry. .第14頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。the wave of the futurethe pattern of behaviour in the future.第15頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。have blithely taken to committing supposedly minor derelictions as a matter of

14、coursehave happily formed the habit of doing some misdeeds which are supposed to be unimportant, and considered that as something naturaltake tobegin as a practice or habitHe has taken to early rising since the beginning of the term.第16頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。blitheSth is done without serious or careful thought.輕率的，

15、漫不經(jīng)心的I made a blithe comment about the weather.They are blithely violating the Constitution in the process.2) Carefree and cheerful. (old-fashioned use)歡快的，無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的Mollie strolled blithely into the yard.I was feeling unusually blithe.第17頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Derelictionor accedental failure to do what you should do a

16、s part of your job.失職；疏忽職守The police officers were found guilty of serious dereliction of duty .a matter of coursea usual event; something naturalHe wrote to his parents in Henan weekly as a matter of course.Dont take the help others offer as a matter of course; you should rely more on yourself if y

17、ou really want to change your present status.第18頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。abound inhave in large numbers or in great quantitiese.g.Datong in Shanxi Province abounds in coal mines.On the whole Arab countries abound in oil deposit.第19頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。the graffiti-pronethose who are likely to write words or draw pictures illegally

18、 on a wall or on other surfaces in a public placegraffiti, meaning words or drawings scribbled on a wall in public places is a plural noun, though it is treated as either singular or nelikely to do sth. regrettable or unwelcome, e.g. be prone to colds; be prone to be late for class; be pro

19、ne to make wrong decisions. It can sometimes be placed after a noun with a hyphen.an accident-prone person, a hurricane-prone zone,a mischief-prone boy .第20頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。be exempt frombe free of a duty, service, payment, etc.e.g.He is exempt from military service because of his poor health.Some imported go

20、ods are exempt from taxation.第21頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。litter-bugsthose who carelessly leave waste materials in public places. In British English it islitter lout.bug(slang) a person who has great enthusiasm for something.第22頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Widespread flurries of ordinancesLarge numbers of rules and regulations to be observ

21、ed.第23頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。beer-soaked hooliganismunruly acts of drunken troublemakersRespectably dressedto pass around a joint.(para.2)Paraphrasing:Those well-dressed marijuana addicts no longer take the trouble to avoid being seen to pass marijuana cigarettes in public.第24頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。flagrantadj.(of an action consid

22、ered wrong or immoral) conspicuously offensivee.g.Flagrant violation of the law should be severely punished.第25頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。a festering scandala shameful or disgraceful action that has become worse and more intensefester1) (of a wound or sore) become infected and form pusHis wound festered and caused him

23、great pain.2) (of a negative feeling or a problem) become worse and more intenseHer resentment against the unkind words about her festered with the passage of time.scandal(an action or event that causes) a public feeling ofshock and strong moral disapproval.The scandal about cheating in the universi

24、ty entrance examination caused quite a stir in society.Its a scandal that there was cheating in the university entrance examination.第26頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。(hello, Everybody)This parenthetical expression is used to show that jaywalking is very common among people.第27頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。1. Properly coined compound words can be

25、 an economical way of expression. Some instances are found in para. 2. Pick them out and explain their meanings. the graffiti-prone those who are prone to graffitilitter-bugs those who are in the bad habit of littering in public placeshigh-decibel radios radios whose volume has been turned highbeer-

26、soaked hooliganism hooliganism committed by people who are drunk from drinking beer.第28頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。2. Why does Trippett keep jaywalkers as the last category of scofflaws in the second paragraph? What other means does he use to strengthen the effect intended by this arrangement? It is not limited to some

27、people, but is widely committed by large numbers.The greeting: (hello, Everybody!)The conjunction And then used to highlight the last, but by no means the least form of scofflawry enumerated here.第29頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。posevt. present or constitute (a problem, difficulty, or danger)Air pollution poses a threat t

28、o the city dwellers.hazardousadj. dangerous, esp. to peoples health or safetyThe steep staircase is hazardous to both the aged and children.Gas heaters are hazardous in winter time.第30頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。The person who illegally spits on the sidewalk remains disgusting, but clearly poses less risk to others than

29、 the company that illegally buries hazardous chemical waste in an unauthorized location. Paraphrasing:Spitting on the sidewalk is against the law and is always despicable. But the harm it does to others seems insignificant when compared with the danger a company causes by disposing of poisonous chem

30、ical waste in a place where it is not permitted.第31頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。add up to a colossal public nuisanceamount to or be equal to an act that is tremendously illegal because it interferes with the rights of the public in generaladd up toamount to, be equal toWhat the boss said repeatedly to the staff added up

31、to a warning.第32頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。public nuisance: something offensive or annoying to the community, especially in violation of others legal rightsnuisance: n. a thing, person or situation that is annoying or causes trouble or problemsWhat a nuisance! 真麻煩！Its a nuisance having to go back tomorrow. 明天就得回去，真煩人。I

32、 hope youre not making a nuisance of yourself. 我希望你沒(méi)有討人嫌。.第33頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。double parkingparking alongside another automobile that is already parked parallel to the kerbjamv. fill with people, cars, etc., so that movement is difficultLots of people jammed the main street in the city.第34頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。the federal 5

33、5 m.p.h. speed limitthe 55 miles (approximately 88.5 kilometres) per hour speed limit set by the federal government of the U.S.A. as compared with various speed limits set by state governments.第35頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。1. Explain the use of the conjunctive adverb however in para. 3. Find in the rest of the text the

34、 word however used in a similar way. How does it contribute to the coherence of the text? It indicates a contrast in meaning between the sentence it is in and the previous two, in which it is said that the more visible forms of scofflawry, i.e. spitting and fare-beating are less dangerous than the l

35、ess visible ones, i.e. burying chemical waste in unauthorized location, and ignoring fire statutes. But lawless driving, the most visible scofflawry is also the most dangerous.第36頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。The flouting of stop signals has got so bad in Boston that residents tell an anecdote about a cabby who insists th

36、at red lights are just for decoration. Paraphrasing:Disrespect for red light in Boston has grown to be so serious that it is known to all that stop lights, in the eye of a taxi driver, are put there only for show.Flout: deliberately disobey a law, an order, or an accepted way of behaving.無(wú)視；藐視Be pre

37、pared to flout convention.第37頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。wanevi. (of a condition, attitude, emotion, etc.) weaken; become weaker or less, often disappearing completely in the endHer enthusiasm for singing waned when she suffered from tonsillitis(扁桃體炎) .wax and wane: to increase then decrease in strength, importance, etc

38、. over a time (月的)盈虧圓缺；喻盛衰The moon waxes (grows larger) and wanes every month.第38頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。50-50 toss-upAtoss-upis literally the tossing of a coin to make a decision between two alternatives. A50-50 toss-upis a situation in which the two alternatives or options are equally possible.第39頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Red-light

39、running has always been ranked as a minor wrong, and so it may be in individual instances. When the violation becomes habitual, widespread and incessant, however, a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved. Paraphrasing: Driving through the intersection of a street with no regar

40、d to the red traffic light is generally considered as misbehavior of little importance. But when it develops into a social habit, it becomes a problem a great deal more serious than a mere traffic problem.第40頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。pay a repetitious price in frustration, inconvenience and outrageendure repeatedly su

41、ch unpleasant situations as frustration, inconvenience and outragepay a priceendure some unpleasant situation in order to get sth. desirableIn order to prevent the fatal disease from spreading, cutting down the number of organized tours to various places is the price travel services have to pay for

42、the welfare of the people.But we pay a price for their truthfulness. .第41頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Innocent drivers andby its high visibility. (para. 5)Paraphrasing:MeaningWell-behaved drivers and pedestrians are constantly upset and threatened by peril from violations. The great impact of red-light running is due to

43、its being so noticeable.a justified sense of mortal perila reasonable fear of deadly danger.第42頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。If hypocrisy is the tribute that vice pays to virtue, then furtiveness is the true outlaws salute to the force of law-and-order.The first half of the sentence is a proverb meaning that wrongdoers, i

44、n their dealings with the virtuous, act as though they are persons of good repute. The second half of the sentence is a development of the authors, meaning that a true lawbreaker in confronting the police force acts furtively or stealthily.第43頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。pervasiveadj. tending to spread through every part

45、 of sth., widespreadThe television exerts a pervasive influence in modern society.are of a pieceare like each other in character.第44頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。For all their differences, todays scofflawsare of a pieceas a symptom of elementary social demoralization the loss by individuals of the capacity to govern their

46、 own behavior in the interest of others. Paraphrasing:Scofflaw today vary in forms, but there is one thing in common, that is, the society has basically been degraded morally, and its members seem to have lost their ability to discipline themselves in such a way that the interest of others has been

47、unduly disregarded.第45頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。1. What point does Trippett want to make in para. 6? What do you think of his example of children entering schools not knowing how to live together? Scofflaws are an indication of social demoralization. The example of the school children may not be an appropriate one. Fo

48、r children may not have acquired the capacity to govern their own behavior yet, while social demoralization means the loss of morality which has been cultivated.第46頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。slug him eight stitches worthhit him so hard that his wound has to have eight stitchestrunk of stalled carthe space for carrying

49、luggage or other goods at the back of the car which has stopped running.第47頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。The Houston Freeway Syndromethe incivility characteristic of the drivers who drive on the Houston Freewaysyndrome1) (literal meaning) a set of medical symptoms which represent a physical or mental disorder2) (in this c

50、ontext) the pattern of symptoms which characterize or indicate a particular social condition.第48頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。stereotype: a fixed general image, characteristic, etc that a lot of people believe to represent a particular type of person or thingTheres always been a stereotype about successful businessmen.I g

51、et very worked up about the way women are stereotyped in a lot of mainstream films. .第49頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。skirtv. avoid (a difficult subject that ought to be dealt with)Come to the main issue, and dont skirt around it.He skirted round his main differences with her. .第50頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Donald Barr Chidsey(1902-1981): U.

52、S. journalist and a prolific writerOn and Off the WagonThe subtitle of the book is:A Sober Analysis of the Temperance Movement from the Pilgrims through Prohibition(1969).第51頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。exhilaratingadj. exciting and cheerfulTo my cousin, chess-playing is a most exhilarating experience.We have just got so

53、me exhilarating news. .第52頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。underminev. destroy or weaken graduallyUnfair criticism undermines ones self-confidence.Offering advice on each and every problem will undermine her feeling of being adult.These incidents could seriously undermine support for the police.第53頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。unwittinglyadv. unin

54、tentionally; unknowinglyWalkers can unwittingly damage the fragile environment in which the birds live. He was unwittingly caught up in the confrontation. It was as though he had stepped unwittingly onto holy ground. .第54頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Mandate: The authority that a government has to carry out particular pol

55、icies as a result of winning an election. 授權(quán)；委任The president, strengthened by a powerful conservative mandate, has called for increases in defence spending.總統(tǒng)以強(qiáng)大的保守派支持為后盾，要求增加國(guó)防開(kāi)支。The General Election gave Labour no such mandate.大選沒(méi)有授予工黨這種權(quán)力。.第55頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。subvertv. to undermine the power or authority (

56、of an established system or institution)to subvert a government, a political party, peace talks, etc.In this context,subvertmeans do harm ply: conform withNew vehicles must comply with certain standards.If you want to run a playgroup you must comply with the conditions laid down by the pliance: (for

57、mal) willingness to do what is required; agreement (+ with) There are ways of ensuring compliance.第56頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Enact: A government or authority passes a law or bill to make it become legal. (a technical term in law or politics) 制定法律；通過(guò)法案The Tories are trying to enact a nationality bill.保守黨正試圖通過(guò)一項(xiàng)“國(guó)籍”法案

58、。Many states have enacted battered-child laws.許多州都已制定了兒童保護(hù)法。.第57頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Puny: very small or weak compared to other people or things of the same kind; often used showing disapproval. 矮小的；微弱的What a puny old man. her puny efforts.trivialize: makeinsignificantDont trivialize the seriousness of the issue!

59、 transgression: law-breaking, violation of rulesThe ways that I could think of involved transgression of the law. .第58頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。dramatize: make more obvious nullify: make ineffective; cancel out; invalidateThis had the effect of nullifying our original advantage. The whole teams effectiveness can be nu

60、llified.Each state had the right to nullify the federal governments law.第59頁(yè)，共80頁(yè)。Translation: scofflawry at the top. ?That means: Administration in Washington is the law-breaker in the highest position.Do you think it appropriate for Trippett to end his essay by presenting evidence of scofflawry at