高考英語高考英語閱讀理解的解題方法與技巧PPT課課件(PPT 59頁)

1、英語閱讀理解的解題方法與技巧高三英語專題復(fù)習(xí)宋海鋒第1頁，共59頁。 理解主旨要義。理解文中具體信息,并從中獲取相關(guān)信息根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞的詞義。作出判斷和推理。理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度。閱讀理解考什么？第2頁，共59頁?？碱}特點(diǎn)第3頁，共59頁。1，題材豐富，體裁多樣 文體: 記敘文 、說明文 、議論文、 應(yīng)用文。注重考查學(xué)生對(duì)說明文和 議論文的理解。題材：生活，文化，時(shí)事，歷史， 人物，社會(huì)，科技，藝術(shù)，健康等各個(gè)方面第4頁，共59頁。2，詞匯量大，要求高， 活用詞比比皆是近幾年高考英語閱讀量在2000個(gè)詞以上，并逐年增加。提高閱讀速度是高考命題的一大趨勢(shì)。第5頁，共59頁

2、。 3，語篇結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜， 長(zhǎng)難句較多作者在闡述問題時(shí)使用了多種 語篇手段和修辭方法，其篇章和句子結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎囊括了英語語法中的所有語法現(xiàn)象。第6頁，共59頁。 4，加大了對(duì)整體語篇理解， 概括，細(xì)節(jié)判斷和推理能力的考查設(shè)問方式集中在：主旨大意題細(xì)節(jié)理解題，分析推理題，詞義猜測(cè)題。針對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)，注重考生推理判斷能力的考查。第7頁，共59頁。 不同類型問題的解題方法 與技巧 第8頁，共59頁。1.主旨大意類題型 2.推測(cè)判斷類題型3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)類題型 4.猜測(cè)詞義類題型 第9頁，共59頁。1.主旨大意類題型 主旨大意類題型主要測(cè)試學(xué)生對(duì)文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段

3、的段落大意。一般不易在文中直接找到答案。 第10頁，共59頁。1）常見提問方式 1）The general/main idea of the passage is_ 2）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？ 3）In this passage the author discusses primarily _ 4）The passage is mostly/mainly about _. 5）What is the best title of the passage？ 6）The subject discusse

4、d in this text is _7）The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 8）The passage is meant to .第11頁，共59頁。2）解題方法A.分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題 B.全面分析細(xì)節(jié)，準(zhǔn)確概括大意 C.抓住文章主線，歸納文章中心 第12頁，共59頁。A.分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題 在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過仔細(xì)閱讀短文的第一句或第二句, 即文章的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。 若短文由若干段組成，除仔細(xì)閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細(xì)閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落

5、中心。還有些文章中心句在全文的最后。此類文章往往以列舉事實(shí)開頭，通過論證最后闡述核心觀點(diǎn)。因此，仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵 。第13頁，共59頁。Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetab

6、les and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti（意大利面條）, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. 第14頁，共59頁。In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it high

7、ly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people. Q: What does this passage mainly talk about?A. Competition helps to set up self-respect.B. Op

8、inions about competition are different among people.C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D. Failures are necessary experience in competition. B第15頁，共59頁。1）主題句在段首 一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在論說文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種格式。第16頁，共59頁。Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells

9、 them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.第17頁，共59頁。 On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information

10、 as we can. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.Sample 3第18頁，共59頁。2）主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。 作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù), 層層推理論證, 最后自然得出結(jié)論, 即

11、段落的主題。第19頁，共59頁。Sample 4 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashli

12、ght in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.第20頁，共59頁。（3）在短文中間 當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時(shí), 通常前面只提出問題， 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出, 而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展.第21頁，共59頁。B.全面分析細(xì)節(jié)，準(zhǔn)確概括大意 在閱讀中一定要對(duì)文章中提供的信息進(jìn)行全面的分析。既不能片面行事，亦不可隨意擴(kuò)大。在解題時(shí)一定要仔細(xì)分析文章的細(xì)節(jié)，找出共同點(diǎn)，然后才能做出準(zhǔn)確的判斷。 第22頁，共59頁。Lacrosse (曲棍球)

13、is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. People play lacrosse outdoors. There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians. Q: The passage is mainly about . A

14、. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse D. LacrosseA Popular Game in Canada D第23頁，共59頁。C.抓住文章主線，歸納文章中心 有些文章像記敘文，主題思想不是通過一兩句話就可以表達(dá)的。這時(shí)就需要通過閱讀全文，抓住關(guān)鍵字或主要論題來歸納中心思想。 第24頁，共59頁。 例題1：(2008年全國(guó)高考安徽卷C篇) The main purpose of the text is _. A. to tell us some differences between

15、the East and the West B. to offer us some important facts about handshaking C. to introduce us to some different customs in the West D. to give us some advice before we travel abroad 答案與解析：選B。主旨大意題。本文沒有明確的主題句，中心主題隱含在全文之中。明顯的主題句。通讀全文后可知，文章主要是給我們介紹了握手的一些具體事實(shí)。由此可知答案B正確。第25頁，共59頁。 例題2: (2008年全國(guó)高考 山東卷A篇）

16、 What is the text mainly about? A. Exact campus crime statistics B. Crimes on or around campuses C. Effective solutions to campus crime D. Concerns about kids campus safety 答案與解析：選D。該篇文章沒有明顯的主題句，但通過對(duì)文章四段的主旨分析，很容易得出全文緊緊圍繞 “關(guān)注大學(xué)校園安全問題（Concerns about kids campus safety）”。第26頁，共59頁。2.推理判斷類題型 要求考生縱觀全文，在掌

17、握全文提供的各項(xiàng)信息的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行正確的邏輯推理，推斷作者的意圖；人物的動(dòng)機(jī)、目的、性格特征；事件的前因后果； 語言中的語氣等。此類題屬于深層理解題，難度最大。但要取得高分就必須抓好此類考題。 第27頁，共59頁。1）常見提問方式 1) It can be inferred from the text that _. 2) From the text we know that _. 3) The story implies that _. 4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _. 5) The writers

18、attitude toward.is _. 6)The author implied（suggested）that _. 7)It may be concluded from the passage that 8)Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 9)With which of the following does the author agree？ 第28頁，共59頁。2）解題方法 A.利用已知信息，進(jìn)行邏輯推理 B.結(jié)合一般常識(shí)，分析提供信息 C.注意表層意思，悟出深層含義 第29頁，共59頁。THANK

19、 YOUSUCCESS2022/7/2130可編輯第30頁，共59頁。A.利用已知信息，進(jìn)行邏輯推理 推理判斷題的答案一般在文中不可能直接找到，但這并不意味著讀者可以隨意判斷。解答此類題時(shí)必須充分利用文中所提供的信息進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推斷。 在做這類題時(shí)必須要注意兩點(diǎn)：第一，要分清題目是問作者的觀點(diǎn)還是讀者的觀點(diǎn)，二者不可混淆。第二，不要脫離原文憑自己意愿亂推測(cè)或只憑常識(shí)推測(cè)。所做出的答案一定要在文中直接或間接找到依據(jù)或理由。 第31頁，共59頁。Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistan

20、t，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders.” “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well，”replied the man，“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I fou

21、nd it.” Q：The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _.A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlordC. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insectsD第32頁，共59頁。B. 結(jié)合一般常識(shí),分析提供信息 在對(duì)文章進(jìn)行分析判斷時(shí)，有時(shí)在文章所提供信息的基礎(chǔ)上，讀者還需要運(yùn)用一般常識(shí)進(jìn)行合理推斷。 第33頁，共59頁。MONTREAL (Reuters) Crossing the US-C

22、anada border(邊界) to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for breaking Washingtons strict new security(安全) rules.We learn from the text that Richard Albert is _. A. an American living in Township 15 B. a Canadian living in a Quebec village C. a Canadian working in a customs station D.

23、an American working in a Canadian churchA第34頁，共59頁。 Albert was fined because he _. A. failed to obey traffic rules. B. broke the American security rules. C. worked in St. Pamphile without a pass. D. damaged the gate of the customs office.B第35頁，共59頁。C.注意表層意思,悟出深層含義 在進(jìn)行閱讀判斷時(shí)還要注意在語篇層面上進(jìn)行深層的連貫性思考，要學(xué)會(huì)去偽存

24、真、由表及里去推測(cè)作者的真正意圖?？荚囍羞@類題目不多但是難度較大，極易失分 。 第36頁，共59頁。 Some people are never right. They never have good luck. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He seldom has problems. He never misses buses

25、or airplanes. Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He never says，“I dont know.” Q: Which of the following best describes the writers attitude to Mr. Neff? A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand. B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderfu

26、l. C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff. D. He does not like Mr. Neff.第37頁，共59頁。3.細(xì)節(jié)類題型 考查學(xué)生找出閱讀材料中的某一特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章中主要事實(shí)的能力。 細(xì)節(jié)題的考查每年高考中都有一定比例。一般難度較低，屬于淺層理解題，得分率較高。 第38頁，共59頁。1）常見提問方式 以what, which, where等疑問詞開頭,后接短文具體內(nèi)容提問；以from the text, according to 開頭,后接短文具體內(nèi)容提問；以某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)提問；以true, not true 提問；就文中細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算、排序、識(shí)圖等提問。

27、第39頁，共59頁。2）解題方法 細(xì)節(jié)類題型的共同特點(diǎn)是：就文中某一個(gè)事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)提問。要求考生在文中找出相關(guān)的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。此類題型的解題方法是“三步定位法” ：1)我們先通過題干信息來選擇定位詞(關(guān)鍵詞)，2)返回原文，查找這個(gè)詞在文中哪句話中出現(xiàn)，3)題目的答案一般就包含在這句話中直接找到或稍加歸納就可以找到.第40頁，共59頁。Scientists say were all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properly understood how it works. One theory is that people wit

28、h a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. （2008上海卷A） Scientists believe that_. A. some babies are born with a sense of direction. B. people learn a sense of direction as they grow older C. people never lose their sense of direction D. everybody possesses a sense of dire

29、ction from birthD第41頁，共59頁。“Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around,” says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project. What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage? A. They never have a sense of direction without maps B. They should never be allow

30、ed out alone if they lack a sense of direction C. They have a sense of direction and can find their way around D. They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car.C第42頁，共59頁。Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or

31、walls in the countryside to guide you. According to the passage, the best way to find your way around is to _. A. ask policemen for directions. B. use walls, streams, and streets to guide yourself C. remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs D. count the number of landmarks that you se

32、eB第43頁，共59頁。 在做細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí)一定要具有迅速獲取有效信息的能力。按考試說明規(guī)定做閱讀題的時(shí)間是35分鐘，但在考試中一般學(xué)生做閱讀題都超過了這一規(guī)定時(shí)間。問題在于考生閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的閱讀技巧。第44頁，共59頁。 有些閱讀材料如新聞報(bào)道，故事，應(yīng)用文體等在閱讀時(shí)不必逐字逐句去理解，可先進(jìn)行快速略讀（skim）領(lǐng)會(huì)文章大概意思，再看題目，然后根據(jù)題目要求再掃讀（scan）文章，獲取相關(guān)信息。與題目無關(guān)的內(nèi)容完全不必費(fèi)時(shí)去理會(huì)。 第45頁，共59頁。4. 猜測(cè)詞義類題型 在閱讀中常要求學(xué)生猜測(cè)某些單詞或短語的意思。歷年高考中均有此類題目。有的文章盡管沒有專門設(shè)題，但由于文章中常常出現(xiàn)

33、生詞，因此，詞義的猜測(cè)還是貫穿在文章的閱讀理解之中。 第46頁，共59頁。1）The underlined word（phrase）in the passage means _ 2）The word it（them）in the first paragraph refers to _ 3）The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _4）Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？1) 詞義猜測(cè)題

34、題的提問方式第47頁，共59頁。 1）從文章,段落,句子的結(jié)構(gòu)去推測(cè)詞義。 2）借助作者對(duì)詞義的解釋。 3）從上下文的對(duì)比中猜到詞義。 4）運(yùn)用常識(shí)進(jìn)行判斷。 5）利用例證猜詞 6)根據(jù)復(fù)述或同等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義 2）解題方法第48頁，共59頁。1）從文章,段落,句子的結(jié)構(gòu)去推測(cè)詞義 “No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today. “ I just dont buy it.” Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 ser

35、ious crimes on or around our campuses. Q: The underlined word “buy” in the third paragraph means _. A. mind B. admit C. believe D. expectC第49頁，共59頁。2）借助作者對(duì)詞義的解釋。例題1：Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on the floor.例題2：Scientists grow lar

36、ge quantities of common mould(霉菌)so that they can get penicillin(盤尼西林(青霉素) from it in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs(細(xì)菌) .抗生素摔跤 第50頁，共59頁。Some family names were made by adding something to the fathers name. English-speaking people added s or son. The Johnsons are desc

37、endants of John; （2010江蘇） The underlined word “descendants” in the last paragraph means a persons _.A. later generationsB. friends and relativesC. colleagues and partnersD. later sponsorsA第51頁，共59頁。3）從上下文的對(duì)比中猜到詞義The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. It is from these shoots that the best tea is got. (08江西) Q: The under lined word “pruning” means Aregular cutting of the plantsBfrequent watering Cregular use of chemicalsDgrowing the plants high in the moun