麻醉學(xué)的發(fā)展歷程及未來課件(PPT 43頁)

1、Anesthesiology, Yesterday, Today and TomorrowAdolph H. Giesecke MD.Retired Jenkins Professor and Former Chairman, Anesthesiology and Pain Management, UTX Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX.第1頁，共43頁。The First Anesthesiologist. 1第2頁，共43頁。And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and

2、he slept. Genesis 2:21 . 第3頁，共43頁。Managing Pain Before AnesthesiaLocal application of cold water, ice or pressure.Plants and extracts. Coca leaves chewed and saliva dripped into injured areas or open wounds - Inca Shamans. Alcohol or/with opium or hemp “soporific sponge.”Hypnosis第4頁，共43頁。Most common

3、,Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, Mandragora or mandrake from Atropa mandragora, belladonna from the Morning Glory,marijuana or Cannabis indica. Opium第5頁，共43頁。In those “dark” days many patients approached surgery as through facing execution, an often appropriate assessment of uncontained risks, incl

4、uding pain, hemorrhage, shock and postoperative infection.第6頁，共43頁。The easiest pain to bear is someone elses.第7頁，共43頁。Seishu Hanaoka, 1760-1835. 2“Angel of Medicine.”Duty to relieve pain.“Tsusensan” 1805.Mother and wife volunteered.Breast cancer removed with tsusensan 10/13/1805.第8頁，共43頁。Hanaoka 180

5、5第9頁，共43頁。Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyI. Inhalation anesthesia,1846.II. Regional anesthesia, 1884.III. Intravenous anesthesia, 1932.IV. Neuromuscular blockers, 1942.V. Precision anesthesia, 1986.第10頁，共43頁。Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyI. Epoch of inhalation anesthesia, 1846.第11頁，共43頁。ETHER DAY.

6、3Successful public demonstration 10/16/1846 at MGH. Ether Dome, now a national shrine.第12頁，共43頁。William Thomas Morton 1819-68. 3Clothing merchant, swindler, dentist, medical student. Attended Wells demonstration of N2O in 1845.Idea of more potent agent, ether from Jackson.Patented “Letheon.”第13頁，共43

7、頁。Ether“Sweet vitriol” discovered 1275 by Spanish chemist Raymundus Lullius. 1540, synthesis of ether described by German scientist, Valerius Cordus. Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus discovered the hypnotic effects of ether. 第14頁，共43頁。Crawford Williamson Long (1815-1878). 4First to use ether

8、 for surgery. “Discoverer of anesthesia?” 03/30/1842 painless removal of neck tumor after dropping ether on a cloth (anesthesia fee 0.25). Discovery unpublished, predates Mortons public demonstration by 4 years.第15頁，共43頁。The anniversary of Longs great accomplishment, March 30th, is celebrated in the

9、 United States as “Doctors Day”, and all medical specialties are honored.第16頁，共43頁。Sir Humphrey Davy (1778 -1829)Superintendent of Thomas Beddoess Pneumatic Institute. Rx pulmonary tuberculosis by inhaling various gases, N2O, H2, O2, and CO2. 第17頁，共43頁。Humphrey Davy. 41800 Researches, Chemical and P

10、hilosophical: Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide.He described inhaling N2O himself and obtaining relief from a painful condition.He suggested N2O might be used for surgery, 44 years before Horace Wells.第18頁，共43頁。Drawing from the 18th century depicting the recreational use of nitrous oxide - laughing g

11、as第19頁，共43頁。Horace Wells (1815 - 1848). 5 Attended a demonstration of N2O conducted by Quincy Colton, 12/10/1844.Noticed that a man intoxicated by N2O lacerated his leg, and felt no pain or recall. 第20頁，共43頁。The next day, Wells asked Colton to administer N2O, while an associate extracted a tooth. De

12、monstrated N2O at Harvard 01/1845, patient cried, students hissed“Humbug.”Addicted to chloroform.Arrested for throwing acid on prostitutes, committed suicide in jail.Pushed a known toxin to unconsciousness.Horace Wells.第21頁，共43頁。Inhalation landmarksJohn Snow (1813-58), preventive medicine, first ful

13、l time anesthesiologist.James Simpson (1811-70), Chair of Midwifery Edinburgh, OB anesthesia 01/1847, chloroform 1847.Henry Boyle, first anesthesia machine 1917.Ralph Waters, CO2 absorbtion 1924.Ivan Magill, endotracheal intubation 1920.第22頁，共43頁。Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyII. Epoch of regional

14、anesthesia, 1884.第23頁，共43頁。Karl Koller 1857-1944Ophthalmologist in Vienna.Dissatisfied with GA for eye surgery. Restless and coughing during surgery, vomiting and pain postop.1884 with Sigmund Freud introduced cocaine from Erythroxylon coca. 第24頁，共43頁。Landmarks in Regional AnesthesiaWilliam Halstead

15、, nerve blocks of face and arm 1886, addicted to cocaine.August Bier, spinal anesthesia 1898. Virginia Apgar promotes regional analgesia in childbirth 1930. 第25頁，共43頁。Virginia Apgar 1909-1974. 6Devised a system for grading the newborns condition, “Apgar Score.”Promoted R.A. which relieved labor pain

16、 without interfering with the baby.Featured on US Postage stamp.第26頁，共43頁。Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyIII. Epoch of intravenous anesthesia, 1932.第27頁，共43頁。John S. Lundy, 1894-19731903 Barbitone synthesis by Fischer, Berlin, Nobel Prize.1932 Evipan used IV by Weese Schraff, & Rheinoff. 1934 Lundy,

17、 Mayo Clinic used Sodium Pentothal.第28頁，共43頁。Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyIV. Epoch of neuromuscular blockers, 1942.第29頁，共43頁。Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs1942 Curare first used clinically by Griffith and Enid Johnson in Montreal. 第30頁，共43頁。Paleopharmacology of curare第31頁，共43頁。Paleopharmacology of

18、curare第32頁，共43頁。NMBAs1812 Waterton brought “woorara” from Guiana to England, inoculated 3 donkeys, 2 died, one survived with tracheostomy and IPPV.1857 Claude Bernard published that curare blocked the NMJ. 1940 Bennett used curare to modify seizures induced by metrozol.第33頁，共43頁。Claude Bernard, 1857

19、第34頁，共43頁。Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyV. Epoch of precision anesthesia, 1986.第35頁，共43頁。Ellison Pierce MD, Pres. ASA 1984.ABC 20/20, “The Deep Sleep, 6000 will suffer brain damage” 4/22/1982.Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring ASA House of Delegates 10/21/1986.Anesthesia Patient Safety Found

20、ation 1984.第36頁，共43頁。Harvey Cushing, 1869-1939第37頁，共43頁。Pulse Oximetry, 1973, 1983.第38頁，共43頁。Modern Anesthesia Machine.第39頁，共43頁。Anesthesia Mortality. 71:1000 in 1960.1:240,000 in 2002第40頁，共43頁。Golden Epochs of AnesthesiologyI. Inhalation anesthesia,1846.II. Regional anesthesia, 1884.III. Intravenous anesthesia, 1932.IV. Neuromuscular bloc